Abstract: As easily accessible gold ores are gradually depleted,the mining industry is increasingly compelled to address the processing of refractory gold ores.Among these,Double Refractory Gold Ores (DRGOs),characterized by both sulfide en capsulation and the carbonaceous "preg-robbing" effect,have emerged as a major bottleneck in current gold metallurgy.Al though traditional pretreatment methods such as roasting and pressure oxidation can effectively destroy sulfide structures and liberate the encapsulated gold,they suffer from high energy consumption,high costs,and severe pollution,making them incom patible with the contemporary demand for green and low-carbon development in the mining industry.Bio-oxidation,as an envi ronmentally friendly pretreatment technology,is progressively becoming a key development direction and research hotspot for the treatment of refractory gold ores,especially DRGOs.This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms and limiting factors of bio-oxidation pretreatment of gold ores,with emphasis on the direct-indirect synergistic mechanism of sulfide bio-oxi dation,degradation pathways of carbonaceous matter,formation patterns and elimination strategies of passivation layers,and the stress defense mechanisms of microorganisms under high-arsenic and high-acidity conditions.Furthermore,it discusses the ap plication of multi-omics technologies in deciphering the functional networks and metabolic regulation of microbial communities. By synthesizing the above research progress,this review elucidates the core mechanisms of Fe/S energy metabolism,arsenic re sistance regulation,and the synergistic metabolism of autotrophic-heterotrophic consortia in acidophilic microorganisms.It pro poses a combined processing route to synergistically address the dual challenges of "preg-robbing" and "passivation",andhighlights the future trend of multi-omics technologies transitioning from data description to functional prediction and precise regulation.This review aims to provide theoretical and technical support for the efficient and sustainable utilization of double re fractory gold ores.

Key words: double refractory gold ores,bio-oxidation pretreatment,multi-omics,passivation layer,arsenic resistance,car bonaceous matter,sulfide oxidation