Table of Content

15 October 2025, Volume 54 Issue 10

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Pre-peak Unloading Damage Constitutive Model of Backfill Under True Triaxial Condition

SUN Guanghua, 　HAN Kaiming, 　LIU Zhiyi, 　QI Yuzhu, 　GUO Jianqi, 　MENG Sensen,

2025, 54(10):  1-9. 

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In order to explore the mechanical response mechanism of pre-peak unloading of filling body under true triaxial
conditions,the pre-peak unloading test of filling body under different maximum principal stress conditions was carried out by
using true triaxial rock control system and acoustic emission monitoring system. The deformation characteristics and dissipation
energy evolution law of the filling body in the whole process of loading and unloading are analyzed. Based on the overall failure
criterion of rock and the method of segmentation,a damage constitutive model which can describe the stress-strain process of
filling body is established. The results show that the essence of different maximum principal stress unloading is the degree of
damage of the filling body in the loading stage and the influence on the subsequent unloading failure. According to the characteristics
of RA-AF signal,it is judged that the failure mode of filling body is mainly tensile failure,supplemented by shear failure.
The whole process of loading and unloading is divided into four stages,namely,initial damage stage-low speed damage
stage-stable stage-unloading failure stage. With the increase of the maximum principal stress during unloading,the damage of
the filling body in the unloading failure stage is more severe,and the dissipation energy increases more rapidly. The results of
the model analysis are in good agreement with the stress-strain curve of the actual test. The damage constitutive model constructed
in the form of segments based on the overall failure criterion of rock can better reflect the stress and deformation of the filling
body during the loading and unloading process,and can effectively distinguish the two states before and after the unloading
of the filling body.
　

Shear-seepage Coupling Characteristics and Mechanism of Filling Granite Joints under the Influence of Seepage Water Pressure#br#

CAO Yangbing　WANG Senhao　LIU Sixin　JIANG Zhihao　ZHANG Sui

2025, 54(10):  10-19. 

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The experimental study on the shear-seepage coupling characteristics and mechanism of filling granite joints
under the influence of seepage water pressure has important theoretical significance and engineering application value for the
prevention and control of slope instability disasters in metal mines under such geological environment conditions. Based on the
engineering geological characteristics of granite slope in a metal mine in Guizhou,the granite joint surface was obtained by
splitting test and the kaolin-filled granite-like joint samples were made by similar materials. The normal load boundary condition
was set and the normal stress was set to 2 MPa. Three kinds of seepage water pressure and five kinds of filling degree
schemes were designed to carry out joint shear-seepage coupling test. After the test,high-definition camera and three-dimensional
scanning were performed on the joint surface. The test results show that the shear stress-shear displacement curves of
joints have three types:"single-step type","double-step type" and "peak-step type". The normal displacement-shear displacement
curves are basically concave " shear contraction-dilatancy type" curves. The seepage flow-shear displacement curve has
two types:" fluctuation reduction type " and "overall stable type". The peak friction angle of the joint is mainly 29° to 48°,
and the peak dilatancy angle is mainly-8° to 8°. Both of them decrease with the increase of filling degree. Under the same filling
degree,the average seepage flow of joints increases approximately linearly with the increase of seepage pressure. The hydraulic
gap width of joints is mainly 0. 15-0. 21 mm,and the ratio of average geometric gap width to hydraulic gap width is
mainly 3. 6-26. 9,which increases with the increase of filling degree. When the filling degree is 0,the joint wear area decreases
with the increase of seepage water pressure. Under the same seepage water pressure,the residual fillings of joints increase with
the increase of filling degree,and the fillings mainly remain in the key ups and downs of joints. The research results can provide
key parameters for the stability calculation of jointed granite slopes containing kaolin fillings under rainfall conditions,and can
also provide the basis and reference for the study of joint shear-seepage coupling mechanism for the study of the precursory criterion
of such slope instability.


Study on the Stability of Pillars in the Room-and-Pillar Mining of Gently Inclined Close-distance Double-layer Phosphate Deposits#br#

LUO Binyu　LI Dazhong　LIU Xiaoyun, 　SU Yuan　LI Pengcheng　YANG Shirong

2025, 54(10):  20-29. 

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In the room-and-pillar mining of gently inclined close-distance double-layer phosphate rock,the risk of pillar
instability increases due to the influence of secondary mining,which threatens the safe production of the mine. Taking a gently
inclined double-layer phosphate rock in western Hubei as the background,the stability of the pillar under the influence of the
three factors of the dip angle of the ore layer,the thickness of the interlayer and the alignment mode of the pillar is explored.
A three-factor four-level orthogonal test scheme was designed to carry out numerical simulation of 16 working conditions. Using
the empirical formula of pillar strength considering the dip angle factor,the safety factor formula is written by fish language,and
the safety factor of each pillar in the stope under each working condition is calculated. Then,the variance analysis of the stability
factors of the upper and lower pillars is carried out to analyze the influence of the interlayer thickness and the offset rate of
the upper and lower pillars on the stability of the pillars. The results show that the safety factor of the pillars in the stope is
′asymmetric basin′,and the safety factor of the pillars in the lower stope is lower than that in the upper stope. Affected by the
dip angle,the pillars have obvious shear failure. After the thickness of the interlayer becomes larger,the mutual disturbance between
the pillars becomes smaller,and the stability of the pillars is mainly affected by the buried depth of the ore layer. With
the increase of the offset rate of the pillar,the safety factor of the pillar decreases first,then increases and then decreases. The
research provides a reference for pillar design and stability analysis of double-layer room-and-pillar mining.


Analysis of Rock Mass Failure Characteristics under the Coupling Effect of Three-dimensional Non-equivalent Confining Pressure and Blasting Load#br# #br#

LU Xutao　WANG Yanbing　LIU Wendong　XU Xiaoxiao　QI Gaowei　ZHENG Wenjing　 HAN Yingying　LI Yangyang　MEI Hongjia

2025, 54(10):  30-40. 

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The deep high stress condition is an important factor affecting the blasting effect of rock mass. It is of guiding
significance to understand the rock breaking mechanism of the coupling effect of three-way non-equivalent confining pressure
and blasting load for deep mining. Based on the self-designed triaxial hydraulic loading rock blasting test device,considering
the influence of axial pressure and confining pressure respectively,the blasting test under three-dimensional non-equivalent
confining pressure is carried out. Combined with the propagation law of explosion stress wave and explosion energy,the parameters
such as the number,morphology and distribution of blast-induced cracks in the specimen,the radius of the crushing zone,
the distance from the bottom and the distance from the edge were analyzed. The test results show that the propagation length
and propagation angle of the blasting crack are affected by the confining pressure. The confining pressure will inhibit the rock
blasting failure,and the blasting parameters will be significantly reduced compared with the case without confining pressure.
When the applied pressure is perpendicular to the crack propagation direction,the generation and propagation of blast-induced
cracks can be effectively suppressed. The finite element analysis software LS-DYNA was used to analyze the effective stress,radial
peak stress,tangential peak stress and damage range during the blasting process of rock mass under three-way unequal
pressure. The results show that the rock mass failure is mainly affected by the tangential tensile stress. The compressive stress
perpendicular to the crack propagation direction can effectively suppress the tensile stress of the crack,thereby inhibiting the
length,number and angle of the crack propagation,and constraining the internal damage of the rock mass.


Study on Mechanical Response Characteristics and Failure Mechanisms of Rock Bolts under Different Confining Pressures#br#

WANG Yi　YUAN Qiang　ZHANG Mengjun　XIAO Hai　FAN Jinsong　PAN Xingyu

2025, 54(10):  41-48. 

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In the process of roadway excavation, the surrounding rock is disturbed by the outside world,and the surrounding
rock at different positions shows different strength characteristics. By constructing the stress model of the bolt anchorage
interface and using the Mindlin solution calculation method,the stress-strain expression of the bolt suitable for the bolt pullout
system is obtained,which can analyze the stress-strain distribution law of the bolt under different pull-out forces. At the
same time,the numerical model of the bolt anchorage system is established by using the finite element simulation software,and
the influence of different confining pressures on the stress characteristics of the bolt is analyzed. The results show that the confining
pressure is the key factor affecting the mechanical behavior of the bolt-anchoring agent interface,which can cause the
stress and displacement concentration zone to move towards the end of the bolt. The increase of confining pressure can significantly
reduce the peak level of shear stress at the bolt-anchoring agent interface (especially at the transverse rib),thereby reducing
the risk of large slip failure between the anchoring agent and the bolt,and improving the integrity and stability of the anchoring
system. It is of great significance to optimize the design of bolt support and improve the reliability of anchoring.


Study on the Influence of Strain Brick Measurement Considering Pouring Method in Rock Mass Physical Model Test#br#

YUAN Chenwei, 　LU Jingjing　JIANG Yue, 　XIAO Jiancheng　ZOU Wendong　CUI Jian　QI Ziyuan

2025, 54(10):  49-57. 

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Rock mass physical model test is widely used in the study of rock mass engineering stability because it can
visually reproduce the engineering failure process. As an important means to monitor the internal strain of surrounding rock,the
accuracy and reliability of strain brick method are particularly important. In order to explore the influence of pouring method on
the stress-strain characteristics and measurement accuracy of strain bricks,and clarify its microscopic mechanism,the strain,
stress and failure characteristics of specimens under direct pouring and concrete slab pouring were systematically analyzed by
combining laboratory test with numerical simulation,and the mechanism of contact seam and contact surface on strain bricks
and specimens was revealed. The results show that under the action of axial stress,the contact seam generated by direct pouring
will lead to the dislocation of the samples on both sides,which makes the axial measurement data of the strain brick too large
and easy to damage. The specimens poured on the concrete slab are significantly constrained by the slab body,and the stress
and strain are small. With the increase of the curing time of the concrete slab,the bonding force between the post-cast concrete
and the slab body is weakened,and the bearing capacity is obviously reduced. Material heterogeneity will increase the uncertainty
of strain transfer,and the change of contact seam width and depth,temperature and humidity will reduce the measurement
accuracy of strain brick. Comprehensive analysis,under the direct pouring method,the strain brick measurement method is suitable
for the measurement under low-level loading. The strain brick measurement method is suitable for the measurement under
high-level loading conditions when the pre-cast concrete slab with 8 d curing is used as the reference slab. The research can
provide guidance for the measurement of rock internal state in rock mass physical model test.



Experimental Study on Chemical Grouting Reinforcement Mechanism and Effect of Fractured Coal Body

GAO Guowen　QIAN Ziwen　ZHANG Gailing　HE Shenyang　ZHENG Haobo　HU Chen

2025, 54(10):  58-67. 

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In order to explore the reinforcement effect of chemical slurry on fractured coal,the modified urea-formaldehyde
resin slurry was used to carry out grouting test on fractured coal samples. Through macroscopic mechanical test and microscopic
observation,the mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics of coal samples after grouting were analyzed,
and the chemical grouting reinforcement mechanism of fractured coal body was revealed. The results show that the anisotropy of
compressive strength and tensile strength of coal is significant. The compressive strength and tensile strength of the test coal
sample when the compressive surface and the tensile surface are parallel to the bedding are 1. 62 times and 0. 27 times that of
the vertical,respectively,and the failure characteristics are obviously different. The bedding surface is a typical weak surface.
The modified urea-formaldehyde resin has a significant reinforcing effect on the fractured coal body. For the coal sample with
cracks developed along the bedding,when the loading direction is perpendicular to the bedding plane,the compressive strength
of the fractured coal sample after grouting is restored to 94. 1% of the raw coal,and its tensile strength is basically the same as
that of the intact coal sample. When the bedding plane of the loading direction is parallel,the compressive and tensile strength
of the fractured coal sample after grouting is 1. 26 times and 1. 08 times that of the raw coal sample. The slurry realizes multiscale
reinforcement from macro-cracks to micro-voids. The slurry can effectively penetrate into the micro-cracks and micropores
on the surface of the coal body,and form a dense slurry-coal chimeric structure,which can greatly improve the bonding
force of the slurry-coal interface. The slurry not only bears and transmits stress as a skeleton,but also effectively eliminates the
damage of cracks to the coal body and greatly eliminates the stress concentration caused by cracks. In the site of broken coal
reinforcement,the slurry effectively forms a transaction circle,showing its good permeability and diffusion performance and reinforcement
effect.


Analysis of the Advanced Nature of the Fine Grinding Using Isa Mill Based on the Magnetic Gravity Separation Tailings of a Complex Associated Rare Earth Ore#br#

REN Zhuoran　LI Lixia　ZHOU Mingliang　LIU Huiwu　LI Guang　MA Jia LI Chunfeng　ZHANG Chen

2025, 54(10):  68-76. 

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The useful minerals in complex associated uranium-rare earth ores are finely disseminated. Overgrinding tends
to occur in the traditional fine grinding process,resulting in a decrease in resource recovery rate. In order to improve grinding
efficiency and reduce slime generation,the study took the tailings from rough grinding-high intensity magnetic separation-gravity
separation of this ore as the object and systematically compared the grinding effects of ball mills (closed circuit) and Isa mills
(open circuit),and detailly explored the influence laws of key operating parameters of Isa mills. The results showed that the
optimal grinding conditions of Isa mills are a feed rate of 60 L/ h,a medium filling rate of 45%,a rotational speed of 1 700
r/ min,and a pulp concentration of 36%. Under these optimized conditions,when preparing products with -0. 15 mm accounting
for 95%,the -0. 074 mm particle size content is as high as 93. 74%,which is 21. 42 percentage points higher than that of
the closed-circuit ball mill product. At the same time,the contents of -0. 025 mm fine particle size is 8. 65 percentage points
lower,effectively suppressing overgrinding. Isa mills can achieve a better narrow-size distribution of grinding products through
open-circuit grinding alone,demonstrating significant advantages in improving grinding efficiency,reducing energy consumption
and medium consumption. This study provides an effective technical solution and theoretical basis for solving the efficient fine
grinding of similar complex associated minerals.


Influence Law of Temperature on the Impact Crushing Properties of A Porphyry Copper Mine and Its Causes Study#br#

XIONG Chang　YAO Tengxi　ZUO Weiran

2025, 54(10):  77-82. 

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The ambient temperature of mines in northern China fluctuates significantly with the seasons,which has a seasonal
impact on the energy consumption of ore crushing. In order to clarify the law and mechanism of temperature′s influence
on ore′s impact crushing resistance,this study takes a porphyry copper ore as the research object. Rapid centrifugal impact
crushing tests were conducted to determine the A×b value of the ore within the temperature range of -30 ℃ to 20 ℃,and a
correlation model between temperature and the A×b value was established. Combined with XRD/ XRF mineral composition analysis
and nanoindentation technology,this study quantitatively characterized the content of three main gangue minerals
(quartz,albite,muscovite) and their micromechanical parameters (elastic modulus and indentation hardness),and explained
the micro-mechanism of temperature influence from the mineral phase scale. The results showed that as the temperature decreases
from 20 ℃ to -30 ℃,the A×b value of the ore decreases significantly on the whole,indicating a corresponding increase in
its impact crushing resistance;however,this change exhibits non-monotonicity,with the A×b value reaching a maximum at -5
℃,and this phenomenon is associated with the synergistic effect of the micromechanical responses of multiple minerals. There
is a close correlation between the ore′s A×b value and mineral content. Specifically,the linear correlation coefficient R2 between
quartz content and the A×b value reaches 0. 948,showing a strong negative correlation,which is due to the highest indentation
hardness (10. 5 GPa) and elastic modulus (89. 2 GPa) of the quartz. In contrast,muscovite content shows a positive correlation
with the A×b value (R2 =0. 784),which is related to its low hardness (1. 9 GPa) and low modulus (44. 3 GPa) that easily
induce cracks. This study reveals the intrinsic mechanism of temperature affecting the ore′s impact crushing resistance from
the micromechanical perspective,and provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the energy-saving process of ore crushing in low-temperature environments.


Study on Process Mineralogical Characterization of Manganese Ores in Akto-Wucha Area,Xinjiang

LI Ru, 　YUAN Shuai, 　LIU Jie, 　ZHANG Honghao, 　MA Xiaolei　WAN Lingyun

2025, 54(10):  83-89. 

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In order to support the efficient utilization of high-grade manganese resources in the Aketao area of Xinjiang,
a systematic process mineralogical study was carried out on rhodochrosite ore using chemical analysis,optical microscopy,scanning
electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS),X-ray diffraction (XRD),and mineral liberation analysis
(MLA). The results indicated a manganese grade of 29. 82% in the ore,with rhodochrosite as the predominant manganese
mineral (55. 19%),followed by manganese pyroxene,manganite,and braunite. The main gangue minerals are chlorite and calcite.
Process mineralogy further revealed a low degree of liberation of rhodochrosite (33. 02%),which is intimately associated
with gangue minerals such as chlorite and calcite. The easy argillization and surface-coating behavior of chlorite also complicate
conventional physical separation. This study provides a critical theoretical basis for designing beneficiation processes for this refractory
manganese ore,and recommends a combined magnetic-flotation process with targeted reagent schemes to improve manganese
recovery and effectively remove calcium and magnesium impurities.


Experimental Study on a Novel Magnetic-Flotation Combined Process for An Iron Ore in Liaoning

BI Jiabao, 　LIU Jie, 　TANG Zhidong, 　LI Yanjun,

2025, 54(10):  90-96. 

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Aiming at the problems of low separation efficiency and severe metal loss in treating refractory iron ore at a beneficiation
plant in Liaoning,a new process of "one-stage grinding,one-stage low-intensity magnetic separation,one-stage medium-
intensity magnetic separation,and one-stage high-intensity magnetic separation,two-stage grinding and reverse flotation"
was proposed. The application of one-stage medium-intensity and one-stage high-intensity magnetic separation effectively reduced
the grade of tailings,and the addition of two-stage grinding before flotation precisely controlled the feed particle size for
flotation,significantly improving the system separation efficiency. Test results showed that for run-of-mine ore with a total iron
grade of 29. 33%,a magnetic separation concentrate with a total iron grade of 37. 51% was obtained through magnetic preconcentration,
the grade of tailings was reduced to 4. 88%,and the recovery rate in the magnetic separation stage reached
95. 83%. Through the optimization of flotation conditions and open-circuit and closed-circuit tests on this magnetic separation
concentrate,a final concentrate with a total iron grade of 65. 12% and an overall process total recovery of 72. 57% was ultimately
obtained. Compared with the original process,the new flow sheet reduced the grade of tailings from magnetic separation
by 8. 04 percentage points and increased the overall recovery by 11. 66 percentage points,effectively reducing iron resource
loss,which has practical significance for improving the economic efficiency and resource utilization rate of the beneficiation
plant.


Research on the Process of Defluorination by Reverse Flotation from Weak Magnetic Separation Iron Concentrate of Bayan Obo#br#

LEI Menglin, 　LIU Jie, 　LI Jie, 　ZHANG Shumin, 　LI Yanjun, 　ZHU Yimin,

2025, 54(10):  97-104. 

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Fluorine is a harmful impurity in iron ore concentrate that severely affects steel properties and metallurgical
processes. In order to enhance iron recovery and reduce fluoride content in the Bayan Obo magnetic separation iron concentrate
(TFe grade of 57. 40%,F content of 2. 28%),a reverse flotation defluorination test study was conducted. Process mineralogy
indicated that fluoride is primarily present in fluorite and fluorocarbonatite. By optimizing the pH of the pulp,as well as the
types and dosages of collectors and depressants,sodium oleate was selected as the collector and corn starch as the depressant.
Under normal temperature conditions,a closed-circuit process was implemented featuring one roughing,two cleaning,and three
scavenging,with intermediate products sequentially returned. This ultimately yielded an iron concentrate with TFe grade of
64. 76%,recovery rate of 91. 66%,and F content of 0. 178%,with fluoride removal rate of 92. 19%. This research provides a
feasible technical approach for the clean and efficient utilization of high-fluoride iron ore resources,offering valuable reference
for the development of similarly difficult-to-process iron ores.


Experimental Study on Recovery of Sericite from Graphite Tailings

LIU Jiani, 　LIU Shuxian, 　LIU Yue, 　HU Chenxi, 　GAO Zhigang　ZHANG Xiangguo　 WANG Ling, 　NIE Yimiao, 　HAN Xiuli,

2025, 54(10):  105-110. 

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In order to achieve the resource utilization of a graphite flotation tailing in Heilongjiang,research on the
process technology for recovering sericite was conducted. Process mineralogy studies were first carried out through chemical
multi-element analysis,X-ray diffraction(XRD),and optical microscopy identification. The results showed that the tailings are
mainly composed of quartz,sericite,and feldspar,with a sericite content ranging from 20% to 35%,which is uniformly distributed.
Based on this,a series of flotation condition tests were performed to determine the optimal parameters for the roughing
stage,in which grinding fineness of 72% passing -200 mesh,pulp density of 20%,pH of 2. 0,collector(dodecylamine) dosage
of 3 500 g/ t,and depressant(sodium hexametaphosphate) dosage of 600 g/ t. Under these conditions,the rough concentrate was
reground and subjected to three stages of cleaning,ultimately yielding a high-quality concentrate with sericite content of
74. 40% and recovery rate of 75. 01%. Chemical analysis indicated that the product meets all the requirements of the Sericite
Powder (JC/ T 2577—2020) standard and can be used in coatings,plastics,electronics,and cosmetics industries. The study
demonstrates that the flotation method is technically feasible for efficiently recovering sericite from this graphite tailing,providing
a practical pathway for the high-value utilization of graphite tailings.


Hot Pressing Leaching of A Vein Quartz for Impurity Removal and Kinetic Analysis

SHAO Hui, 　ZHAI Zhenmin　JI Mengjiao　YANG Bingqiao　LUO Huihua　LI Peiyue

2025, 54(10):  111-116. 

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Taking vein quartz ore from a certain area in Shaanxi as the research object,based on mineral processing pretreatment,
a mixed system of hydrochloric acid-nitric acid-hydrofluoric acid was used as the leaching agent to carry out hotpressure
leaching tests. The effects of liquid-solid ratio,reaction time and reaction temperature on the leaching behavior of impurity
elements were systematically studied. The results show that the optimal process conditions are a liquid-solid ratio of 3∶1
mL/ g,a reaction time of 5 h,and a reaction temperature of 200 ℃. Under these conditions,the leaching rates of Al,Fe,K,and
Na are 17. 12%,63. 14%,50. 26%,and 55. 96% respectively. The SiO2 purity of the obtained quartz concentrate reaches
99. 993%,meeting the 4N3 grade (quasi) high-purity quartz standard. Kinetic analysis shows that the leaching process of Fe
conforms to the Avrami model. The fitting correlation coefficient R2 at each temperature is greater than 0. 97,and the apparent
activation energy is 38. 54 kJ/ mol,which reveals that the leaching mechanism is controlled by the combination of chemical reaction
and diffusion. This study provides a theoretical basis and process reference for the development of high-purity vein quartz
purification technology.


Selection and Mechanism of Ammonia-free Precipitants in the Extraction Process of Ionic Rare Earths

GUO Jiangfeng, 　XIE Fanxin　GONG Lei　ZHOU Hepeng, 　ZHANG Yongbing, 　LEI Meifen

2025, 54(10):  117-122. 

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Aiming at the ammonia-nitrogen pollution problem existing in the current ammonium bicarbonate precipitation
process for rare earth ions,this study took yttrium chloride solution as the research object and systematically compared the precipitation
effects of four precipitants,namely ammonium bicarbonate,ammonium carbonate,sodium bicarbonate,and sodium
carbonate. The optimal precipitant was screened through indicators such as precipitation rate and precipitate volume,and in-situ
pH monitoring and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were comprehensively used to analyze its precipitation
mechanism. The results showed that sodium carbonate was the optimal ammonia-free precipitant. When the molar ratio of sodium
carbonate to yttrium ions was 1. 6,the yttrium precipitation rate could reach 99. 17%,and no irritating gas or ammonia-nitrogen
wastewater was generated. Mechanism studies indicated that under this condition,the product was well-crystallized hydrated
yttrium carbonate (Y2(CO3)3·xH2O). An excessively low molar ratio tended to form chlorine-containing double salts,
while an excessively high molar ratio easily led to the formation of colloidal impurities. This study demonstrates that sodium carbonate
can be used as an efficient and environmentally friendly precipitant to replace traditional ammonium salts,providing a
theoretical basis and technical scheme for the green extraction of ionic rare earths.


Study on Selective Adsorption of Ni2+ from Cobalt-Nickel Solution by Imprinted Polyvinyl Alcohol / Chitosan Adsorbent#br#

LIU Jieling, 　ZHAO Ying, 　GUO Na,

2025, 54(10):  123-130. 

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In order to achieve efficient separation of cobalt and nickel ions from secondary resources,this study used
nickel ions (Ni2+ ) as the template and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) as the matrix to prepare a nickel ion-imprinted
PVA/ CS composite foam adsorbent (P-IIP). In order to accurately determine the optimal preparation process of the adsorbent,
this study optimized the key preparation conditions through systematically designed experiments,and finally identified
the optimal parameters as follows:the template Ni2+ concentration is 8 000 mg/ L,and the dosage of the cross-linking agent epichlorohydrin
is 6 mL/ g. Studies on the adsorption performance of P-IIP showed that:in a single Ni2+ solution,the solution pH
significantly affects the adsorption effect,with the optimal adsorption capacity achieved at pH from 4 to 5. When the initial concentration
of Ni2+ is 100 mg/ L,the adsorption capacity of P-IIP can reach 43. 1 mg/ g. Its adsorption behavior conforms to the
pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model,with a theoretical maximum adsorption capacity of 67. 4
mg/ g. The experimental results of selective adsorption of Ni2+ by P-IIP in Co2+ -Ni2+ binary mixed solutions show that P-IIP has
excellent selective adsorption performance for Ni2+ . When the concentration ratio of Co2+ to Ni2+ increases from 1 to 1 000,the
separation factor of P-IIP for Ni2+ increases significantly from 11. 9 to 55. 1. Even under the condition of coexistence with highconcentration
Co2+ ,this adsorbent can still achieve efficient and selective adsorption of Ni2+ ,providing key technical support for
the effective separation of cobalt and nickel ions.


Experimental and Simulation Study on the Influence of Different Blocking Conditions on Borehole Blasting Effect#br#

YAO Yingkang, 　JIN Yang, 　CHEN Siyou　ZHU Dan, 　JI Fuquan　CAO Ang

2025, 54(10):  131-139. 

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In order to study the influence of different plugging conditions on borehole blasting effect,the method of model
test and numerical simulation was used to analyze the motion law,rock mass damage characteristics,strain distribution of borehole
surface and pressure characteristics of hole wall in charge section and non-charge section under different plugging conditions,
so as to reveal the mechanism of hole plugging on blasting effect. The results show that the blocking time of clay is the
longest (about 8. 7 ms),which is 3 times and 2 times that of water bag and anchoring agent,respectively,and it is the best among
the three materials. The use of clay blockage can not only save the amount of explosives,but also increase the circulation
footage. In terms of hole wall pressure,the influence of clay on the charge section is negligible. However,after it plays a blocking
role,the hole wall pressure in the air section rises to 13 times of the corresponding position in the non-blocking condition,
and the blocking section also reaches about 3 times. In addition,the damage range of the clay blockage condition is larger,
which is mainly reflected in the air section and the blockage section,while the damage range of the charge section is less different
from that of the non-clogging condition. Due to the extension of the action time of the explosive gas by the clay,the damage
development time of the rock mass is about 1. 7 times that of the non-clogging condition.


Study on Engineering Application of Liquid Oxygen Phase Change Blasting Technology in "Peninsula Rock Mass"#br#

WU Jianhui　MAO Qingfu　DING Baoshan　WANG Yanbing　FU Dairui　ZHANG Fangping

2025, 54(10):  140-148. 

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Aiming at the problems of high pollution,high vibration hazard and uneven fragmentation of "peninsula rock
mass" in traditional explosive blasting in open-pit mines,a limestone mine in Hebei Province was taken as the engineering
background. By designing the liquid oxygen phase change expansion blasting system,optimizing the hole network parameters
and carrying out block analysis and vibration monitoring,the rock breaking law and environmental effect of the technology under
the special working conditions of the "peninsula rock mass" open-pit mine with three empty faces were systematically revealed.
The test results show that the liquid oxygen blasting drives the tensile failure of rock mass through quasi-static expansion
pressure,forming a uniform block distribution dominated by medium blocks with a diameter of 0. 3-1. 0 m. The block rate
is significantly lower than that of traditional blasting and does not require secondary crushing. The peak value of vibration velocity
is lower than 1. 7 cm/ s. The vertical vibration energy is regularly distributed due to the difference of rock mass structure.
The horizontal vibration attenuates rapidly with the increase of distance,which verifies its low disturbance characteristics to the
slope and surrounding environment. The technical system has the advantages of environmental protection without flying stone
and dust emission reduction,which meets the needs of green mine construction. The research results provide a reproducible
technical paradigm for open-pit blasting under complex geological conditions,and have guiding significance for promoting the
engineering application of non-explosive rock breaking technology.


Xception-CNN Model for Fault Identification of Rolling Bearings in Mining Belt Conveyors

QUAN Guohui　TAI Jinhua　ZHANG Qingli　XUE Chunxia

2025, 54(10):  149-158. 

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A fault recognition model combining signal optimization preprocessing and deep learning is proposed to address
the problems of high noise in vibration signals and difficult feature extraction of rolling bearings in mining belt conveyors.
The model first utilizes the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) optimized Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) method
to adaptively denoise and reconstruct the original vibration signal to accurately extract fault features. Then,convert the reconstructed
signal into a two-dimensional grayscale image as input to the model. Finally,an improved Extreme Inception (Xception)
and Convolutional Neural Network (Xception-CNN) model was constructed during the recognition and classification
stage. This network integrates the deep separable convolution advantages of Xception architecture to more efficiently utilize
computing resources,while also introducing channel attention mechanism to enhance attention to key fault features,and embedding
residual learning module to alleviate the gradient vanishing problem of deep networks,ultimately achieving end-to-end intelligent
classification of fault states. The results showed that the proposed Xception-CNN fault recognition model achieved the
highest recognition accuracy of 98. 61% on the test set,with an F1 score of 0. 985. Under strong noise,i. e. with a signal-tonoise
ratio of 10 dB interference,the accuracy of the model still remains at 98. 61%,significantly better than the comparison
method,and has good robustness. At the same time,the model parameter size is only 42. 7 MB,and the time-consumed for the single-sample inference is only 12. 3 ms,which ensures high accuracy while having good engineering application efficiency.
This provides new ideas and methods for fault diagnosis and predictive maintenance of mining equipment,which is of great significance
for promoting the progress of mining equipment maintenance technology.



Path Planning for Mining Autonomous Transport Vehicles Integrated with Graph Neural Networks and Attention Mechanism#br#

WANG Tao　WANG Xia　MI Hongjun

2025, 54(10):  159-165. 

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To address the issues of low efficiency,poor real-time performance,and insufficient safety in path planning for
unmanned mining vehicles in complex and dynamic environments,a path planning method integrating Graph Neural Network
(GNN) and attention mechanism is proposed. Firstly,a dynamic graph structure based on road topology is constructed,and
GNN is utilized to deeply extract the features of the road network. Secondly,a multi-head attention mechanism is designed to
capture the long-range dependencies between road sections,and a spatio-temporal attention module is introduced to handle dynamic
environmental information. Finally,an end-to-end training of path planning is achieved based on the reinforcement learning
framework. Simulation experiments show that compared with the traditional A∗ algorithm,the proposed method reduces the
computational time by 45. 3% and shortens the path length by 12. 7%. Compared with the Transformer method,the planning
success rate is increased by 19. 1%,and the obstacle avoidance accuracy is improved by 14. 4%. In actual mine tests,this
method can effectively deal with complex terrains and dynamic obstacles,with an average planning time of only 0. 3 seconds,
providing a reference for the safe and efficient operation of unmanned mining vehicles.


Path Planning of Intelligent Inspection Robot for Mining Air Compressor Unit Based on Improved Bat Algorithm#br#

WANG Jianhua　WAN Chao　HAN Nannan

2025, 54(10):  166-174. 

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In the intelligent inspection robot for mine air compressor units,when traditional algorithms are used for the
path planning of intelligent inspection robots,they encounter problems such as slow optimization speed and easy trapping in local
optimal solutions in complex mine environments. To improve the inspection efficiency and accuracy,an Improved Bat Algorithm
(IBA) is proposed. Firstly,a uniform initialization strategy is adopted to ensure that the initial positions can widely cover
the decision space. Secondly,in the iterative update process,a golden sine operator is introduced to optimize and update the bat
individuals that perform well in the fitness evaluation,while the average position of the population is used to guide some individuals
to narrow the search range while maintaining a fast convergence speed. Additionally,a dynamic inertia weight coefficient
is introduced in the global search stage,and a search strategy combining single-dimensional and full-dimensional is adopted.
Experiments show that under 5-dimensional conditions,the IBA algorithm converges in only 20 iterations in the Sphere function
test,far fewer than the Bat Algorithm (BA),and performs well under 50-dimensional conditions. In terms of the path planning
effect of the robot,the path planned by the IBA algorithm is shorter than that planned by BA,Adaptive Bat Algorithm (ABA),
and Global Chaos Bat Algorithm (GCBA),and has fewer turning points,fewer convergence iterations,and lower fitness values in multiple scenarios. The research reflects that the intelligent inspection robot path planning method based on the IBA algorithm
can increase the inspection efficiency of mine air compressor units by 45. 9% and improve the fault detection accuracy to
98. 9%. The proposed algorithm is helpful for the efficient path planning of intelligent inspection robots for mine air compressor
units and contributes to the safe production of mines.



Lane Keeping Algorithm for Mining Trucks Relying on Retraining Reinforcement Learning

LIU Jinyao　XIE Lirong　BIAN Yifan　AN Yi, 　YANG Zhiyong, 　HUANG Deqi

2025, 54(10):  175-181. 

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In order to solve the problem that the self-driving mining truck is easy to lose the ability to adapt to the previous
strategy in the complex environment of the mine,a deep reinforcement learning lane keeping control algorithm considering
sample retraining is proposed. Firstly,by considering the characteristics of the target network update parameters,a periodic experience
extraction retraining model is derived,and the retraining round interval is incorporated into the traditional target network
update parameter model. Then,in order to avoid the influence of noise on the model,the experience playback buffer is set
in a smaller sampling range. The influence of noise and unrelated experience on the model will be reduced,and the system robustness
under extreme operating conditions will be enhanced. Finally,considering the typical cross-shaped road of open-pit
mine,the vehicle position is set at the crossroads in CARLA,and the average reward obtained under the fixed number of rounds
is used as the key performance index of the simulation. The experimental results show that the proposed periodic retraining deep
Q network (PR-DQN) strategy effectively reduces the fluctuation in the training process,makes the model converge faster,effectively
improves the performance of the model in non-stationary environment tasks,and shows significant advantages in stability
and generalization ability.


Research on Grade Monitoring Method of Picromerite Flotation Froth Based on Deep Learning Model

ZENG Longyan　YAO Mobai　CHEN Tianxing　YI Hao　HOU Jianhua　JIA Feifei

2025, 54(10):  182-190. 

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In order to address the issues of strong subjectivity in human observation and significant delay in chemical analysis
during the picromerite flotation process,this study proposes an online monitoring method for flotation froth grade based
on deep learning models. A dataset containing 766 000 froth images with corresponding SO2-
4 grade values was constructed,and
image enhancement and feature optimization were comprehensively applied using Gaussian blur,morphological processing,and
BRISK feature extraction. The prediction performance of three models including AlexNet,VGG16,and ResNet50 was systematically
compared. The results indicated a strong correlation between froth morphology and SO2-
4 grade. Among the models,Res-
Net50,leveraging its residual learning mechanism,effectively improved feature representation capabilities,achieving an overall
classification accuracy of 94. 16%,significantly outperforming the other models. This research provides a reliable technical approach
for real-time perception and intelligent control of picromerite flotation grade.


Research on Lane-Change Decision-Making for Intelligent Mining Trucks Using Integrated Reinforcement Learning and State Machines#br#

CHENG Yu　XIE Lirong　BIAN Yifan　YANG Zhiyong　HU Guilin　YAN Zhuang

2025, 54(10):  191-200. 

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In order to improve the performance of lane-changing decision-making for intelligent network-connected mining
trucks in surface coal mines,this paper proposes a lane-changing decision-making method that integrates deep reinforcement
learning and finite state machines. First,a two-layer decision-making framework is constructed,where the upper layer utilizes
deep Q-networks to generate preliminary lane-changing decisions,and the lower layer performs security constraints through finite
state machines. Second,the dual network and competitive network structure are introduced to optimize the DQN performance,
which effectively alleviates the Q-value over-estimation problem. Then,a state transfer rule is designed based on the Gipps
security model to dynamically evaluate the security of the lane-changing gap. Finally,a multi-objective reward function is
designed to comprehensively evaluate and guide the lane changing behavior. Experiments are conducted on the Highway-env
platform,and the results show that the success rate of the fusion method for lane changing reaches 81. 36% in high traffic density
scenarios,which is significantly improved compared to a single DuDQN(50. 84%),with a reduced number of collisions
and enhanced driving stability. This framework can effectively improve the safety and efficiency of decision-making,and has
certain reference significance for the decision-making of open-pit mine transportation lane-changing.


Inversion of Mine Subsidence Parameters in Mining Areas Combined InSAR and GNSS

SHI Yun, 　LÜ Kailing, 　ZHANG Yuxin　WANG Kai　GUO Zhao, 　JIANG Chaoyang

2025, 54(10):  201-209. 

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The loess mining area in northern Shaanxi often has the characteristics of shallow coal seam and thin bedrock.
High-intensity mining can easily lead to a large amount of surface deformation. For large-scale deformation,in the process of
applying InSAR technology,the center of the subsidence basin will have the problem of decoherence and the corresponding
phase unwrapping error. The probability integration method can effectively compensate for the subsidence information in the
center of the subsidence basin. In order to improve the accuracy and reliability of mining subsidence parameter inversion,GNSS
and SBAS-InSAR monitoring data are integrated,and sparrow search algorithm (SSA) is introduced to carry out high-precision
parameter inversion,aiming to establish a more efficient and accurate subsidence monitoring and evaluation method. Taking a
working face in northern Shaanxi mining area as the test area,the results show that SBAS-InSAR technology can obtain largescale
surface deformation compared with traditional monitoring methods. The sparrow algorithm is used to obtain the predicted
parameters of the probability integral method of the subsidence basin,and the accuracy of the results is high. Compared with the
measured results,the fitting results of InSAR and GNSS are better,which can provide theoretical reference for the study of surface
subsidence law and coal mine safety in mining area.



Design of External Control Dust Removal Device for Bolt Drilling and Dust Control Effect Test

CHEN Qinghua, 　LI Lekai　NIU Tianyu　CHENG Yingsong　YUAN Huiming　CHEN Bin　XU Manman

2025, 54(10):  210-218. 

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In order to improve the dust control effect in the support drilling operation of the anchor drilling rig,based on
the pneumatic conveying and jet pump technology,a new type of external control dust removal device integrating the functions
of diversion dust control,spray negative pressure collaborative dust removal and efficient filtration was developed. On the basis
of optimizing the structural design,the dust collection efficiency of the device is further improved,and the multi-dimensional
improvement of dust removal performance is realized by combining spray and negative pressure dynamic collaborative dust removal
technology. The gas-solid two-phase flow in the device was numerically simulated by CFD-DPM method,and the influence
of inlet duct angle,wind speed and particle size on dust control efficiency was systematically studied. The simulation results
show that the initial wind speed at the inlet end of the dust control hood is linearly positively correlated with the wind
speed at the outlet section. When the inlet pipe angle is 45°,the conversion rate is about 40%. Larger diameter particles are
easy to deposit at the corner of the pipe. Increasing the inlet pipe angle can effectively reduce the deposited particles. The test
results show that the dust control rate of the device is not less than 85. 97% at the dust concentration of 200~ 600 mg/ m3.
Compared with the same type of dust removal device,the volume is reduced by 30%,and the dust removal effect is improved by
10%-12%,which has high engineering application value.


Remote Sensing Monitoring of Spatio-Temporal Variations in Soil Moisture Content Based on Kernel Temperature-Vegetation Drought Index#br#

LIAO Qingfa, 　HU Zhenqi　MIAO Wei, 　CUI Ruihao　XU Yanfei, 　CHEN Chen, 　RUI Chengqi,

2025, 54(10):  219-225. 

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The surface subsidence caused by underground coal mining has formed a water accumulation area in Huainan
mining area,which significantly changes the distribution of surrounding soil moisture,and then affects crop growth and regional
food security. An improved temperature-vegetation drought index inversion method based on normalized kernel vegetation index
is proposed,which is applied to remote sensing monitoring of soil moisture content in coal mining subsidence area. The verification
results show that the accuracy of the inversion method is better than that of the traditional method,the sample correlation
coefficient is as high as 0. 75,and the monitoring error is significantly reduced. The spatio-temporal distribution map of soil
moisture level constructed based on this method reveals that the seasonal variation of water pattern in subsidence area is obvious.
The wet area is the main area in spring,the saturated area is dominant in summer,and the overall humidity tends to maintain
or improve in autumn and winter. On the whole,the proportion of medium and high moisture areas increased year by year,
which revealed the improvement of soil moisture recovery in the waterlogged area after subsidence. The research shows that the
inversion method has high applicability and stability in the dynamic monitoring of soil moisture in the mining area,and can provide
reliable technical support for ecological restoration evaluation and agricultural management.


Comparative Study on the Effect of Surface Horizontal Displacement Feature Recognition Algorithm in Mining Area Based on UAV Image#br#

FANG Ping　LIU Aijun　ZHANG Junyang　CHEN Jianchong　WANG Kun　　YAO Xinyu　 BU Wenchao　ZHAO Xin　LI Yizhe　ZHU Ruijie

2025, 54(10):  226-233. 

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The problem of surface subsidence caused by high-intensity underground mining of coal has become increasingly
prominent,and horizontal displacement is a key factor leading to uneven surface deformation and geological disasters. Aiming
at the problems of low efficiency and limited coverage of traditional observation methods,a global observation method of
surface horizontal displacement based on UAV photogrammetry and feature recognition algorithm is proposed. Taking the surface
of 12308 working face of Hongqingliang Coal Mine in Ordos City,Inner Mongolia as an example,the measurement accuracy
and stability of three feature recognition algorithms,FAST,Harris and SIFT,are systematically compared. The results show
that the horizontal displacement observation error of SIFT algorithm outside the mining influence range is 1. 20-2. 08 cm,which
is significantly better than FAST algorithm (2. 06-3. 09 cm) and Harris algorithm (1. 53-3. 82 cm). In the range of mining
influence,the error of SIFT algorithm is controlled in the range of 0. 67-2. 18 cm,which is also better than FAST and Harris
algorithms. Its multi-scale feature extraction ability,scale invariance and strong robustness to illumination change and vegetation
interference can ensure stable recognition of feature points under complex surface topography without loss of feature points.
Compared with the traditional single-point observation method,the proposed method can achieve global coverage observation with centimeter-level accuracy,and has the advantages of high-frequency dynamic update and low cost. By improving the resolution
of UAV images,optimizing the multi-scale feature fusion strategy and constructing a dynamic feature point database,the
adaptability of the algorithm in noisy environment can be further improved. The research results provide a new method for the
observation of surface subsidence and geological disasters in the mining area,and have important application value for ensuring
the safe mining and ecological protection of the mine.




Research on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Deep Well Air Coolers Based on the Synergistic Enhancement of ZnO Nanofluids and Spiral Ties#br#

ZHU Mengkai, 　ZHANG Changjian, 　LI Gang　LUO Jinghui, 　WANG Shuo, 　 PING Tianyi, 　WANG Sen,

2025, 54(10):  234-241. 

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Aiming at the problems of large volume,easy fouling and low heat transfer efficiency of underground air coolers
in high temperature metal mines,the synergistic heat transfer enhancement technology of nanofluids and rotating bonds is proposed,
and the effect of composite heat transfer enhancement mechanism on the performance of heat exchange tubes is systematically
explored. The heat transfer characteristics of eight different concentrations of ZnO nanofluids in finned tubes with built-in
spiral ties were studied experimentally. The effects of nanoparticle concentration on heat transfer coefficient,Nusselt number
(Nu),friction coefficient and comprehensive thermal performance factor (PEC) were analyzed. The results show that there is a
significant threshold relationship between the concentration of nanoparticles and the heat transfer performance. When the concentration
of ZnO nanofluids is φ≤0. 5%,nanoparticles can effectively enhance heat transfer through micro-convection effect
and thermal conductivity enhancement,and its optimal heat transfer coefficient is 19. 39% higher than that of pure water. After
exceeding the critical concentration,the sharp increase in viscosity caused by particle agglomeration becomes the dominant factor,
which weakens the heat transfer efficiency. The secondary flow generated by the spiral ties can effectively inhibit the deposition
of nanoparticles,and this synergistic effect enables the best comprehensive thermal performance at a concentration of φ =
0. 5%. The research results provide a reference for improving the heat transfer efficiency of deep well air coolers. Future research
can focus on the stability of nanofluids and achieve better heat transfer enhancement.


Study on the Treatment of Heavy Metal Ions in A Lithium Tailings by Nano-composites

SONG Hanxuan, 　YI Weida, 　WANG Kongyang, 　YI Lei,

2025, 54(10):  242-246. 

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To address the heavy metal pollution (beryllium (Be) and thallium (Tl)) caused by a lithium tailings site in
Yichun,Jiangxi Province,a functionalized nanocomposite material with carbon nanotubes as the matrix was successfully prepared.
The material was characterized using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS),Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FT-IR),and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). These characterizations confirmed that multiple active functional groups
were successfully introduced onto the material's surface. Systematic adsorption experiments showed that the material exhibits
rapid and efficient adsorption performance for Be2+ and Tl+ . The adsorption process reaches equilibrium within 30 minutes.
When the material dosage is 0. 6%,the removal rate of Be2+ reaches 94. 5%. For Tl+ ,a dosage of only 0. 3% achieves a removal
rate of 92. 5%. A nearly neutral solution (pH≈7) is most favorable for adsorption. Leaching toxicity tests,conducted in accordance
with the standard Solid Waste-Leaching Toxicity Leaching Method-Sulfuric Acid-Nitric Acid Method (HJ/ T 299—
2007),verified that the material can effectively solidify heavy metals in the tailings. This study provides a promising adsorbent
and feasible technical solution for the remediation of heavy metal pollution in lithium tailings.


Geological Characteristics and Metallogenic Potential of Rechang Copper-gold Deposit in Luolong County,Tibet#br#

CHENG Xingguo　XU Lianfeng　SONG Liqiang　WANG Yake　SONG Yingwei　JI Yindong　ZHANG Yuequan

2025, 54(10):  247-256. 

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Rechang Copper-gold Deposit is the first newly discovered porphyry type deposit in the eastern section of the
Bangong Lake Nujiang metallogenic belt. On the basis of 1∶10 000 geological mapping,1∶5 000 soil measurement,remote sensing
interpretation,and special mapping of alteration,induced polarization depth measurement,trenching,drilling and other survey
work,the geological background,orebody characteristics,ore characteristics,geochemical characteristics,and surrounding
rock alteration characteristics of the deposit were systematically analyzed to clarify its resource potential. The results show that:
① Rechang Copper-gold Deposit is a complex porphyry mineralization system,and the polymetallic mineralization is jointly
controlled by the hidden granite porphyry body containing hornblende black clouds+granite porphyry and the surrounding rock
contact zone+NWW trending fault fracture zone;② The genesis type of the deposit is porphyry shallow low-temperature hydrothermal
type,which has the typical central surface alteration characteristics centered on the rock mass of porphyry type deposits;
③ The granite porphyry outcrop area in the western part of the Rechang mining area has superior geological,geochemical,
and remote sensing comprehensive mineralization conditions,and should be the key target area for the next exploration work;④
By analogy with the main alteration parameters of the adjacent Yulong Copper Mine and combining multidimensional analysis of
the degree of erosion in the mining area and the mineralization intensity in the deep boreholes,it is believed that the Rechang
Deposit has the potential for large-scale copper gold mineralization.


Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Energy Evolution of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete

ZHOU Guangyu　YAO Huayan, 　LU Hua　BAO Ben　ZHANG Xingqi　YANG Fan

2025, 54(10):  257-264. 

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To investigate the enhancement mechanism of basalt fiber on the mechanical properties of concrete,this study
examined the effects of different basalt fiber volume fractions on the uniaxial compressive failure characteristics,strength properties,
and toughness of concrete through uniaxial compression tests on cubic specimens. The energy-based working mechanism
of basalt fiber during the failure process was also analyzed. Results indicated that the addition of basalt fiber effectively retarded
crack propagation and reduced damage degree of specimens. With increasing fiber volume fraction,the uniaxial compressive
strength of concrete first increased and then decreased,while the corresponding peak displacement showed an increasing trend
with gradually reduced growth rate. The compressive toughness of specimens was significantly improved by fiber reinforcement,
demonstrating a continuously ascending tendency with increasing fiber content. The energy evolution during uniaxial compression
failure of basalt fiber-reinforced concrete specimens could be divided into four distinct stages:compaction phase,energy
storage phase,localized damage phase,and accelerated elastic energy release phase. The incorporation of basalt fibers can significantly
reduce the release rate of elastic energy and increase the energy storage limit of the concrete,manifested as an increase
in the energy demarcation point,thereby enhancing the deformation capacity of the specimens.


Experimental and Performance Study of High-temperature Mine Basalt-plant Fiber Composite Heat-resistant Material#br#

KANG Zhipeng, 　YU Guofeng, 　DUAN Changrui, 　LUO Yong, 　CAI Zhiliang,

2025, 54(10):  265-272. 

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In order to improve the problem of high temperature and humidity heat existing in the roadway of deep shaft
refuge,high temperature mine basalt-plant fiber composite heat-resistant material was prepared by using ordinary silicate cement,
fly ash,melon flake stone and fine sand aggregate as the basic material,basalt fiber and glass beads as the dopant,and
straw plant as the reinforcing reinforcing material. The optimal ratio of the composite heat-resistant material was studied by orthogonal
test,physical property test,and gray correlation degree analysis,and the heat-resistant material under this ratio was also
applied in engineering. The results show that:the optimal ratio of composite heat-resistant material is 0. 2% basalt fiber,
0. 2% anticorrosive plant fiber,7% ceramic grains,8% ceramic sand;composite heat-resistant material principle for the formation
of closed pores inside the material after the hydration reaction to make the air conductivity decrease;rigid basalt fiber and
flexible plant fiber hydration reaction randomly connects the formation of porous structure to form a mesh whole,which strengthens
the specimen strength and steeliness;fiber reinforcement will form a porous structure to form a net,which enhances the
strength and steeliness;fiber reinforcement will form a porous structure to form a net. Steel;fiber reinforcement will form a flower-
like structure of Al(OH)3·AlPO4 polymer,to further enhance the tensile strength of the material and endow the material
with flame retardant properties;through the selection of a typical thermal hazard mine for field tests,the maximum temperature difference between the field station is 4. 1 ℃,the application of the effect is good. The results of the study are of great significance
for the management of heat damage in high-temperature deep wells and the prevention and control of occupational diseases.



Effect of Calcium-Silicon Ratio on Autoclaved Aerated Concrete with Copper Tailings

WU Ranyuan　SUN Dading　XU Qinghu　XU Rongsheng

2025, 54(10):  273-278. 

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In order to improve the resource utilization rate of copper tailings,a study was conducted to replace 50% of
river sand with copper tailings as a siliceous material for preparing autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC). The effects of the calcium-
silicon ratio (Ca/ Si) on the physical and mechanical properties and microstructure of AAC were analyzed. The research
included the impact on dry density,compressive strength,and thermal conductivity,combined with microscopic characterization
techniques such as XRD,FTIR,and SEM. The results showed that when the Ca/ Si ratio was 0. 75,the AAC exhibited optimal
comprehensive performance,with a dry density of 605. 7 kg/ m3,compressive strength of 3. 6 MPa,and thermal conductivity of
0. 151 W/ (m·K),meeting the A3. 5 B06 grade requirements specified in the Test Methods for the Performance of Autoclaved
Aerated Concrete(GB/ T 11969—2020). Microscopic analysis revealed that the crystal morphology of tobermorite evolved from
willow-leaf,platelet,plate,needle shapes as the Ca/ Si ratio increased. When the Ca/ Si ratio was 0. 75,the platelet tobermorite
content was highest,corresponding to the optimal mechanical performance. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical
support for the efficient utilization of copper tailings in green building materials.


Study on the Mechanism of Barium Carbonate Mineralizer in the Calcination of Copper Tailings Based Siliceous Raw Material Clinker#br#

YAN Meiguo, 　REN Xinyan, 　XU Xun　WU Xin, 　SONG Mengmeng

2025, 54(10):  279-285. 

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In view of the common problems of numerous harmful components and high utilization risks in the process of
copper tailings resource utilization,this paper takes the separated quartz after SiO2 enrichment treatment of copper tailings as
the siliceous raw material to study the mechanism of action of barium carbonate mineralizer on the calcination process of cement
clinker. By adjusting the dosage of barium carbonate (0 to 1. 0%),and combining multiple methods such as flammability test,
XRD phase analysis,microstructure morphology of the mineral phase and firing kinetics calculation,the influence on the mineral
formation and microstructure of clinker was systematically evaluated. The results showed that the introduction of barium carbonate
can significantly reduce the apparent activation energy for the formation of C3S,from 199. 04 kJ/ mol of the reference
sample to 104. 06 kJ/ mol at a dosage of 0. 8%,effectively improving the combustibility and reaction rate of raw materials. Ba2+
can partially replace Ca2+ in clinker minerals,which belongs to the isomorphic phenomenon. It helps regulate the structure of
the silicon-oxygen network and induce the good development of C3S crystals,improving the morphology and structural compactness
of minerals. In addition,the introduction of barium carbonate alleviates the defects of high crystallinity and weak reactivity
of the separated quartz obtained from the treatment of copper tailings,providing a feasible path for the large-scale and high-value
utilization of copper tailings.


The Effect of Organically Modified Sepiolite on the Curing Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Grouting Materials#br#

YAO Xin, 　FENG Guorui, 　WANG Shuai　WEI Yuhan　XUE Gaili　JIA Jiaxin　HOU Kai,

2025, 54(10):  286-294. 

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In order to address the issues of poor flame retardancy,insufficient mechanical strength,and high cost associated
with polyurethane materials used in mine grouting,this study introduces organically modified sepiolite (SK-SEP) to achieve
synergistic regulation of the material′s curing characteristics and mechanical properties. The sepiolite underwent synergistic
modification using silane coupling agent (KH550) and stearic acid (SA). Significant enhancements in hydrophobicity and interfacial
compatibility were confirmed via FTIR,XRD,SEM,and contact angle testing. The influence of SK-SEP dosage on the
composite material′s curing behaviour,rheological characteristics,and mechanical properties was systematically investigated.
Results indicated that SK-SEP addition significantly reduces peak curing exothermic temperature,prolongs curing time,and increases
slurry viscosity. The compressive strength of the composite material initially increased then decreased with rising SKSEP
content,achieving optimal performance at a mass fraction of 4%. At this point,the maximum curing temperature was 99
℃,the curing time was 145 s,and the compressive strength reached 82. 41 MPa,representing a significant improvement over
pure polyurethane. This research provides an effective methodology and practical basis for developing high-performance,highsafety
polyurethane grouting materials.


Effect of Coal Gasification Slag Content on the Properties and Hydration of Composite Alkali-Activated Cementitious Materials#br#

LU Ding　ZHANG Jin　HU Zhihang, 　WANG Qing, 　GU Xiaowei, 　XU Xiaochuan,

2025, 54(10):  295-300. 

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Coal gasification slag (CGS),rich in amorphous aluminosilicate minerals,has the potential to serve as a precursor
for alkali-activated materials (AAMs). This study investigated the technical feasibility of utilizing CGS to partially replace
granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) in preparing AAMs. Different dosages of CGS (0,20%,40%,60%) were used to
replace GBFS, activated by NaOH. The macroscopic properties were evaluated by setting time, fluidity, and compressive
strength tests,while the early hydration process and hydration products were analyzed using isothermal calorimetry,X-ray diffraction
(XRD),thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG),and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results
showed that CGS within 40% effectively mitigated the rapid setting of NaOH-AAMs,retarded the early hydration rate,and did
not impair the development of compressive strength. The compressive strength initially increased and then decreased with increasing
CGS content,reaching an optimum at 40% replacement,where the 28-day compressive strength was 29. 4 MPa,representing
a 15. 3% increase over the pure slag system. The primary hydration product was calcium (alumino) silicate hydrate
(C-(A)-S-H) gel,which was the main source of strength. However,when the CGS content increased to 60%,the formation of
C-(A)-S-H gel was significantly reduced,leading to a decrease in strength. This study demonstrates that CGS can effectively
replace part of GBFS in AAMs production,with an optimal dosage of 40%,providing a pathway for the high-value resource utilization
of coal gasification slag.