Table of Content

15 March 2022, Volume 51 Issue 03

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Progress and Prospect of the Quantitative Remote Sensing for Monitoring the Eco-environment in Mining Area

ZHANG Chengye, LI Jun, LEI Shaogang, YANG Jinzhong, YANG Nan

2022, 51(03):  1-27. 

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Scientific and effective monitoring of the eco-environment in mining areas is the prerequisite for the protection and governance，which is of great significance to promote the ecological civilization construction.Remote sensing technology has become an important tool for monitoring the eco-environment in mining areas.Especially in recent years，the rapid development of remote sensing technology in data，algorithms，and computing power has greatly promoted the development of quantitative remote sensing of eco-environment in mining areas，which leads to a series of excellent research results.This paper summarizes and analyzes the progress of quantitative remote sensing for monitoring the ecoenvironment in mining areas from the aspects of identifying the surface types，retrieval of the parameters about vegetation，soil，water，atmosphere，and ecosystem in mining areas.The results show that the application of new remotely sensed data has improved the temporal and spatial resolution;the methods for identifying surface types and retrieving parameters in mining areas have been optimized，and the accuracy of identification and inversion has been improved;deep learning and remote sensing cloud computing platforms are preliminarily used in mining areas.However，there are also some shortcomings:① The application of deep learning in the identification of surface types in mining areas has not yet been fully developed，and there is a lack of remote sensing surface classification system standards and large-scale high resolution sample databases in mining areas.The level of automation and intelligence for surface types identification in mining areas needs to be improved;② The breadth of the retrieval of parameters using quantitative remote sensing needs to be expanded，and the methods of retrieving parameters need to be deepened;③ The research on the moderate-high resolution，long time series，high-frequency synchronous observation and collaborative analysis of multi-parameters in the mining area is relatively lacking.On this basis，prospects for future directions are listed as follows:① A remote sensing surface classification system and a large-scale high-resolution sample database for mining areas should be built，and the state of art deep learning algorithms should be tracked to achieve high precision identification of typical surface types in mining areas;② Quantitative remote sensing methods for physical mechanism modeling should be conducted in the scene of mining areas，and the parameters retrieved by remote sensing should be expanded，to improve the accuracy and stability of the retrieving methods;③ Integrating the multi-sources big data in mining areas，the systematic synchronous retrieval and monitoring of parameters should be conducted with moderate high resolution，long time series，and high frequency.

Study on the Temporal and Spatial Evolution Characteristics of Surrounding Rock Caving in Irregular Goaf under Complex Conditions

REN Fengyu, ZHANG Jing, HE Rongxing, LI Guanghui, ZOU Kaihua

2022, 51(03):  28-34. 

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Caving of irregular caving surrounding rock under complex conditions is always the difficulties in the research field of caving of fractured rock mass.The more complex the conditions such as lithology,fault,joint,cavity morphology and surrounding goaf,the more difficult it is to characterize the caving characteristics of surrounding rocks in the goaf.During the mining of the M2 orebody in Shirengou Iron Mine,the lower civilian goaf suddenly penetrated to the -210 m level,forming the M2 main goaf with large buried depth,large scale,irregularity and located in the main production.Meanwhile,four concealed empty areas induced by illegal mining are distributed in the north of the M2 main goaf,which seriously threatens the safety of mine production.Therefore,a method combined 3D detection,3D modeling and 3D numerical simulation is proposed to predict the caving range of surrounding rock in the irregular goaf.Threedimensional laser scanning technology is used to detect the morphology and location distribution of the goaf.Then,a 3D numerical model with the complex formation conditions and the maximum irregular section of the goaf is established by the Rhino.The 3DEC is used to study the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of surrounding rock of M2 main goaf under the influence of mining stress formed by surrounding goaf excavation,and the maximum caving range of surrounding rock is obtained.Moreover,the sum of the horizontal crosssectional radius of the goaf and the maximum horizontal caving range is identified as the radius of the safety isolation zone,which can ensure the safety management of the goaf and the safe production of surrounding orebodies.The results show that while the surrounding rock caving activity in the M2 main goaf is expanding upward,it is also developing along the direction of the orebody strike,and the range of surrounding rock caving on the north side is much larger than that on the south side.In addition,the existing mining roadway and the medium and deep hole perforation project can be effectively used by mining the orebody on the south side of the safety isolation zone,so that the production capacity of the mine can be effectively connected.

Study on Strength and Structure Optimization of Highstage Subsequent Layered Cemented Backfill

XIONG Zhaohui, TAN Yuye, CHU Lishen, SONG Weidong

2022, 51(03):  35-42. 

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In order to deal with the problem of excessive filling cost caused by conservative design of high stage layered cemented backfill strength,based on the rockfilling physical parameters of Daye Iron Mine,the strength of cemented slicing backfill computer simulations through three mechanics model is done,the study of influence law of filling strength with backfill times and layered structure as influencing factors is conducted,and the mathematical model and reduction coefficient between the strength of cemented backfill and the filling times is obtained.The minimum numerical solution of the cohesion and strength requirements of the middlelayer backfill is obtained by the twosteps numerical simulation search calculation of mining and filling time series based on FLAC3D software.On this basis,the cementsand ratio and the layered structure of the high stage delayed cementing backfill are optimized.The study results is help for reducing the amount of cementing agent and the cost of backfill,which can provide a reference for the structure and strength optimization design of backfill in similar mines.

Bearing Failure Evolution Characteristics of Composite Filling Structure

WANG Qihu, YANG Fan, WANG Jie, HE Yaohua, XIONG Ganlin, YAO Nan

2022, 51(03):  43-50. 

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Aiming at the phenomenon that the internal stress distribution of composite filling structure,composed of materials with different mechanical properties,is uneven in the bearing process,uniaxial compression test of composite filling structure composed of different strong and weak media were carried out.Combined with the analysis of acoustic emission characteristics,the bearing characteristics,damage evolution and failure characteristics of the composite filling structure are studied.The results show that:① Under uniaxial compression,the internal stress distribution of the composite is uneven,the internal stress of the strong media is greater than that of the weak media,and the strong media bearing the overall load.② When the strength of strong media is constant,the overall strength of the composite sample is positively correlated with the strength of weak media.③When the strength of the weak media is lower than a certain critical value,the stressstrain curve of the composite has two elastic stages,and the slope of the first elastic stage is greater than that of the second elastic stage.With the increase of the strength of the weak media,the first elastic stage increases and the second elastic stage decreases.When the strength of the weak media exceeds the critical value,the second elastic stage disappears.④ The evolution characteristics of acoustic emission signal show that at the deflection point of the two elastic stages,a large number of damage occurs in the weak media,and the damage of the weak media precedes that of the strong media.When the strength of the weak media is higher than the critical value,the damage mainly occurs in the compaction and post yield stages,and the weak media and the strong media are destroyed at the same time.The research results can provide a basis for the study of the control measures of complex stress field in underground stope.

Mechanical Parameter Assignment and Plain Shotcrete Support Effect Evaluation of Different Grade Rock Roadway

YUAN Haiping, YE Chenxu, WANG Wenhui

2022, 51(03):  51-56. 

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At the same time,optimizing support design and improving support effect are the urgent requirements of mine development in the new era.But at present,there is a lack of design specifications for roadway support in metal mines.The design and construction scheme mainly rely on simple empirical formulas and lack of corresponding theoretical basis.Based on the theory of HoekBrown strength criterion and geological strength index GSI,this paper realizes the random assignment of mechanical parameters of rock mass quality grade,innovatively puts forward the calculation method of safety factor of support effect,and carries out numerical simulation analysis of plain shotcrete support in different grades of rock roadway.Combining the model calculation data with big data statistical analysis,the empirical expressions of the minimum safety factor for different rock mass quality grades,different support parameters and support effects are established.The research results show that the rock roadway support effect can be analyzed based on the self assignment of surrounding rock mechanical parameters based on the strength theory and combined with the numerical simulation software,which is in good agreement with the engineering site.By confirming the stress control threshold,the section safety factor envelope can be drawn to visually find the weak points of the support system for pre reinforcement.The research results provide an effective method for the safety evaluation of plain shotcrete support effect of surrounding rock with different quality grades,which can be used for reference in practical engineering design.

Research on the Effect of Expansive Slurry Grouting Support for Roadway Roof in Steeply Inclined Layered Rock Mass

YE Yicheng, LIU Yiming, YAO Nan, DENG Xingmin

2022, 51(03):  57-64. 

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In order to analyze the effect of slurry grouting support for roadway roof in steeply inclined layered rock mass,ABAQUS software was used to establish the numerical analysis models of regular slurry grouting,expansive slurry grouting reinforcement and nongrouting of the roof bedding surface.The variation characteristics of the displacement,stress and plastic strain of roadway roof under different grouting conditions were compared and analyzed.The similarity simulation test of roof grouting in steep layered rock roadway was carried out,displacement and stress monitoring points corresponding to numerical simulation were set in the similar test model,the variation characteristics of roof displacement and stress after regular slurry grouting and expansive slurry grouting were compared and analyzed.Combined with similar simulation test phenomenon,the grouting reinforcement mechanism of expansive slurry was analyzed.The results showed that the vertical displacement of roof under the conditions of regular grouting and expansive grouting was reduced by an average of 19.7% and 30.2% respectively compared with nongrouting,and the vertical stress was 18.4% lower than that of regular slurry grouting on average.In the similar simulation test,the variation law of roof displacement and internal stress was consistent with the numerical simulation.The bearing capacity and deformation resistance of the roof after expansive slurry grouting were stronger,and the displacement and stress of the roof after loading were smaller than those under regular grouting.The study results further indicated that the expansive slurry had a good support effect for the roof grouting reinforcement of roadway in steeply inclined layered rock mass.

Prediction Model of Borehole Lithology Distribution Characteristics Based on Legendre Polynomial Approximation

WANG Quanming, YANG Yujiang, LU Zengxiang, MA Chi, CAO Peng

2022, 51(03):  65-70. 

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Based on the known rock stratum characteristic information,predicting the rock stratum lithology distribution characteristics of the position to be drilled,which is conducive to timely and dynamically adjust the drilling speed and the bit pressure of the perforation rig and improve the perforation speed in the process of openpit mining.On the basis of Legendre polynomial,combined with the probability sensity polynomial function approximation method and the least square method,the prediction model and calculation method of borehole lithology distribution characteristics in openpit mine are established and verified by the exploration boreholes information of a certain leadzinc mine.The results show that the established prediction model on borehole lithology distribution characteristics can predict the lithology distribution characteristics at any position between two boreholes according to the known borehole rock stratum distribution characteristic information.The maximum error of the prediction result is at 3.124%,and the accuracy can meet the needs of the prediction of rock distribution characteristics in the perforation operation of an openpit mine.The established prediction model has stronger adaptability to layer rock formations.

Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Rockburst Inoculation of Largesize Specimen Under Gradient Stress

LIN Manqing, HU Huiping, LIANG Xiao, GAO Chengcheng, ZHOU Weixin, ZHANG Lan

2022, 51(03):  71-77. 

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Rockburst is common geological disaster phenomenon in deep underground rock excavation,and stress gradients is one of the main factors affecting rockburst of rock mass inoculation processes.In order to investigate the influences of stress gradient on acoustic emission characteristics during rockburst inoculation processes,the indoor rockburst loading and unloading tests under the effects of different gradient stresses on largesized specimens are conducted by YBA rockburst simu lation test device,the AE monitoring data is obtained in the process of rockbursts by using AE monitoring devices and relevant data analysis is carried out.The study results show that when the specimen is loaded by gradient stress and the confining pressure is constant,the smaller the stress gradient difference on the top,the relatively earlier generation the acoustic emission phenomenon,the release frequency of AE energy is more uniform during the loading process and the value is relatively small.As the gradient difference on the top of the specimen increases,the more frequently the peak AE energy is released,the range of ring count is increased,and the more consistent with the four deformation stages of rock mass compression.

Experimental Study on the 3D Printing Method of Thinly Layered Rock and Its Mechanical Property

LI Zhengwei, WANG Shijun, HOU Weiyong, SUN Binyu, ZHANG Keji

2022, 51(03):  78-84. 

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Thinly layered rocks are widely distributed in mining and underground engineering.Study of deformation and failure mechanism of thinly layered rocks is of great significance to the safe construction and operation of this kind of rock engineering.Using selfdeveloped 3D printing apparatus for geotechnical materials which is based on wetmaterial extrusion deposition molding method,3D printing experiments were conducted for thinly layered rock with different bedding orientations.The rocklike samples with angle θ of 0°,45° and 90° between bedding plane and long axis were obtained successfully.Uniaxial compression tests were conducted,strain field of the samples were monitored using DIC method.The mechanical parameters,evolution of spatial strain field,and failure mode of the printed samples with different bedding orientations were investigated.The results indicate that the printed samples using the proposed method can simulate the mechanical properties and failure mode of the thinly layered rock.Influenced by the relation between bedding orientation and loading direction,significant variation can be induced in the strength and failure mode of different printed samples.Peak strength of the printed samples with θ values of 0°,45° and 90° are 1.88,1.55,3.32 MPa,respectively,the Young′s modulus are 0.37,0.32,0.98 GPa,respectively.Using DIC method,the controlling effects of the relation between the bedding planes and loading directions on the failure process and modes can be better revealed.Research results in this paper can provide knowledge to the application of 3D printing technique in rock mechanics study.

Nonlinear Analysis on Mechanical Behavior of Fully Grouted Bolt in Tunnels

ZHAO Baohua, JIN Jianwei, WANG Guanghui, HUANG Minghua, TAN Xin

2022, 51(03):  85-92. 

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In order to predict the mechanical behavior of a fully grouted bolt in tunnels,a novel interfacial model with hyperbolic tangent function to describe the relationship of shear stress and interfacial slip has been proposed in this study.Using this model,the loadtransferring equation of a fully grouted bolt that undergoes the surroundingrock deformation is formulated,and the calculation method for its mechanical behavior is developed by combining the finite difference scheme and Newton iterative formula.The correctness of the proposed interfacial model and calculation method is verified by the testing results of the bolt in a typical tunnel.Then,the distributions of the axial force and shear stress of the bolt induced by the surroundingrock deformation are studied,and the influence from the bolt length,interfacial shear strength and initial shear stiffness as well as the deformationreleasing coefficient are illustrated and discussed.The results indicate that the proposed interfacial model with hyperbolic tangent function can effectively characterize the nonlinear relationship between the shear stress and interfacial slip as well as the evolution of the interfacial stiffness,so that it can predict the mechanical behavior of fully grouted bolt in tunnels.Increasing the length of the bolt can increase the anchoring force of the bolt,but there is a critical length for a bolt;Once exceeding this value,the change in the length of a bolt has insignificant influence on its anchoring force.With increases in the interfacial shear strength and initial stiffness,the anchoring force of the bolt gradually increased and the neutral point moves towards the tunnel.Simultaneously,the interfacial shear stress gradually accumulates toward both the tunnel and the far end of the bolt.The smaller the displacementreleasing coefficient is,the greater the anchoring effect provided by the bolt is.In the engineering practice,it is advisable to reasonably determine the supporting time and the bolt length according to the stability of the surroundingrock and the required anchoring force.

Study on Comminution Characteristics of Waste Rock in Iron Mine from Anben Region in Liaoning Province

ZHANG Hao, LIU Wenbao, LIU Wengang, SUN Wenhan, TONG Kelin, XIE Feng

2022, 51(03):  93-98. 

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In order to solve a series of environmental and safety problems caused by waste rock storage ,and clarify the process of producing sand and gravel aggregates from iron ore waste rock,a certain iron ore waste rock in Anben area of Liaoning Province was regarded as the test sample.Based on the analysis of its basic properties,a study on the parameters of comminution characteristics based on Bond ball mill work index test and JK drop weight test was carried out.The Bond ball milling work index test results show that the Bond ball milling work index Wib of the iron ore waste is 12.05 kWh/t.The results of JK drop weight test show that the impact crushing model of the iron ore waste is t10=71.25(1-e-0.52ECS),where impact crushing parameter A×b is 37.05.The abrasion comminution parameter ta is 0.17.The relative density is 3.06.The test results show that the impact crushing resistance of the iron ore waste rock belongs to the hard category,and the abrasion crushing resistance belongs to the extremely hard category.Combined with the above test results,the production equipment and utilization process of the iron ore waste rock were finally determined.

Experimental Research on the Intelligent and High Magnetic Dry Combined Pre-selection for V Orebody Iron Ore in Jingtieshan

HUANG Kaiwei, CHEN Tiejun, ZHAN Renli, LIU Wei

2022, 51(03):  99-104. 

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The TFe grade of iron ore produced from Jingtieshan V ore body of Jiusteel is about 23%.Due to the restriction of the technical level and economic conditions of mineral processing for many years,it has not been rationally utilized.The TFe grade of the selected ore is significantly improved by the single high intensity magnetic pre-selection process,but the TFe grade of the tailings is high and the iron loss is large.In order to further improve the effect of pre-selection,the combined discarding test of intelligent pre-selection and high intensity magnetic pre-selection was carried out.The results showed that:① For the samples with TFe grade of 23.92% and particle size of 15~45 mm,the optimal discarding rate was 16.31% with TFe grade of 26.53% and recovery rate of 92.83%.The stability test results of discarding rate of 13.20% and 20.39% are basically consistent with the conditional test results,indicating the reliability of intelligent pre-selection test data.② The suitable linear velocity of barrel surface in roughing for A1 sample (30~45 mm) was 0.70 m/s with TFe grade of 29.03% and recovery rate of 70.91% in concentrate.The suitable linear velocity on the surface of barrel in roughing for A2 sample (15~30 mm) was 0.85 m/s with TFe grade of 30.03% and recovery rate of 78.09% in concentrate.③ The intelligent pre-selection concentrate with particle size of 30~45 mm could remove tailings with yield of 15.04% and recovery rate of 8.29% by high intensity dry pre-selection,and TFe grade of concentrate increases by 2.04 percentage points.The intelligent pre-selection concentrate with particle size of 15~30 mm could remove tailings with yield of 10.97% and recovery rate of 5.79% by high intensity dry pre-selection,and TFe grade of concentrate increases by 1.54 percentage points.The intelligent pre-selection concentrate with particle size of 30~45 mm has better effect in high intensity dry pre-selection.④ The process of intelligent pre-selection and high intensity dry pre-selection (one roughing and one scavenging) was used to treat tailings with the particle size of 15~45 mm,and the tailings with the total yield of 24.12% and TFe recovery rate of 11.95% could be discarded.The TFe grade of concentrate was improved by 3.85 percentage points,indicating the better pre-selection effect.

Study on Improving the Effect of Drip and Heap Leaching of a Lowgrade Gold Mines with Magnetized Gold Leaching Solution

DAI Hao, SAWUTI Abudureyimu, SUN Chunbao, KOU Jue, HU Yang, XING Chengjun, LI Guanhua, BAI Yang

2022, 51(03):  105-110. 

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The gold grade of a low grade gold mine is 0.65 g/t,and the leaching rate of drip heap is low.In order to investigate the effect of magnetization treatment on the drip heap leaching effect of the gold ore,the magnetization treatment condition test was carried out to investigate the effect of Ca2+,Mg2+ and Na+ concentration on the surface tension before and after the solution magnetization,and explore the effect and mechanism of magnetization solution on the drip heap leaching effect of lowgrade gold ore.The results showed that:① Magnetization can reduce the surface tension of deionized water.When the magnetic induction intensity is 1 T,the suitable magnetization conditions are magnetization time of 15 min and water flow speed of 300 r/min.Under these conditions,the magnetization effect of deionized water can only be maintained for 50 min.② Ca2+ and Mg2+ in solution can increase the surface tension of solution to varying degrees,and the surface tension increases with the increase of ion concentration.Magnetization can reduce or eliminate the influence of such ions to a certain extent.Although the presence of Na+ also reduced the surface tension of the solution,the surface tension of the solution was less affected by the concentration of Na+.③ After magnetization,the contact angle between the sodium cyanide leaching solution and the ore is smaller,and the magnetization is conducive to the spread of the sodium cyanide leaching solution on the surface of the ore.④ Magnetization treatment of gold leaching solution is beneficial to improve the gold leaching rate of ore,and the gold leaching rate increases from 58.04% to 62.21%,with an increase of 4.17 percentage points.

Reseach on Lead Sulfide Flotation Process with Direct Reuse of Recycle Water

RAO Jinshan, CHEN Zhiqiang, HU Hongxi, LIU Chao, LIANG Dongyun, LÜ Haozi

2022, 51(03):  111-117. 

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A leadzinc ore contains lead of 1.15% and zinc of 2.26%,and the oxidation rate of lead and zinc both are less than 8%.Aiming at the problem of lead and zinc separation caused by recycle water reuse in the raw flotation process of lead,the isoflotation process of lead and zinc was adopted to make some zinc minerals with good floatability and lead minerals float simultaneously.In the lead cleaning operation,lead and zinc are separated by strengthening inhibition measures in order to obtain lead concentrate and lead cleaning tailings,and lead cleaning tailings and lead tailings are combined into zinc flotation.The tests results showed that:① Under the condition of using recycle water directly,the lead concentrate indexes were similar to that of tap water flotation.Lead concentrate contains lead of 56.98% and zinc of 3.85%,and lead recovery rate of 87.20% were obtained.② Lead and zinc isoflotation processes have been applied in the concentrator,and a good separation index has been obtained.Lead concentrate contains lead of 65.90% and zinc of 5.04%,and lead recovery rate of 86.48%.Compared with the original production indexes,lead concentrate grade increased by 8.43 percentage points,zinc content decreased by 1.26 percentage points and lead recovery increased by 2.12 percentage points.The research results have been applied in industry,and the adverse effects of recycle water on leadzinc separation have been basically eliminated,which has strong significance of promotion and demonstration.

Study on the Flotation Experiment of a High-silver,Low-lead and Low-zinc Polymetallic Ore

WANG Zhiping, ZOU Jianjian, WANG Chenghang, LI Qiang

2022, 51(03):  118-123. 

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A polymetallic sulfide ore with high-silver,low-lead and low-zinc contains silver of 76.28 g/t,lead of 0.78% and zinc of 0.69%.In order to effectively recover valuable components in the ores,the technical ideas of efficiently inhibiting zinc-sulfur and strengthening recovery of silver-lead were put forward based on systematic process mineralogy research.Finally,the technological process of differential flotation for silver and lead,bulk flotation for zinc and sulfur，separation for zinc and sulfur was determined.The suitable reagent system was determined through the condition test.Finally,silver-lead concentrate with silver grade of 4 312.2 g/t,silver recovery rate of 85.19%,lead grade of 45.28%,lead recovery rate of 88.89% was obtained through the whole process test.Meanwhile,zinc concentrate with zinc grade of 45.39% and zinc recovery rate of 79.09%,and sulfur concentrate with sulfur grade of 32.17% and sulfur recovery rate of 79.77% were obtained.The test indexes are good,which achieved better recovery of the silver and lead in the ore.Also,the zinc and sulfur are recovered comprehensively.The research could provide technical basis for the development and utilization of similar lead-zinc ores.

Experimental Study on Flotation Separation of Aluminum and Silicon for a Low Grade Bauxite in Yunnan

YANG Lin, ZHANG Jinxian, LÜ Chao, MA Yuanlin

2022, 51(03):  124-128. 

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The Al2O3 and SiO2 contents of a lowgrade bauxite from Wenshan,Yunnan are 44.35% and 10.52%,Fe and TiO2 contents are 13.36% and 4.64%,respectively,which belongs to high iron and titanium,low aluminum and silicon bauxite.The recoverable aluminum minerals mainly exist in diaspore phase.The iron minerals mainly include hematite and goethite.The titanium minerals mainly exist in anatase phase,and the gangue mineral mainly is kaolinite.The flotation separation research of aluminum and silicon were carried out for the ore,focusing on influence of the kind and dosage of collectors,the grinding fineness,dosage of adjusting agent,kind and dosage of inhibitors on the flotation effects,and finally determine the agent system with modified fatty acids KYB as collector,sodium silicate + GY3 as combination inhibitor,sodium carbonate as adjusting agent.Under the condition of grinding fineness of -0.074 mm accounting for 90%,the technical indexes of Al2O3 contents of 53.34%,Al—Si ratio of 9.79 and Al2O3 recovery rate of 81.62% were obtained by closedcircuit test of "one roughing,two cleaning and one scavenging".The research results could provide technical support and reference for the development of the bauxite resources.

Effect and Mechanism of Combined Depressent in Flotation Separation of Scheelite and Calcium-containing Gangue Minerals

WANG Chao, ZHU Yimin, LIU Jie, ZHANG Shumin, XIE Ruiqi

2022, 51(03):  129-136. 

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Scheelite is one of the main sources of tungsten industrial raw materials，but its gangues are mostly fluorite，calcite and quartz.It is difficult to obtain qualified concentrate index because of the similar surface properties.Through flotation test for pure mineral，FTIR analysis，contact angle analysis and Zeta potential analysis，the adsorption behavior and mechanism of carboxylated chitosan，sodium lignosulfonate，sodium humate and combined depressents in the flotation separation of scheelite from fluorite and calcite at room temperature were studied.The flotation test results showed that carboxylated chitosan，sodium lignosulfonate and sodium humate strongly restrained fluorite and calcite，scheelite also has a slight effect，and the difference of floatability is small.Sodium lignosulfonate and sodium humate were combined according to the mass ratio of 4∶1 and named DWC-1 as an depressent for flotation.There was a great difference in the flotability between scheelite and the two gangues.Infrared spectrum，contact angle and Zeta potential analysis showed that the adsorption degree of DWC-1 on scheelite surface is much less than that of fluorite and calcite，and the main adsorption form is chemical adsorption.

Experimental Study on Flotation of Phosphorite Ore from a Low-grade Apatite Deposit in Xinjiang

HUANG Junwei, WANG Shoujing, LI Hongchao, ZHAO Hengqin

2022, 51(03):  137-142. 

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The contents of valuable component P2O5 and harmful component MgO in a low grade apatite ore from Xinjiang are 4.82% and 14.54%,respectively.In order to determine the suitable development and utilization process,the comparative experimental study of flotation and gravity separation combined process with graded dry magnetic separation process was carried out on the basis of systematic process mineralogy research.The results showed that:① The contents of the main useful mineral apatite,comprehensive recovery of mineral biotite and gangue mineral diopside are 11.77%,20.60% and 63.99%,respectively.The particle size of apatite,diopside and biotite are coarse and easy to dissociate,which is conducive to the separation of apatite.② Compared with the graded dry magnetic separation process,the flotation and gravity separation combined process with similar apatite concentrate grade has a higher recovery rate with 22.42 percentage points higher and could comprehensively utilize biotite,which indicated better separation index.③ Phosphorus concentrate with yield of 14.60%,P2O5 contents of 31.87% and P2O5 recovery of 96.63% was obtained by the closedcircuit test process of "one roughing,one scavenging,two cleaning and middling returning step by step".④ For flotation tailings containing 24% biotite,biotite concentrate with mineral contents greater than 95% could be obtained through spiral chute gravity separation.The research results could provide reference for the development and utilization of the same type of phosphate resources.

Influence of Calcium Point Dissolution Action on Fluorite Flotation Behavior

XU Shitong, HUANG Haiwei, REN Sili, WU Zhiqiang

2022, 51(03):  143-148. 

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In order to clarify the effect of heating on fluorite flotation characteristics,quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics calculations were used to simulate the dissolution behavior of calcium points on fluorite surface and the influence of heating on fluorite flotation behavior.Through pure mineral flotation tests,determination of calcium ion dissolution,oleate adsorption and atomic abundance on fluorite surface,the influence of temperature on the flotation characteristics of fluorite was further analyzed.The results showed that:① The main adsorption site of oleate on fluorite surface is calcium point,and the adsorption mode is chemical adsorption.The adsorption is stable at room temperature and the adsorbed oleate cannot easily enter the liquid phase although the displacement appear due to the atomic relaxation on fluorite surface.② The increase of temperature can promote the dissolution of calcium points on fluorite surface.The higher the temperature is,the more calcium points are dissolved.With the continuous dissolution of calcium points,the adsorption of oleate on the surface of fluorite will also appear desorption phenomenon,so heating has a negative effect on the direct adsorption of oleate on the surface of fluorite,and finally leads to the decline of fluorite flotation recovery rate.

Geochemical Characteristics of Primary Halo and Deep Prospecting Prospect of Xinmin Gold Deposit in Western Liaoning Province

XU Yunpeng, YUAN He

2022, 51(03):  149-157. 

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The geotectonic location of the Xinmin Gold Deposit in Western Liaoning Province is located on the northern margin of the North China plate and at the easternmost end of the Yanliao metallogenic belt.It is a gold deposit related to ductile shearing.In order to explore new blind orebodies in the deep part of the mining area,the metallogenic model is constructed under the guidance of geological metallogenic theory,the research on the axial zoning sequence of primary halo is done,and the sample data of 100 m middle section of No.59 exploration line,ZK5908 and ZK5909 drilling holes in the mining area is systematically analyzed.The results show that：① The strata of Xiaotazigou Formation of Jianping Group provide material source for the formation of gold deposit.According to isotope research results,the source of metallogenic material is related to surrounding rock and granite.The source of metallogenic fluid is mainly magmatic water and metamorphic water,and atmospheric water is added in the later stage.② Affected by ductile shear,ore bearing fluid migrates upward along the ductile shear zone,and Au mainly migrates in the form of ［Au (HS)2］-.With the change of temperature,pressure,oxygen fugacity and pH value of oreforming fluid,the stability of gold sulfur complex is destroyed,gold is precipitated and enriched,and gold bearing mylonite belt is formed.③ Factor analysis and cluster analysis show that Au is most closely related to Hg,and Hg can be used as an important indicator element for gold prospecting.The axial zoning sequence of the orebody from top to bottom is Mn→Ba→Ag→Zn→Au→Sb→Co→As→Ni→Mo→Bi→Cu→Hg,with the characteristics of "reverse zoning" and "coexistence of front and tail halos".④ Prediction and evaluation index of deep orebody (Hg×Au)P/(Ni×Bi)P is 1.87 at 100 m middle section,1.21 at 65 m elevation and 2.03 at -63 m elevation.This index has a "downward upward" trend from the middle to the tail of the orebody,indicating that there is a new blind orebody in the deep part of the mining area.According to the verification results of drilling engineering,it indicates that there is a good prospecting prospect in the deep part of the mining area.

Construction and Application of "One Map" Early Warning Platform for Mine Water Disaster Based on Multi Source Data Fusion

YAN Tao, LIAN Huiqing, XIA Xiangxue, XU Bin, TIAN Zhentao

2022, 51(03):  158-164. 

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At present,the early warning work of mine water disaster mainly focuses on the upper and lower threshold monitoring of hydrogeological parameters,stress,strain and other indicators,and the monitored information is difficult to reflect the complex water inrush mechanism in the mining process of working face.In order to solve the problem of monitoring and early warning of water inrush from roof and goaf in the process of mining in Tingnan Mine,based on the theory of "upper three zones",using the method of single factor monitoring index combing and multisource data fusion early warning,the "one map" early warning platform of mine water disaster is constructed and designed based on spring boot framework and GIS technology.The results show that:① the selection of early warning index of mine water disaster should focus on mine water regime,hydrological information,microseismic water channel monitoring and water inflow prediction;② The platform has five major database of mine water regime risk and three main functions of basic information management,data information management and multisource data fusion early warning;③ The monitoring data of the three indicators of the height of water flowing fracture zone,distance between footage point and goaf and water pressure are divided into four early warning levels,which realizes the actual needs of mine water disaster prevention and control.The establishment of the platform is helpful to the formation of "one map" management mode of mine water disaster.

Data Processing and Prediction Integrated System of Mining Subsidence Movement and Deformation

LI Shibao, WANG Lei, TENG Chaoqun, LI Jingyu, LI Zhong, HANG Jinzhong

2022, 51(03):  165-170. 

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In view of the shortcomings of large amount of data processing and unstable calculation of prediction parameters of mining subsidence surface movement and deformation,an integrated system of mining subsidence movement and deformation data processing and prediction is developed by using C# programming language based on the advantages and disadvantages of different computer languages and adotping the word and CAD softwares.The system integrates the functions of data management,movement deformation calculation,report output and movement deformation curve drawing in accordance with CAD,and constructs a Logistic single point prediction settlement model based on artificial fish school algorithm (AFSA).The system is applied to 1414 (1) working face of Guqiao Coal Mine.The test results show that:① the system is characterized by strong compatibility and simple operation,which improves the accuracy and efficiency of mining subsidence surface movement and deformation data processing.The horizontal deformation curves and the corresponding coal seam is plotted in CAD software according to a certain proportion,which is convenient to obtain the corresponding values of each angle,distance parameter and any point of the surface movement basin from the map,and overcome the shortcomings of the traditional method,which can only be viewed and cannot be quantitatively analyzed.② Combined with the measured subsidence data,the Logistic single point prediction model based on AFSA is applied.The maximum absolute errors of the two selected points are 143.6 mm and 132 mm respectively,and the mean square error of fitting is 65.6 mm and 55.8 mm respectively.The fitting effects of the parameters is in line with the engineering application standard.

Numerical Simulation of Gas-solid Flow and Heat Transfer in Main Furnace of Suspension Magnetization Roasting Based on DPM

CAI Yujie, SUN Yongsheng, GAO Peng, ZHANG Qi, TANG Zhidong

2022, 51(03):  171-176. 

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In order to ascertain the distribution of gas phase temperature field,particle flow characteristics,particle residence time,particle heating rate in the main furnace of suspension magnetization roasting,three-dimensional numerical simulation of gas-solid flow and heat transfer in the main furnace of suspension magnetization roasting was carried out by utilizing Euler method for gas phase calculation and Discrete Phase Model for particle calculation.The gas-solid interaction is also considered in the calculation.The result showed that the temperature in the center of the furnace is high,and low temperature is distributed near the furnace wall.Additionally,the temperature distribution in the furnace gradually tends to be uniform along the height direction of the main furnace.After the particles enter the main furnace,the particles rise rapidly under the drag of the air flow.The particles reach the top of the main furnace in 1.0 s,and the particles begin to escape at the outlet of the top elbow at 1.2 s.After the particles enter the main furnace,the temperature rises to peak rapidly.Due to the continuous energy exchange between the particle phase and the gas phase,the particle temperature decreases when the particles reach the upper low temperature zone of the main furnace.The particle residence time present “early peak,long tail”,more than 95% of the particles escape within 1.2~3.6 s.

Optimization of Hydrocyclone Desliming for Lithium Slag Based on Response Surface Method

DUAN Yaoxu, ZHANG Yuekan, LIU Peikun, GE Jiangbo

2022, 51(03):  177-182. 

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The lithium slag contains a certain amount of valuable metals,and desliming is an important way to obtain valuable metals from lithium slag.Based on the response surface method by the BoxBehnken Design (BBD),with the feed concentration,feed pressure and underflow port diameter of the hydrocyclone as the research objects,the influence of these three factors on the efficiency of lithium slag sludge removal and separation law was obtained,and a multivariate mathematical model for the separation quality efficiency was established.The accuracy of the mathematical model was verified through the analysis of variance on the experimental and simulated data,and the interaction between the parameters and the degree of influence on the separation quality efficiency were explored through the threedimensional surface graph.The results showed that the degree of influence of each factor on the separation quality efficiency is as follows:underflow orifice diameter,feed pressure and feed concentration,and the underflow orifice diameter has a strong interaction with the feed concentration.When the feed concentration is 10%,the feed pressure is 0.12 MPa,and the underflow orifice diameter is 8 mm,the separation quality efficiency of -20 μm particles can reach up to 67.37%,and the contents of -20 μm particles in the underflow is 5.67%,which is 28.6 percentage points lower than that in the feed.

Development and Application of Magnetic Separation Column for Three Products

REN Weijie, GUO Xiaofei, ZHANG Mingrui, DAI Shujuan

2022, 51(03):  183-189. 

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Aiming at the problems of complexity of magnetite separation process in a concentrator in Chaoyang,Liaoning Province,a threeproduct magnetic separation column was developed based on the magnetic and density differences of different components of magnetite.The magnetic field structure and flow field structure are designed for the separation of magnetite monomer,rich aggregate and poor aggregate (gangue) respectively.The magnetic system is composed of three parts:constant magnetic field,coarse magnetic field and fine magnetic field.Threeproduct magnetic separation column was used to separate magnetite samples with fineness of -0074 mm of 6458% and TFe grade of 6143% in Chaoyang area of Liaoning Province.With a constant magnetic field excitation current of 6 A,a magnetic field excitation current of rough separation section of 6 A，a rough selection cycle of 1 s，an upflow velocity of coarse separation section of 39 cm/s，a magnetic field excitation current of clean concentration section of 08 A,a clean concentration cycle of 25 s，and an upflow velocity of clean concentration section area of 096 cm/s，a concentrate,a middling and a tailing were generated with TFe grades of 6793%,5467% and 2152%，correspondingly with recovery rate of 9290%，571% and 139%.Compared with the original separation indexes of the concentrator,he separation process can be shortened，and TFe grade of final iron concentrate can be increased by 057 percentage points.The threeproduct magnetic separation column can realize the separation of magnetite clean particles,intergrowths and gangues,improving the separation efficiency and providing a new technical approach for the efficient enrichment of magnetite ore

Study on the Monitoring Test of the Whole Process of the Shallow Rock Mass Deterioration Induced by Land Reclamation

TAO Zhigang, WANG Zhenyu, ZHANG Haijiang, REN Fanquan, ZHANG Xiulian

2022, 51(03):  190-196. 

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Slope system is a natural mechanical system.Its deformation,cracking,instability,and slippage are a complex and difficult to measure natural mechanical process,which often causes serious casualties and loss of land resources due to shallow landslide disasters.Therefore,exploring the laws and sensitive parameters of rock mass degradation induced by internal and external forces in the shallow slope rock mass is the key to monitoring and conduct early warning of shallow landslides.In this paper,the selfdeveloped slope sliding force NPR anchor cable monitoring and early warning system is used to carry out the whole process monitoring test of the shallow rock mass degradation induced by land reclamation in Chenjiashan Village,Xinchang County.Through the slope geological survey,the slope sliding force NPR anchor cable monitoring and early warning system at the key monitoring points are installed,the onsite marking method is adopted to record the time and space characteristics of the land reclamation machinery excavation points and the monitoring points,so as to analyze the correlation between the deterioration deformation characteristics of shallow slope rock mass and the evolution characteristics of sliding force monitoring curves,and reveal the sensitivity of the system for slope stability monitoring and the presliding warning time of Chengjiashan Village under specific geological conditions.The test results show that for the slope type with loose accumulation layer in Chenjiashan Village,under the disturbance of land reclamation and excavation,the sliding force monitoring curve does not show the "unstable mode" of slow rise and the "crack mode of sudden rise" similar to the failure of rock slope.The sliding force monitoring curve presents a "multiple slip mode" with the step sudden drop as the excavation point gets closer to the monitoring point.The effective distance monitoring sensitivity of the system is 35 m for the slope type with loose accumulation layer,and the analysis results can provide a reference for the stability monitoring and early warning of similar slopes.

Stability Evaluation of Construction Site above a Goaf Based on PCA-RA and Cloud Model

ZHAO Lele, WANG Liang, HOU Qiyang, WAN Zhansheng, GUO Qingbiao

2022, 51(03):  197-204. 

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The residual deformation of the surface on the goaf will bring risks to the expressway above the construction site and seriously threaten the operation safety of the expressway.It is of great significance to accurately evaluate the stability of the construction site of the goaf for the overhead expressway to avoid risks.First of all,principal component analysis and residual (PCA-RA) are used to carry out dimensionality reduction analysis on the stability evaluation indicators of the construction site on the goaf,and several principal components with the largest contribution rate are extracted,which can eliminate the redundancy among evaluation indicators and reduce the workload of evaluation process.Secondly,the cloud model is used to determine the membership degree of principal components,and the stability level of construction site can be evaluated based on the principal of maximum membership degree.Finally,the fuzzy entropy is introduced to determine the complexity of the evaluation results.The model established in this paper is used for the stability evaluation of the construciton site of Mianluan Expressway.The results show that:① The first four principal components of cumulative contribution rate is 87.278% after dimensionality of the evaluation indicators data by principal component analysis,which can completely represent the information of the original indicators;② The stability state of the construction site on the goaf of Mianluan Expressway is mainly stable and basically stable.The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the later management and monitoring of the construction site and ensure the operation safety of the expressway.

Remote Sensing Recognition of Spontaneous Combustion Gangue Dump:Based on Landsat 8 Thermal Infrared Band Land Surface Temperature Inversion Data

LI Jiaqi, ZHAO Yanling, REN He, XIAO Wu

2022, 51(03):  205-212. 

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The accurate identification of spontaneous coal gangue dumps and the delineation of the temperature influence range are the key to safe production and ecological restoration in mining areas.The abnormal surface temperature during the spontaneous combustion of coal gangue dumps has become its most obvious sign.How to quickly identify spontaneous and potentially spontaneous coal gangue dumps on a large regional scale is crucial to the effectively development of governance and prevention work of spontaneous coal gangue dumps.Taking Landsat 8 TIRS as the data source,using atmospheric correction method to retrieve the surface temperature of Yangquan City,Shanxi Province in the winter of 2018 and the summer of 2019,at the same time,the highprecision landuse type map was obtained by supervised classification,and water bodies,vegetation and construction land have been removed.The threshold analysis method was used on the obtained surface temperature areas including bare land and coal gangue dumps,the results showed that the temperature range of the abnormal geothermal temperature in the winter of 2018 was 11.75~22.12 ℃,and the temperature of the abnormal geothermal temperature in the summer of 2019 ranged from 32.41 ℃ to 43.31 ℃.Using 42 known spontaneous gangue dumps for verification,the results showed that 32 and 27 spontaneous gangue dumps could be identified in the winter of 2018 and the summer of 2019,respectively,with an accuracy of 76.19% and 64.28%.Based on the above extraction results,the boundary and scope of the spontaneous coal gangue dumps was delineated,and the results showed that the high temperature influence range of the spontaneous coal gangue dumps exceeds 500 m.The above study results could provide a reference for the identification of spontaneous coal gangue dumps in mining area.

Study of NaAlO2 Activating on the Curing Performance of Solid Waste-based Rotary Spray Slurry

XIE Wei, ZHENG Fan, ZHOU Min, HOU Haobo, ZHU Hua

2022, 51(03):  213-219. 

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High pressure jet grouting technology applied to the seepage prevention and reinforcement of tailings pond bottom has advantages on the convenient construction and lower cost.Different water-solid ratios and tailings content are chosen to simulate rotary jet grouting process parameters and evaluate of the feasibility of replacing cement with solid waste-based cementitious materials by measurement of setting time and compressive strength.Moreover,the coagulation acceleration effect and mechanism of NaAlO2 on the mortar were studied.The research results showed that the slag and steel slag cement glue tailing sand has excellent compressive performance,but the setting time is too long.NaAlO2 is an effective setting time regulator.When the water-solid ratio is set to 0.3 and the tailings content is 60%,the optimal amount of NaAlO2 is 0~1%.The initial setting time can be reduced to 4~8 hours.The NaOH and Al(OH)3 gel produced by the hydrolysis of NaAlO2 increases the alkalinity of the system,and promotes the formation and staggered growth of AFt and C—S—H,thereby accelerating the solidification of the body hardens and shortening the setting time.

Dispersion and Flocculation Behavior of Phosphors and Floc-flotation Research of the Waste Phosphors

WU Min, YU Mingming, MEI Guangjun, SHI Zhongyuan

2022, 51(03):  220-226. 

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Waste phosphors contains a large amount of rare earth oxides,which has extremely high recycling value.In order to realize the preenrichment of rare earth elements in the waste phosphors,the dispersion and flocculation behaviors of different particulars in the phosphors have been studied.The results showed that interflocculation will occur because the particle size of waste phosphor is too fine.Adding dispersant under alkaline conditions can enhance the dispersion effect of different particles in the phosphors.Under alkaline conditions,cationic polyacrylamide with large molecular weight can be selectively adsorbed on the surface of quartz,increasing the particle size and accelerating its sedimentation rate,so as to realize the separation between different particles.For a certain waste phosphor containing 32.33% rare earth oxides,based on the study of dispersion and flocculation behavior,selective flocculation flotation is used to preenrich rare earth elements.When sodium carbonate,cationic polyacrylamide and dodecylamine are used as dispersants,flocculants and collectors respectively,the grade of rare earth oxide in the concentrate can increase to 43.65% in the flocculation flotation test under the conditions of pH=9,flocculant dosage and collector dosage of 100 and 800 g /t.The grade of rare earth elements were increased observably,which provides a technical basis for the comprehensive recovery and utilization of waste phosphors.

Study on a New Technology for Efficient Separation of Copper from a Mixed Copper Slag in Yunnan

GU Yanling

2022, 51(03):  227-231. 

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Copper slag has a huge output and a high content of valuable components.Its recycling has considerable economic benefits and environmental protection significance.Aiming at a mixed copper slag,the study on the slow cooling and optimization of grinding and flotation of copper slag was carried out.First,the slow cooling of the copper slag was controlled to regulate the crystal size and growth,that is natural cooling for 24 hours,spray cooling for 24 hours and natural cooling for 24 hours.Then,the process flow of stage grinding and stage separating was adopted,and a instant flotation was set up in the grinding circuit,which not only helped obtain the highquality copper concentrate with a yield of 10.04%,copper grade of 21.02% and recovery rate of 60.24% in advance,but also reduced the amount of ore entering the subsequent grinding and flotation process,thus greatly decreasing the regrind cost and the cost of reagents.Finally,the tailings of instant flotation reported to regrinding,followed by being subject to onestage roughing,twostage cleaning,and twostage scavenging to reduce the copper grade in tailings to 0.29%.The proposed copper slag processing flow is short and efficient.The overall copper concentrate grade of the whole process is 20.70%,and the recovery rate is 93.02%,reaching China’s advanced level.Meanwhile,the tailings can be directly sold as additives for cement plants,and the beneficiation water can be directly reused,basically achieving zero discharge of production solid waste and wastewater,which provides a good reference for the comprehensive recovery and utilization of similar smelting slag,and is of great significance to the sustainable development of China's copper industry.

Research on Road Usage Characteristics of Iron Tailings Asphalt Concrete Mixture

CHENG Heping, LU Lu

2022, 51(03):  232-236. 

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In order to explore the pavement characteristics of asphalt concrete with different iron tailings addition,the influence of iron tailings addition on the softening point,high temperature stability,freezethaw splitting,rutting resistance and low temperature cracking resistance of asphalt concrete mixture were investigated by using Qidashan iron tailings to partially replace natural sand as fine aggregate.The results showed that:① With the increase of iron tailings addition,the softening point of the sample increases first and then becomes stable,and the dynamic stability increases first and then decreases.When the iron tailings addition is 20%,the softening point and dynamic stability of the asphalt concrete mixture are the highest,reaching 56 ℃ and 5 292 times /mm,respectively.② With the increase of iron tailings addition,the maximum bending strain decreases first and then increases,and the bending strength increases gradually.The maximum bending strain value reaches the lowest when the iron tailings addition is 30%,and the performance of the sample can basically meet the requirements of pavement performance.③ With the increase of iron tailings addition,the rutting resistance factor increases first and then slightly decreases,and reaches the maximum value when the iron tailings content is 20%.④ With the increase of the number of freezethaw cycles,the splitting strength ratio decreases gradually.Under the same number of freezingthawing cycles,the splitting strength ratio of asphalt samples increases first and then decreases with the increase of iron tailings addition.Based on the test results of iron tailings asphalt concrete,the indicators of asphalt concrete can reach the best when the iron tailings content is 20%~30%.