Table of Content

15 May 2022, Volume 51 Issue 05

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Research and Development Path of Smart Mine Technology System

WANG Guofa, PANG Yihui, REN Huaiwei

2022, 51(05):  1-9. 

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Based on the development status quo of China′s mineral resources,the necessity of intelligent mine construction,the construction concept and connotation were analyzed,the key common problems existing in the construction of smart mines at the present stage were discussed,and the the shortterm,mediumterm and longterm goals of China′s smart mine construction were determined.Aiming at the difference between the coal resource exploitation condition and the intelligent construction foundation in China,the overall technical framework of intelligent coal mine construction was established.The technical path of intelligent coal mine construction was put forward from two dimensions of production mine and new mine,and the key contents of intelligent coal mine classification and classification construction under different construction conditions were clarified.The experience and stage achievements of intelligent construction in Zhangjiamao Coal Mine and Balasu Coal Mine were systematically expounded,and the main technical paths for realizing highquality development of smart mines in China were proposed.

Development Status and Prospect of Mining System Engineering Under the Background of Artificial Intelligence

GU Qinghua, JIANG Song, LI Xuexian, LU Caiwu, CHEN Lu

2022, 51(05):  10-25. 

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Mining systems engineering is an interdisciplinary direction of mining engineering and systems engineering.With the rise of the fourth industrial revolution centered on artificial intelligence technology,mining system engineering has ushered in unprecedented development opportunities and challenges.Firstly,the basic theories and study methods involved in mining system engineering are sorted.On this basis,the development history of artificial intelligence technology in mining system engineering is reviewed.Through the analysis of the published study results,the characteristics and applied objects of mining system engineering under the background of artificial intelligence and big data are put forward.Finally,the development trend of future mining system engineering in interdisciplinary application,large system optimization,and intelligent mining are pointed out.The study results show that artificial intelligence methods represented by evolutionary computing and machine learning play an increasingly significant role in four important directions,including new generation of new energy intelligent unmanned mining equipment;new technology，new process and new mode of unmanned mining;intelligent mining production processes;multisystem big data platform.These methods are the core technologies that will lead the construction of smart mines in the future.The combination of artificial intelligence technology and traditional mining technology will surely push the discipline of mining systems engineering into a new historical stage.

Research Progress of "Engineering Type" and "Product Type" Resource Utilization of Coal Fly Ash

ZHANG Ningning, SHI Zhongyu, HAN Rui, LI Zhen, YU Yuexian, PANG Tian, WU Meiqi, ZHAO Fuqiang

2022, 51(05):  26-36. 

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Coal fly ash (CFA) is the main solid waste discharged from coalfired power plants,and it is also a secondary resource containing valuable substance.The comprehensive development of CFA can not only improve its resource utilization rate and turn waste into treasure,but also effectively alleviate the problems of land resource occupation and environmental pollution caused by its longterm accumulation.The current research status of resource utilization of CFA in the fields of "engineering type" and "product type" are sorted out.In terms of "engineering type" utilization,first,CFA can be used in the construction industry on a large scale,but the added value of the product is low,and its content needs to be further increased.Second,CFA can be used in agriculture to improve soil fertility,but it needs to be attenuated itself.Third,CFA can be used for waste gas and wastewater treatment in the field of environmental protection,but the CFA loaded with harmful substances needs to be reprocessed.In terms of "product type" utilization,first,valuable substances can be recovered from CFA,such as the separation of microbeads,magnetic beads and unburned carbon by physical methods,and the extraction of aluminum and key metals by chemical methods,but there are often problems such as low recovery rate and product purity,and prone to secondary pollution.Second,CFA can be used to prepare high valueadded products and increase economic benefits,but there are problems such as few product types,high preparation costs,and low market acceptance at present.In view of the above problems,reasonable suggestions are put forward for the future comprehensive utilization of CFA in China from the perspectives of classification refinement of raw materials,product research direction,industry standard formulation,and national policy orientation.

Interpretation of Scientific Connotation of Synergetic Mining Based on Synergetics

CHEN Qingfa, HUANG Hao

2022, 51(05):  37-44. 

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“Synergetic Mining”has become one of the hot words in the field of mining engineering in China,but the industry′s understanding of its connotation still needs to be further deepened.Based on Synergetics theory,this paper systematically interprets the scientific connotation of Synergetic Mining.Firstly,the main concept of Synergetics and its meaning in Synergetic Mining are clarified.Secondly,through the reverse analysis of the definition of Synergetic Mining,the expression of “Precondition of mining activities”is put forward,and the relationship between Synergetic Mining and basic factors in preconditions of mining activities is analyzed.Then,by comparing and analyzing the difference between synergy effect and overall effect,the connotation of synergy effect of Synergetic Mining system is clarified.Finally,the applicability of selforganization theory in Synergetic Mining system is demonstrated,and the selforganization process in Synergetic Mining system is discussed.The research results are helpful to promote the industry to accurately understand the scientific connotation of Synergetic Mining,and to promote the further development of Synergetic Mining theory and technology.

Study and Application of Continuous Large-scale Intelligent Mining Technology in Sanshandao Gold Mine

ZHAO Xingdong, ZHOU Xin, ZHAO Yifan, ZENG Nan

2022, 51(05):  45-49. 

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In the past few decades,based on the three categories of caving,open stope and filling,various deformation mining technologies have been formed through continuous improvement and perfection,which provides design basis for underground metal mining in China.At present,there are still some prominent problems in mining technology,such as development,complex mining and cutting technology,poor safety and small production capacity,which restrict the safe and efficient development of resources.Combined with the mine production practice,the production mode and mining technology evolution process of underground metal mines are analyzed.Taking the unmanned mining demonstration area of Sanshandao Gold Mine as the engineering background,the continuous scale intelligent mining technology are developed,that is,the continuous sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling mining method is adopted for ore mining.The development plan,mining technology and shovel loading and transportation links are designed from three aspects of the continuity of mining process,the timeliness of ground pressure control and the adaptability of mining equipment,so as to provide reference for the production design of mines with similar conditions.

Study on Safe Mining Technology of Open Stoping with Subsequent Filling in Steeply Inclined Medium-thick Broken Orebody

ZHANG Dongjie, TUO Mingxuan, LIU Shuxin, WANG Jianduo

2022, 51(05):  50-55. 

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Aiming at the problems of poor stope operation safety conditions and large ore loss and dilution when the steeply inclined medium-thick broken orebody is mined by the shallow hole retention method.Taking Xilinhot Fluorite Mine as the engineering background,a systematic study on the safe mining technology of open stoping with subsequent filling in steeply inclined medium-thick broken orebody is carried out from the aspects of the rock mass cavability,technological improvement,caving prevention and control.Based on the analysis of rock caving capability,a rock mass caving mechanics model is constructed.The calculated limit caving span is 5.4~6.4 m,which is less than the average thickness (7 m) of the orebody,it is a risk of caving accidents.From the point of view of operation safety and loss and dilution control,the empty field subsequent filling and mining technology based on the vertical deep hole caving stage ore house method is proposed,and the stope structure layout method is given.Using sub-level collapse,middle section and stage ore drawing method,the reasonable caving step is determined to be 1.56 m.On this basis,the impact of the roof caving in the mined-out area is analyzed.The calculated impact air wave value formed by the roof rock mass falling in the goaf is 34.96 m/s,which far exceeds the value specified in the Safety Regulations for Metal and Non-Metallic Mines (GB 16423—2020).A safe loose cushion laying method to prevent falling impact disasters is given,and the reasonable thickness of the bulk cushion layer is 3.3 m.Through on-site industrial tests,stope operations are safe,the ore recovery rate is increased by 7.31%,and the dilution rate is reduced by 7.66%.The economic benefits are significant,and safe and efficient mining of this type of mine can be realized.

Field Rapid Evaluation Method of Bolt Anchoring Force Based on Intelligent Pull-out Test System

XU Shuai, GUO Wenzhi, JI Xubo, YANG Zhengming

2022, 51(05):  56-61. 

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The field evaluation of bolt anchoring force is the basis of bolt support effect evaluation,support parameter design and optimization.In order to solve the problems of low efficiency,difficult carrying,discontinuous data acquisition and complex connection in the current field test method and equipment of anchor bolt anchoring force,based on the independent research and development of anchor bolt intelligent pull-out test system,the fast connection technology of anchor bolt field detection is proposed,and the load displacement real-time acquisition software is developed to intelligently analyze and visualize the load and displacement data in the whole process of pull-out.The developed drawing system is applied to Xincheng Gold Mine to evaluate the field anchoring force of bolt.The test results show that the average anchoring force of the pipe joint bolt with a length of 2.4 m,a wall thickness of 2.5 mm and a diameter difference of 2 mm is 61.5 kN,and the displacement can be more than 150 mm.The end anchored resin anchor with a length of 2.2 m and a diameter of 22 mm has an anchoring force of 230 kN and a displacement of about 120 mm.The anchoring force of the 2.2 m long and 22 mm diameter shell expansion anchor rod can reach 94.5 kN and the displacement is 25 mm.The field application has verified that the bolt intelligent pull-out test system has the characteristics of convenience,efficiency and intelligent analysis,which is helpful to reduce the test cost of mine bolt,provide data support for the field quantitative evaluation of bolt anchoring force,and provide technical support for intelligent mine construction,scientific management and decision-making.

Mining Cost Prediction Model for Underground Metal Mine

LI Guoqing, WU Bingshu, HOU Jie, WANG Hao, WANG Jinqiang, CHEN Lianyun, FAN Chunchao

2022, 51(05):  62-69. 

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In order to solve the problems of the core components of modern mine mining costs have changed and difficulty of cost control have increased,analyzed the key influencing factors of mining costs,constructed a cost prediction model based on PCABP neural network,formed a cost accounting method that is suited to modern mines.In response to the changes in mining costs caused by mechanized mining,increased mining depths,and differences in working conditions,obtained the characteristics of mining cost components of modern mining enterprises,based on this,applied the job costing method to account for the costs of each mining unit in detail.By summarizing the change pattern of mining cost,it was concluded that the mining cost is mainly influenced by 10 key index factors,such as the size of operating space,temperature,depth and transportation distance of the quarry,as well as workers′ efficiency,working experience,equipment shoveling efficiency,service life of equipment,fuel consumption rate and oil consumption rate,using the principal component analysis method to reduce the dimensionality of the influencing factors,extracted the principal components as cost prediction variables,and established the cost prediction model based on PCABP neural network.Taking the cost data of an underground metal mine in Shandong Province as an example,the model is trained and validated,and the prediction results were also analyzed and evaluated.The results show that the average relative error between the predicted and actual values of PCABP neural network is 3.80%,which indicates that the model has good prediction effect and high accuracy,which provides a basis for cost control and cost planning of modern mining enterprises.

Experimental Study on Failure Process and Precursor Characteristic Acoustic Emission of Filling Body-Sandstone Combination under Uniaxial Compression

ZHAO Kui, SONG Lin, ZENG Peng, XIE Wenjian, GONG Cong, WU Wenkai, LIU Yu

2022, 51(05):  70-76. 

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The acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of sandstone and filling sandstone composite specimens under uniaxial compression were studied.The AE counts and dominant frequency characteristics were discussed.The differences of AE signals collected from sandstone side and filling side in composite specimens were compared.At the same time,BP neural network was used to identify the AE signal types of composite specimens.The law of proportion and time-stress of different types of AE signals in the failure process are analyzed.The results show that the average uniaxial compressive strength of composite specimens is only 38.85% of sandstone specimens.The number of AE counts of composite specimens are less than sandstone specimens in the failure process.The AE counts on the sandstone side of the composite specimens increased significantly before the peak stress.The proportion of AE signals of sandstone type in the composite specimens gradually decreased before failure,while the proportion of filling type signals gradually increased.This phenomenon can be used as a precursory feature of the failure of composite specimens.

Effect of Coarse Particle on the Underflow Concentration and Rheology of Vertical Sand Bin

WANG Bangce, LI Cuiping, CHEN Gezhong, YAN Bingheng, HUANG Zhenhua

2022, 51(05):  77-85. 

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Tailings sand filling technology plays an important role in China′s mining enterprises,but previous studies have focused on the effects of bed height,slurry residence time and flocculant dosage on the underflow concentration,there are few studies on the effect of adding coarse tailings particles on the properties of underflow slurry in vertical sand bin.Therefore,three types of coarsegrained tailing sand were selected and the effect of the addition of coarsegrained tailing sand on bed settling velocity,bottom flow concentration and slurry rheology was analyzed.The results of static thickening test show that the evaluation value of thickening effect can be improved under suitable flocculation conditions,and the optimal flocculant dosage increases with the increase of flocculant concentration.The bed settling velocity and underflow concentration increase with the increase of coarse particle addition and the lifting effect of coarsegrained tailings in the range of -2 000 μm is more obvious.The dynamic thickening test results show that the average concentration of the underflow slurry is positively related to the bed height,slurry residence time and the amount of coarse particles added,the static yield stress and dynamic yield stress of the underflow slurry both decrease with the increase of coarse particles content and increase with the slurry concentration,which provides reference for the stable operation of the underflow of the vertical sand bin with high concentration.

Study on Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Multisize Marble Based on SHPB Test

GUO Pengfei, LI Zhikang, PENG Yanyan, ZHANG Haijiang

2022, 51(05):  86-94. 

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In order to study the dynamic mechanical properties of multidimensional marble,theoretical analysis,numerical simulation and laboratory experiments were used to analyze the influence of size on the dynamic mechanical properties of marble based on SHPB test.Through laboratory tests and numerical simulation,the rationality of using HJC constitutive model in LSDYNA to study the failure process and stress waveform characteristics of marble under impact load is verified.The lSDYNA software is used to study marble with three different diameers of the same aspect ratio under four different impact velocities.The results show that the dynamic strength of marble decreases with the increase of its diameter and increases with the increase of impact velocity.In the impact compression test,the main failure of marble is axial split tensile failure,and the failure time lags behind the stress peak,which decreases with the increase of impact velocity.The results of laboratory tests and numerical simulation show that the size of marble has an important effect on the dynamic strength of marble in SHPB test when the diameter of pressure bar is constant,and the dynamic strength of marble increases first and then decreases with the increase of its aspect ratio.

Study on Strength,Deformation and Failure Mode of Coal-Rock Single Body under True Triaxial Comprssion Condition

LIU Zishuo, HAN Lijun, ZHU Hexuan

2022, 51(05):  95-102. 

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The roof of coal mine roadway has a special layered structure of coal-rock,so it is of great significance to study the strength and deformation characteristics of coal-rock single body for the control of roadway stability.In this paper,taking Hanzui Coal Mine in Shanxi Province as the engineering background,the true triaxial tests of coal samples and rock-like material were carried out respectively by the self-developed true three-axis electro-hydraulic servo control system of China University of Minging and Technology.The influence of intermediate principal stress on their strength and deformation under true triaxial condition was analyzed.The study resluts show that their peak strength and peak strain first increases and then decreases with the increase of intermediate principal stress,which is affected by the minimum principal stress.In the process of increasing intermediate principal stress,the failure of coal samples experienced from shear failure to splitting combined shear failure.In addition,when the intermediate principal stress is too large,they will experience the transformation process from ductility to brittleness.The above phenomenon shows that the intermediate principal stress plays a role of first restraining and then promoting the failure of coal and rock.

Research Status of Fluorine Removal Technology in Hydrometallurgical Zinc Smelting System

TU Bin, ZHONG Shuiping, CHEN Hang, CHI Xiaopeng, RAO Feng

2022, 51(05):  103-110. 

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With the utilization of secondary zinc resources,more and more attention has been paid to the removal of fluorine in zinc hydrometallurgy system.The sources and hazards of fluoride in zinc hydrometallurgy system were analyzed,and five kinds of fluoride removal processes,such as goethite method,precipitation method,extraction method,ion exchange method and adsorption method were mainly discussed.It was pointed out that adsorption method has the characteristics of high fluoride removal rate,low cost,no secondary pollution or small secondary pollution,and has a broad application prospect in zinc hydrometallurgy system.Combined with the research status and adsorption mechanism of activated alumina,aluminum matrix composites,metal base adsorbents,natural minerals,activated carbon and other adsorbents,the requirements of fluorine removal adsorbents used in zinc hydrometallurgy system are put forward:high adsorption capacity,strong selectivity of fluorine,acid resistance and low loss rate of zinc.The results provide theoretical guidance and research ideas for the development of adsorbents for fluoride removal in zinc hydrometallurgy.

Study on Iron Recovery from Copper Smelting Slag by Deep Reduction with Biochar and Magnetic Separation

KONG Xiangyan, ZHAO Bing, LI Yanjun, SUN Yongsheng,

2022, 51(05):  110-116. 

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The iron content in copper smelting slag is 30%~40%,but the iron element mainly exists in the form of iron olivine,which is difficult to be recycled by traditional methods.The iron was recovered from copper smelting slag by deep reduction and magnetic separation using renewable biochar as reducing agent.The effect of reduction conditions on deep reduction of copper smelting slag was investigated.When the reduction conditions were reduction temperature of 1 200 ℃,reduction time of 75 min,CaO dosage of 10% and molar ratio of carbon and oxide of 1.5,the metallization rate of deep reduction product reached 86.83%.Magnetic concentrate with iron grade of 62.84% and recovery rate of 81.92% was obtained by grinding and magnetic separation.The main ironbearing minerals in copper smelting slag are Fe2SiO4,Fe3O4 and a small amount of Fe2O3.The reduction process is Fe2SiO4→FeO→Fe,Fe2O3→Fe3O4→FeO→Fe,and the obtained metal iron gradually gathers and grows up,finally forming metal iron particles that are beneficial to magnetic separation.

Experimental Study on Beneficiation of a Lead-zinc Ore with High Oxidation Rate

GONG Minghui, LI Guodong, WANG Tingxia

2022, 51(05):  117-122. 

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Aimng at the characteristics of fine particle size,complex symbiosis and high oxidation rate of a lead-zinc ore,a systematic beneficiation experiment was carried out.The principle flow of lead and zinc sequence flotation was determined and the suitable reagent system was established through condition test.The results showed that:① Part of cerussite could be effectively activated with the addition of Na2S in the lead flotation and lead recovery rate improved in consequence.XDT-22 combined with zinc sulfate could effectively inhibit zinc mineral floating and reduce zinc contents in the lead concentrate.XCT-11 as an auxiliary collector could further improve the lead recovery rate.② The combined collector XCT-11 could strengthen the collection of zinc minerals and improve the zinc recovery rate in the zinc flotation.③ Under the grinding fineness of -74 μm accounting for 75%,lead concentrate with lead grade of 47.85% and lead recovery rate of 68.31% and zinc concentrate with zinc grade of 45.86% and zinc recovery rate of 82.81% were obtained respectively in the closed-circuit test,indicating the better indexes.

Research on Optimization of Lead Flotation Proceesing of a Lead-zinc Sulfur Ores in Sichuan

ZHU Xianwen, WANG Yang, WANG Zhao, FENG Yuanyuan, HU Shengfu, LAI Chunhua

2022, 51(05):  123-128. 

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A lead-zinc sulfide mine in Sichuan has low lead-zinc grades and high sulfur content.Some galena and sphalerites in the ore have finer grain sizes,vein-like and disseminated inlays,which affect the separation indexes of lead-zinc flotation.Under the existing separation process,the zinc content in the lead concentrate is relatively high,which affects the zinc recovery rate.For this reason,on the basis of the research of process mineralogy,an experimental study on the optimization of the lead flotation process was carried out.25# areofloat was used as the lead collector in the new process and the lead coarse concentrate is reground to reduce the zinc content in the lead concentrate,improve the lead grade of the lead concentrate and the zinc recovery rate of the zinc concentrate.Under the conditions of 1.21% of lead,2.19% of zinc and 25.48 g/t of silver in the raw ores,lead concentrate with lead grade of 45.58%,zinc contents of 5.43%,silver contents of 861.72 g/t and lead recovery rate of 84.11%,and zinc concentrate with lead contents of 1.11%,zinc grade of 54.10%,and zinc recovery rate of 87.14% could be obtained.The grades of lead concentrate and zinc concentrate were increased by 2.42 and 3.72 percentage points compared with the on-site process,respectively,and the lead and zinc recovery rates were increased by 0.26 and 4.11 percentage points respectively,which provides guidance for the actual production of the lead-zinc ore.

Study on Process Mineralogy of SODIMIKA Surface Copper-cobalt Oxide Ores in Democratic Republic of Congo

REN Yue, WANG Ziyan, BAI Ding

2022, 51(05):  129-134. 

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In order to provide basis for rational development of SODIMIKA surface copper-cobalt oxide ores in Democratic Republic of Congo,a detailed process mineralogy study was carried out for the ores.The results showed that:① The main recoverable elements in the ore are copper and cobalt,the contents of which are 2.15% and 0.19%,respectively.The copper mainly exists in the form of copper in chrysocolla and free copper oxide,and cobalt mainly exists in the form of cobalt oxide and cobalt sulfide.② The main metal minerals in the ore are chrysocolla,malachite,hydrocobalt,melaconite,libethenite,manganous-copper-cobalt hydrated oxide,hematite and limonite.Gangue minerals mainly include quartz,muscovite,chlorite and talc.③ The structure types of the ores are mainly composed of semi-automorphic and heteromorphic granular structure,self-shaped fibrous structure,scaly structure and colloidal structure.The main texture types are massive texture,followed by brecciform texture and crusted texture.④ Malachite and hydrocobalt in the ore have the characteristics of uneven medium fine disseminated,while melaconite,libethenite,chrysocolla and manganous-copper-cobalt hydrated oxide are fine disseminated.⑤ The main forms of copper minerals are malachite,chrysocolla,melaconite,libethenite and manganous-copper-cobalt hydrated oxide.The content of combined copper oxide minerals is high,and associated with limonite seriously.The independent mineral of cobalt is hydrocobalt with the fine disseminated grain size,and distributed in the independent irregular granular.And it is complicatedly combined with malachite.It is recommended to adopt the floatation-magnetic separartion combination process to recover some free copper oxide minerals in coarse-grained monomers by flotation and copper-cobalt closely combined with ferric manganese oxide of higher specific susceptibility by magnetic separation.

Research on Resource Utilization of a Copper Tailing in Hubei

YANG Weiwei, CAI Heng′an, SHANG Shichao, MAO Yilin

2022, 51(05):  135-141. 

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In order to realize the resource utilization of a copper tailings in Hubei,a detailed experimental study on comprehensive recovery was carried out.The results showed that:① The copper concentrate with yield of 0.10%,Cu grade of 13.80% and Cu recovery rate of 21.71% and the sulfur concentrate with yield of 1.22%,S grade of 44.50% and S recovery rate of 50.89% could be obtained in closedcircuit test by using coppersulfur mixed flotation and coppersulfur separation flotation process after regrinding of coppersulfur mixed concentrate.② Two roughing,two scavenging and one cleaning were used to treat coppersulfur mixed floating tailings by flotation at room temperature.Next,the room temperature concentrate was concentrated to the concentration of 60%,then heated to 90 ℃,stirred and desorbed for 80 min,followed by one roughing,two scavenging and five cleaning for heating cleaning,middling back in sequence.Finally,the tungsten concentrate with yield of 0.93%,WO3 grade of 15.31% and WO3 recovery rate of 55.07% was obtained.The tungsten concentrate quality was improved by acid leaching.Finally,an acid leaching tungsten concentrate with yield of 0.40%,WO3 grade of 34.19% and WO3 recovery rate of 53.04% was obtained.③ For tungsten roughing tailings,iron concentrate with yield of 3.73%,TFe grade of 60.45% and recovery rate of 15.66% could be obtained by low intensity magnetic separation process.

Study on Process Mineralogy of a Micro-fine Particle Tailings after Tungsten Selection in Jiangxi

LI Ruiguang, HU Haixiang

2022, 51(05):  142-147. 

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In order to fully recover valuable minerals from tungsten selection tailings,systematic process mineralogy of a micro-fine tungsten selection tailings in Jiangxi was studied by means of mineral automatic analyzer (MLA),chemical analysis,X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope.The results showed that:① The contents of Cu and WO3 in the sample are 0.11% and 0.29%,and the contents of WO3 reaches the lowest industrial ultilization grade.The content of gangue component SiO2 is 67.52%.② The grain yield of -0.038 mm is 55.28%,and the grain content of -0.075 mm is 83.82%,indicating the high fine grain content.Cu and WO3 are obviously enriched in -0.038 mm fine particles,while the contents in other particles are relatively low.Al2O3 is mainly enriched in -0.038 mm grain size,while the contents of Pb,Zn and Mo in each grain size are low.③ The mineral composition of the sample is very complex,and the metal minerals are mainly chalcopyrite,scheelite and wolframite.Non-metallic minerals are mainly quartz,muscovite,biotite,feldspar and chlorite.④ The appearance of chalcopyrite single crystal grains is often strip,angular or other irregular shape.Fine-grained chalcopyrite with angular shape is commonly associated with pyrite and muscovite.The appearance of scheelite single crystal particles is usually dense,massive or irregular.Irregular fine-grained scheelite is often wrapped in chlorite and fluorite.Wolframite single crystal particles are usually triangular,semiidiomorphic or allotriomorphic granular,and it is often impregnated by calcite and quartz.Muscovite mostly exists as lamellar monomer.Biotite is mainly plate-shaped or short columnar,hexagonal in cross section,and scaly in aggregate,most of which are monomers.The recovery target minerals are determined as copper sulfide minerals and mica minerals,and the flotation recovery process is designed as one roughing,three cleaning and one scavenging process,one roughing,five cleaning and one scavenging and medium ore combined dehydration process through analysis.

Experiment Study on Intensified Leaching of Refractory Alkali Residue Containing Uranium by Acid Ripening

ZHOU Long, HU E′ming, ZHANG Cong, LEI Zhiwu, HU Fang, WANG Hongqiang, WANG Qingliang

2022, 51(05):  148-152. 

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After leaching the alkali residue calcined by a nuclear fuel component company,the refractory alkali residue with uranium content greater than 1.00% was obtained,which did not meet the expected requirements of the treatment.In order to maximize the leaching and recovery of uranium,the refractory alkali residue was leached by means of sulfuric acid mixing and maturation intensification.The effects of maturation temperature,concentrated sulfuric acid dosage,maturation time and particle size of refractory alkali residue on uranium leaching rate were studied emphatically.The optimum conditions of maturation with concentrated sulfuric acid are as follows:the particle size of -0.013 mm for the refractory alkali residue,maturation temperature of 150 ℃,maturation time of 5 h,concentration of concentrated sulfuric acid of 75 mL.Under these conditions,the measured leaching rate of uranium in terms of slag could reach 89.98%,and the uranium content of refractory alkali residue decreases from 1.940% to less than 0.33%.The main phases of refractory alkali slag are silicon dioxide and ferric oxide,in which uranium exists in the form of uranium trioxide.Sulfuric acid mixing can destroy the coating structure of iron oxide in the refractory alkali residue and leach the coated uranium.

Leaching Y and Eu From Waste Phosphors Using Hydrochloric Acid with Microwave Radiation

CHENG Mingyu, PAN Gao, HUANG Yiwei, ZHAO Weikang, YU Mingming, MEI Guangjun

2022, 51(05):  153-159. 

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A waste phosphors contains 49.63% rare earth oxide,which has high value for recovery and utilization.In order to achieve the rapid and efficient leaching of rare earth elements in this waste phosphors,microwave assisted leaching of rare earth elements Y and Eu from the waste phosphor with hydrochloric acid was studied.The calculation of leaching thermodynamics shows that the red phosphors can react with acid in the temperature range of 273~373 K,while the green and blue phosphors do not react with acid,and the rare earth elements Y and Eu in the red powder can be preferentially leached by acid leaching method.The leaching experimental results show that under the conditions of microwave power of 600 W,microwave radiation time of 60 min,microwave temperature of 60 ℃,hydrochloric acid concentration of 4 mol/L,hydrogen peroxide addition amount of 0.2 mL/g and liquidsolid ratio of 7.5 mL/g,the leaching rate of the elements Y and Eu can reach 98.84% and 88.72%,which almost realizes the complete leaching of the rare earth elements in the red phosphors.Compared with the conventional heating method,the microwave radiation assisted leaching can significantly shorten the reaction time without reducing the leaching rate.It provides a technical basis for the rapid and efficient leaching of rare earth elements in waste phosphors.

Time Series Monitoring and Analysis of Surface Subsidence in Western Mining Areas Based on DS-InSAR

WANG Bo, TAN Zhixiang, DENG Kazhong

2022, 51(05):  160-169. 

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Affected by the landform of plateau accumulation dune in western mining area,conventional timeseries interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology is difficult to obtain a sufficient number of monitoring points,and cannot completely extract the surface deformation information of the mining area.Taking Shilawusu Coal Mine in Inner Mongolia in western mining area as an example,based on 52 Sentinal1A image data covering the study area,a timeseries surface deformation monitoring method based on distributed target InSAR (DSInSAR) for plateau accumulation dune landform in western mining area is used in this paper,the temporal and spatial distribution information of surface deformation caused by mining in the study area from 2016 to 2018 is obtained by this method.The study results show that during the monitoring period,there are two obvious subsidence basins on the surface of the mining area,and the vertical maximum cumulative subsidence in the basin exceeds 400 mm.Compared with the conventional time series InSAR method,this method can obtain more monitoring points with uniform spatial distribution in the study area,so as to extract the surface deformation information of the study area more accurately.Compared with the level measured data,the correlation coefficient between them is 0.97,the absolute error between them is small and the overall error distribution is reasonable,indicating that this method has high reliability and can be well applied to the surface deformation monitoring during inadequate mining under the landform of plateau accumulation dune in western mining area.

ENN Optimization Algorithm for Probability Integral Prediction Parameters

ZHANG Jinman, YAN Yueguan, LI Jiewei, XU Ruirui, WANG Zhixin, ZHANG Kun, YUE Caiya

2022, 51(05):  170-176. 

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In order to improve the accuracy of the Elman neural network (ENN)to obtain probability integral prediction parameters.Taking the measured data of 30 surface observation stations in China as the sample data for learning training and testing,and the strong robust local weighted regression method (rlowess,RW) for noise reduction of the 30 surface observation stations data was adopted.Ant colony optimization (ACO) was used to optimize the weights and thresholds of the ENN neural network to construct the ACOENN probability integral prediction parameters solving method.The results show that comparing the measured data before and after the ACOENN model solved RW noise reduction treatment found that the RW noise reduction treatment significantly improved the data quality and the prediction accuracy of the solved model.The average relative errors of the subsidence coefficient,horizontal movement coefficient,main influence angle tangent and inflection point offset distance solved by using ACOENN were 2.41%,3.48%,6.11%,and 1.67%,respectively.The probability integral prediction parameters solved by the ACOENN model are better than those solved by the traditional ENN algorithm in terms of accuracy,which provides a new idea to obtain probability integral prediction parameters with higher accuracy.

Research and Application of Mine Typical Dust Prevention Technology and Equipment in the Process of Mining and Transportation

XU Xiuping, LI Gang, JIN Longzhe, ZHOU Gang, SUN Biao, LIU Jianguo

2022, 51(05):  177-184. 

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In view of the increasingly serious dust pollution in the mine operation environment and the problems of difficult prevention and control,weak coordination and poor effect of existing technical means,in order to realize the efficient control and removal of mine dust pollution from the source,improve the mine operation environment and ensure the physical and mental health of operators,the dust prevention technical equipment in three typical operation links such as mine mining,excavation and transportation has been systematically studied and developed.High efficiency technical equipment systems such as multicomponent water blasting mud dust suppression in metal mine stope,closed atomization and dust control in coal mine fully mechanized mining face,dust purification in metal mine driving roadway,wind and fog double curtain synergistic dust control in coal mine fully mechanized mining face and dry fog dust reduction at mine belt transportation transfer point are proposed.Combined with field test and industrial application,the performance of the developed series of technical equipment is compared and analyzed.The results show that compared with ordinary water cannon mud,the dust suppression effects of the new multicomponent blister mud on total dust and exhaled dust are increased by more than 90% and 80% respectively.After the onsite application of atomization closed dust control technology and equipment in fully mechanized coal mining face,the average total dust and exhalation dust reduction rate of working face are more than 90%.The dust removal efficiency of the dust purification system of metal mine excavation roadway is more than 91%.The purified air flow can enter the circulating ventilation system to effectively improve the utilization rate of mine air flow.The average dust reduction rates of total dust and exhaled dust can reach 97.78% and 98.13% respectively.The dry fog dust reduction device has good dust reduction efficiency,which reaches 80.4% at the belt transportation transfer point and 81.8% at the coal chute transfer point.

Development of the Integrated Management and Control Platform of Big Data in Sanshandao Gold Mine Based on "Ore Stream"

PAN Wei, LIU Xiaoming, QU Weixia, ZHAO Wei, CUI Songtao, XU Jing, SUN Weifang, ZHAO Hao, FANG Jianping

2022, 51(05):  185-191. 

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Aiming at the problems of data islands,closed systems,and difficulties in information fusion in the construction of integrated mine management and control platforms,a datadriven mining big data fusion technology oriented to "Ore Stream" was proposed.According to the requirements of "ore stream" data source,data integration and data analysis,research on key technologies of mining big data system such as data collection,storage and standardized management technology,multisource data integration technology,and "ore stream" wholeprocess correlation technology were carried out.Taking the development of big data control platform of Sanshandao Gold Mine as an example,the whole process of mine “ore stream” was analyzed in detail,combined with the existing business processes of the mine,the Huawei big data platform was adopted to associate the data of resource reserves,mining,ore drawing,transportation and lifting,surface transportation and beneficiation and other technological links,an industrial platform of mine big data integrated control system based on "ore stream" was established,the unified optimization command and dispatch and the whole process control and control analysis of the whole process were realized on the unified platform,the timeliness,effectiveness,optimal allocation of resources and comprehensive strength of mine production and management were improved,and the coordinated operation and standardized management of mine were promoted,which could provide reference for the construction of intelligent mine.

Study on Multi-level Station Setting and Auxiliary Fan Optimization under Wind Network Solution

ZHOU Wei, WU Lengjun , ZHOU Xuanyang, WANG Tao, JIA Mintao, XIE Hui

2022, 51(05):  192-197. 

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In order to solve the problems of insufficient total air volume,serious air leakage and unreasonable ventilation equipment selection and layout in Longqiao Iron Mine,the ventilation network models of main auxiliary fan and multi-stage fan station are established by using Ventsim three-dimensional visual air network solution software,and the fan selection of multi-stage fan station is optimized according to the solution results.The analysis of the air network calculation results show that:① When the total air volume of the main auxiliary fan ventilation system at full frequency (50 Hz) is 364.94 m3/s and the fan frequency of the multi-stage fan station ventilation system is 48 Hz,the total air volume of the system reaches the design air volume,but the total air volume of the multi-stage fan station ventilation system is surplus,which is better than the main auxiliary fan ventilation system.② The ventilation system of multi-level fan station is set with 4-level fan stations.Level Ⅰ is the main inlet fan station,level Ⅱ is the stope inlet fan station,level Ⅲ is the stope return fan station,and level Ⅳ is the main return fan station.The optimized level Ⅰ main inlet fan station adopts two k40-8-№ 23 fans in parallel,level Ⅲ return fan station adopts two k40-8-№ 21 fans in parallel in the East and two k40-8-№ 23 fans in parallel in the West.The scheme meets the air volume distribution requirements of -420 m middle section and -490 m middle section of the mine.

Study on the Hydraulic Erosion Characteristics of Flood Dams of Ultrafine Tailings-slag Mixtures

ZENG Xuemin, HUA Shaoguang, LI Xiaoshuang, WANG Guangjin, QIN Jia, JING Xiaofei

2022, 51(05):  198-204. 

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Slag has a significant impact on the mechanical properties of ultrafine tailings,and the addition of slag to ultrafine tailings plays an important role in improving dam stability and improving the operational safety of tailings reservoirs.Based on the theory of sediment erosion,theoretical analysis and indoor experiments were used to deeply analyze the hydraulic erosion resistance of ultrafinegrained tailingsslag mixture under flood top conditions.The study results showed that the erosion resistance of ultrafine tailingsslag mixture (hereinafter referred to as "mixture") under the condition of different slag content is nonlinear under the influence of hydraulic action.With the gradual increase of slag content in the mixture,the erosion rate shows a change mode of first decreasing and then increasing,of which the erosion rate of the mixture is the smallest when the slag content is 40%,that is,the erosion resistance of the mixture is the strongest at this moment.The reduction of the cohesion of the mixture has a greater impact on its erosion resistance,and the influence of the change of the internal friction angle on its erosion resistance is relatively small.The above analysis results has certain reference significance for further study of the impact of hydraulic erosion of tailings dams.

Analysis on Slope Stability of Inner Dump in Heshangqiao Iron Mine under Rainfall

ZHANG Wenfei, REN Fenhua, GUO Qifeng, PAN Jiliang, LIU Wensheng

2022, 51(05):  205-211. 

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Pore water pressure is one of the important parameters to characterize the seepage and stability evolution of inner waste dump slope.In order to verify the rationality of the existing slope design parameters,taking the inner dump slope of Heshangqiao Iron Mine as the engineering background,based on the direct coupling method of Biot consolidation theory,numerical simulation analysis is carried out by using GeoStudio software to study the seepage law and stability of the inner dump slope under rainfall conditions,and explore the influence of rainfall intensity and duration on the pore water pressure of the slope.The distribution law and safety coefficience of pore water pressure in slope under different rainfall intensity are obtained.The results show that the rainfall infiltration range is mainly within 3~5 m below the surface of the slope of the waste dump.Rainfall infiltration rate is mainly affected by the relative size of soil permeability coefficient and rainfall intensity.The design parameters of the waste dump slope in Heshangqiao can remain safe and stable during continuous heavy rainfall,but the non infiltrated rainfall on the slope surface needs to be discharged in time through the drainage ditch.

Study on Photocatalytic Degradation Properties of Butyl Xanthate by TiO₂/Montmorillonite Composites

CHEN Yunshuang, MA Ruixue, JIANG Xiaoyu, LI Guodong, ZHAO Sikai, SHEN Yanbai

2022, 51(05):  212-220. 

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The residual xanthate in flotation wastewater will seriously endanger the natural ecology and environment.In order to degrade xanthate efficiently,TiO2/montmorillonite(MMT) composite materials were prepared by grinding and sintering method based on the principle of solid diffusion.XRD,FTIR,SEM,UVVis spectroscopy and PL spectroscopy were used to characterize the structure,morphology and photochemical properties of the obtained composites.The effects of TiO2 loading amount,catalyst dosage,initial concentration of butyl xanthate and xanthate type on its photocatalytic degradation performance were investigated under UV irradiation.The photocatalytic degradation mechanism of butyl xanthate was proposed through the active group scavenging experiment and realtime absorbance curves of simulated wastewater.The results showed that 80%TiO2/MMT had higher ultraviolet absorption performance and lower recombination rate of photogenerated carriers.Under the conditions of 0.2 g/L catalyst dosage and 20 mg/L initial concentration of butyl xanthate,the photocatalytic degradation rate of butyl xanthate reached as high as 99.52% after 30 minutes of irradiation.The composite materials showed excellent reusability and could degrade multiple xanthates.·O2- and h+ were the main active substances for photocatalytic degradation of butyl xanthate,and peroxy xanthate was produced as intermediate product in the photocatalytic process.

Leaching Characteristics and Biochar Stabilization of Heavy Metals in Lead-zinc Mining Area Soils under Simulated Acid Rain Conditions

FAN Bailing, SHI Xiaolei, AN Yan

2022, 51(05):  221-226. 

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In order to reveal the release characteristics of heavy metals and the stabilization effect of biochar in lead-zinc mine soil under acid rain leaching condition，the physicochemical properties and leaching characteristics of Pb,Zn,Cd and As in soil without biochar,soil with rice straw biochar and corn straw biochar were studied by soil column leaching experiment and emphatically analyzed stabilization effect of the two biochar.The results showed that the soil in lead-zinc mine area had a strong buffer capacity to acid,the pH value of leachate ranged from 6.5 to 8.3,while the addition of alkaline biochar had no obvious effect on it.However,the EC and TDS at the beginning of leaching were significantly increased.The leaching of Pb,Zn,Cd and As was affected by different biochar.The addition of corn stalk biochar significantly reduced the content of Pb in leachate,and its cumulative outflow decreased by 49.11%.But it significantly promoted the release of Cd and Zn.Rice straw biochar accelerated the release of Pb in soil,while it had no significant effect on Zn and Cd.Both biochar activated As in soil.

Influence of High Temperature Drying Curing Time on the Mechanical Properties of Iron Tailings-based Cement Mortar

AI Yingying, GU Xiaowei, ZHANG Yannian

2022, 51(05):  227-231. 

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In order to explore the effect of drying curing time at high temperature on the strength of iron tailing cement mortar,the effect of drying curing time on the mechanical properties of specimens under different iron tailing grinding time was studied,and the types,quantity and structural characteristics of hydration products were analyzed by XRD,SEM and EDS.The results showed that∶① Pozzolanic activity of iron tailings can be stimulated by dry curing at 60 ℃,and the mechanical properties of specimens are directly proportional to curing time.Adding iron tailings with grinding time of 1 h and dry curing at 60 ℃ for 16 h,the flexural strength and compressive strength of iron tailings cement mortar can reach 9.29 MPa and 40.46 MPa.② High temperature dry curing time has no effect on the types of hydration products of iron tailing cement slurry;but has an effect on the structure and quantity of hydration products and the coverage degree of hydration products.With the increase of dry curing time at high temperature,the length and quantity of C—S—H fiber increased,the value of Ca/Si decreased,the consumption of Ca(OH)2 became more intense,and the hydration products became denser obviously with almost no harmful pores on the surface.

Study on the Preparation of Recycled Aggregate Using Fine Iron Tailings

PAN Jingwen, XIA Ling, SONG Shaoxian, ZHAO Yunliang, LI Hongqiang, ZHU Jiang

2022, 51(05):  232-236. 

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In order to solve the problem of difficult utilization of industrial solid waste iron tailings,process study for preparing recycled aggregates with iron tailings as raw materials were conducted.The cement was regarded as the gel material to bond fine iron tailings and sand through hydration reaction,and the material ratio,curing way and mixing method were optimized to obtain qualified aggregates.The research results showed that the best preparation conditions for recycled aggregates are iron tailings dosage of 75%,sand dosage of 10%,cement dosage of 15% and triethanolamine dosage of 0.01% cements contents.Under the condition of the molding pressure of 20 MPa and the molding moisture of 13%,adopting the secondary mixing of high speed mixer and covering plastic film,the 28 d compressive strength of the sample is 33.760 MPa.The firmness value,crushing value and organic contents of the recycled aggregates meet the corresponding national standards.