降雨淋滤下锑尾矿重金属Sb 的释放机制及其响应特征

金属矿山 ›› 2026, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (5): 281-289.

降雨淋滤下锑尾矿重金属Sb 的释放机制及其响应特征

肖国贤^1,2　李佩佩^1,2,3　蒙　彦^3,4

1. 遵义规划勘测设计集团有限公司,贵州遵义 563000;2. 遵义市水利水电勘测设计研究院有限责任公司,贵州遵义 563002;
3. 中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所/ 自然资源部广西岩溶动力学重点实验室/ 联合国教科文组织国际岩溶研究中心,
广西桂林 541004;4. 中国地质调查局重庆地质安全研究中心,重庆 401329

出版日期:2026-05-15 发布日期:2026-06-04
通讯作者: 蒙　彦(1978—),男,研究员,博士。
作者简介:肖国贤(1979—),男,高级工程师。
基金资助:
遵义市水利水电勘测设计研究院有限责任公司科技项目(编号:ZYY-KT-2023-04);遵义市科技计划项目(编号:遵市科合HZ 字
(2024)394 号);中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所基本科研业务费项目(编号:2023016)。

Release Mechanism and Response Characteristics of Heavy Metal Sb from Antimony Tailings under Rainfall Leaching

XIAO Guoxian^1,2　LI Peipei^1,2,3　MENG Yan^3,4

1. Zunyi Planning Survey and Design Group Co. ,Ltd. ,Zunyi 563000,China;2. Zunyi Water Resources and Hydropower Survey,
Design and Research Institute Co. ,Ltd. ,Zunyi 563002,China;3. Institute of Karst Geology,CAGS / Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics,
MNR & GZAR / International Research Centre on Karst under the Auspices of UNESCO,Guilin 541004,China;
4. Chongqing Geosafety Research Center,China Geological Survey,Chongqing 401329,China

Online:2026-05-15 Published:2026-06-04

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对喀斯特山区露天锑尾矿库在降雨驱动下重金属Sb 释放机制不明及环境风险难以量化的问题,选取
贵州独山典型锑矿尾矿堆场为研究对象,旨在揭示不同降雨工况(雨强、间歇性)及下伏碳酸盐岩地质屏障对Sb 释放
特征的响应规律,为尾矿库污染防控提供理论依据。采用自主设计的降雨模拟装置,开展连续降雨(25、50、100
mm/ h)、间歇降雨(100 mm/ h 雨强交替)及多层淋滤(流经碳酸盐岩)模拟试验。结合ICP-MS 测试技术,系统分析淋
滤液中Sb 浓度的动态演变,并利用抛物线、指数函数及修正Elovich 方程对释放动力学进行拟合分析。结果表明:Sb
的释放具有显著的初期效应,且随着降雨强度的增加,Sb 的累计释放量和释放速率呈指数级增长。在100 mm/ h 雨强
下,间歇降雨淋滤显著促进了Sb 的活化释放,其浓度在间歇周期内最大增幅达109. 20 μg/ L。多层淋滤试验中,碳酸
盐岩的缓冲作用能有效抑制Sb 的迁移,初始释放浓度较单层尾矿降低了74. 7%,且Sb 的释放过程存在明显的扩散与
化学反应耦合特征。降雨强度与间歇模式是驱动尾矿中Sb 释放的关键因子,而碳酸盐岩地层对Sb 具有显著的吸附
与中和阻控作用。动力学拟合显示修正Elovich 方程拟合效果最优(R2 >0. 959),表明Sb 的释放并非单一机制控制,
而是包含扩散、溶解及表面反应的复杂过程。研究成果为岩溶区露天尾矿的生态修复及重金属污染治理提供了科学
支撑。

关键词: 锑尾矿　, 重金属Sb　, 模拟降雨　, 淋滤试验　, 释放机制

Abstract: Aiming at the unclear release mechanism of heavy metal antimony (Sb) from open-pit antimony tailings ponds
in karst mountainous areas driven by rainfall and the difficulty in quantifying environmental risks,a typical antimony tailings
yard in Dushan,Guizhou Province was selected as the research object. The objective is to reveal the response characteristics of
Sb release under different rainfall conditions (rainfall intensity,intermittency) and the geological barrier of underlying carbonate
rocks,so as to provide a theoretical basis for pollution prevention and control of tailings ponds. A self-designed rainfall simulation
device was used to conduct simulated experiments of continuous rainfall (25,50,100 mm/ h),intermittent rainfall (alternating
at 100 mm/ h) and multi-layer leaching (passing through carbonate rocks). Combined with ICP-MS,the dynamic evolution
of Sb concentration in leachate was systematically analyzed,and the release kinetics were fitted by parabolic equation,
exponential function and modified Elovich equation. The results show that Sb release has a significant initial effect,and the cumulative
release amount and release rate of Sb increase significantly with the increase of rainfall intensity. At 100 mm/ h,intermittent
rainfall significantly promotes the activated release of Sb,with a maximum increase of 109. 20 μg/ L in the intermittent period. In the multi-layer leaching experiment,the buffering effect of carbonate rocks can effectively inhibit the migration of Sb,
and the initial release concentration is reduced by 74. 7% compared with single-layer tailings. The release process of Sb presents
an obvious coupling characteristic of diffusion and chemical reaction. Rainfall intensity and intermittent mode are the key
factors driving Sb release from tailings,while carbonate rock strata have significant adsorption,neutralization and control effects
on Sb. The kinetic fitting shows that the modified Elovich equation has the best fitting effect (R2 >0. 959),indicating that Sb
release is controlled by a complex process including diffusion,dissolution and surface reaction rather than a single mechanism.
The research results provide scientific support for ecological restoration and heavy metal pollution control of open-pit tailings in
karst areas.

中图分类号:

X523

肖国贤, 李佩佩, 蒙　彦. 降雨淋滤下锑尾矿重金属Sb 的释放机制及其响应特征[J]. 金属矿山, 2026, 55(5): 281-289.

XIAO Guoxian, LI Peipei, MENG Yan. Release Mechanism and Response Characteristics of Heavy Metal Sb from Antimony Tailings under Rainfall Leaching[J]. Metal Mine, 2026, 55(5): 281-289.

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