Abstract: Particle breakage is a critical process in the fields of mining,chemical engineering,and building materials, where energy dissipation and fragmentation behavior are crucial for engineering design and equipment performance optimization. Traditional experimental methods face limitations in capturing the dynamic breakage process and microscopic mechanisms,in addition to being costly. The numerical simulation approach based on the particle replacement method (PRM) offers an effective means for investigating particle breakage. This method simulates the breakage process by predefined particle replacement modes and breakage criteria. Through literature review and comparative analysis,this paper systematically summarizes the applicability and limitations of three types of breakage criteria based on contact force,stress tensor,and energy,and discusses key issues in replacement modes,such as determination of progeny number,mass conservation,and non-spherical particle modeling. The results indicate that PRM shows promising potential in predicting post-breakage particle distribution and morphology. However,challenges remain,including the lack of unified criteria and the empirical nature of replacement modes. Future efforts should focus on developing universal breakage criteria,advancing multi-physics coupling models,and incorporating machine learning and experimental data to enhance simulation accuracy and engineering applicability. 

Key words: particle breakage,numerical simulation,PRM,breakage criterion,replacement pattern