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    15 June 2025, Volume 54 Issue 6
    Previous Issue   
    Key Technologies of Intelligent Scheduling Digital Twin forLarge-scale Underground Metal Mine Equipment
    HAO Xuedi , YANG Jian, LU Ziheng, GE Shirong, TANG Shuo, GUO Pengfei
    2025, 54(6):  1-10. 
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    In response to the problems of excessive reliance on manual operation in mine dispatching,poor equipment coordination,low production efficiency,insufficient intelligent dispatching technology,and difficulty in meeting the demands of large-scale production scheduling,a comprehensive analysis of the mining techniques and methods of underground metal mines was conducted. The mining methods and process spectrum of underground metal mines were summarized,and it was proposed that the parallel operation mode of multiple access routes,multiple mining areas,and multiple mining sections is the production mode for achieving efficient large-scale underground metal mine extraction. In view of the problems existing in traditional dispatching solution methods,three key dispatching issues,namely production plan formulation,equipment succession in mining, and equipment coordination in processes,were identified. It was proposed that dynamic dispatching and multi-objective solution algorithms are effective methods for solving the intelligent dispatching problems of large-scale underground metal mines. By analyzing the digital twin technology,it was found that it provides an intelligent service carrier for large-scale parallel operation modes and dynamic multi-objective dispatching. A digital twin system architecture for intelligent dispatching of underground metal mine equipment was proposed,which consists of the physical equipment layer,virtual twin layer,twin data layer,data transmission layer,and twin service layer. This provides technical support for the intelligent dispatching of large-scale equipment clusters in mining areas and is the inevitable path for the construction of intelligent mines. The research results are expected to provide theoretical and technical support for the further development of intelligent dispatching systems for underground metal mine equipment. 
    Study on Permanent Support Timing of Large Section Chamber Based on ImprovedConvergence-Constraint Method
    DONG Yaning, JIN Aibing, JIN Qun, LIU Kang, QIU Yingming, CHEN Shuaijun
    2025, 54(6):  11-19. 
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    Reasonable support timing plays an important role in maintaining the stability of roadway surrounding rock and ensuring the safety of mine production. Taking the unloading chamber of Zhongjiu Iron Mine as the engineering background, considering the effect of temporary support,the range of permanent support timing ( temporary support without permanent support area length ΔL) was preliminarily selected based on the convergence-constraint method,which broke through the traditional convergence-constraint method. It can only be applied to the determination of support timing for roadways without temporary support. Furthermore,the variation trend of stress,displacement and plastic zone of surrounding rock is analyzed by FLAC 3D numerical simulation,and the best permanent support time is obtained. According to the field monitoring results,the support effect of surrounding rock is evaluated,and the rationality of the selection of permanent support time is verified. The results show that the temporary support structure has a certain influence on the solution results of the surrounding rock characteristic curve and the longitudinal section deformation curve of the surrounding rock. The maximum deformation of the surrounding rock of the roadway after considering the temporary support is 666. 86 mm. When the timing of permanent support is different,the pressure and deformation of surrounding rock-support structure are also different. With the increase of ΔL,the pressure and displacement of surrounding rock-support structure decrease and increase respectively. By calculating the maximum surrounding rock pressure that the permanent support structure can withstand,ΔL>1. 07 m is obtained. Through the in-situ stress release rate,ΔL =8. 50 m is obtained. Combined with numerical simulation,the timing of permanent support is determined to be 6 m. The actual monitoring data show that the displacement of the roof and floor and the side of the unloading chamber is 84. 73 mm and 190. 82 mm,respectively. The surface displacement of the surrounding rock of the chamber is within the controllable range,and the supporting effect is good. The research can provide theoretical and practical reference for the determination of the permanent support time of related roadways.
    Numerical Experimental Analysis of Particle Flow in the Orepass Unloading and Discharge Process in Metal Mines 
    ZHANG Ji, LIU Mingyu, LI Guoping, LIU Xianxian, ZHANG Zhengnan, LIU Xiangxin
    2025, 54(6):  20-26. 
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    As a very important roadway in metal mines,the safety and stability of production orepass have a significant impact on the stable production of mines. In view of the problems of damage,wear,plugging and blowout in the orepass,the PFC numerical simulation method is used to systematically study the ore unloading and drawing process of Y-type orepass under different material level heights by taking the ore fluidity and bottom hole load fluctuation as the evaluation indexes. The results show that the impact force of the ore on the shaft wall for the first time during unloading is the largest,and the damage to the shaft wall is significant. The material level height is closely related to the ore fluidity and the fluctuation of the bottom load of the orepass. When the material level height is too small,the ore in the storage section and the bottom is dense and the fluidity is poor. When the height of the material level is too large,the ore is in an unstable dynamic load state,and the impact of the bottom hole support structure fluctuates greatly,and the orepass is prone to damage. Under the reasonable material level height, the ore rock granular has good fluidity and the bottom hole stress state is relatively stable. The research results are of great significance to the analysis of the failure mechanism of orepass,and provide a research basis for reducing the risk of orepass plugging,blowout and failure. 
    Study on the Damage Law of Impact and Freeze-thaw Coupling of Layered Rock 
    ZHANG Yabin, LI Yiyang, LU Hongjian, ZHAO Chunjie, BAI Jinkai
    2025, 54(6):  27-35. 
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    Aiming at the layered rock mass with certain impact damage but incomplete breakage caused by mining operation in mine production,the freeze-thaw damage of layered rock mass with impact cracks was studied. Through the impact test of layered rock mass with incident amplitudes of 60,70,80 and 90 mV,the freeze-thaw cycle damage and NMR test were carried out on the specimens that were not completely broken after impact,and the freeze-thaw damage law was analyzed. The results show that when the incident amplitude of 60 mV and 70 mV is cycled for 1 to 3 times,cracks appear on the surface of rock specimens,and rock specimens with 80 mV and above are broken. With the increase of impact times,the peak stress of layered rock mass specimens decreases,and the maximum strain and strain rate increase,resulting in the deepening of damage and the weakening of the ability to resist damage. The distribution of initial porosity after impact is dominated by small pores, followed by medium pores,and the least is large pores. With the increase of freeze-thaw times,the development of medium and large pores leads to the decrease of small pore porosity component. By fitting the final damage variable after impact with the damage variable of 30,60 and 90 freeze-thaw cycles,the exponential distribution is presented,and the impact damage promotes the development of freeze-thaw damage. The research results can provide theoretical support for the prevention of geological disasters in mines in cold regions containing layered rock mass. 
    Optimization Method of Stope Structure Parameters Based on Combination Weighting Method 
    ZHANG Laiye, ZHENG Xiaolong, GUO Yuanshu, ZOU Qingsong, RAO Yunzhang
    2025, 54(6):  36-40. 
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    Reasonable stope structure parameters are an important guarantee for mine safety production. Based on the theory of game theory,an innovative combination weighting method (A&C) for optimizing the structural parameters of underground mine stopes considering both analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and CRITIC method is proposed. The structural parameters of 8 groups of stopes in a tungsten mine are simulated and calculated by FLAC 3D ,and the combined membership matrix is established. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the stress,displacement,plastic zone and recovery rate of each scheme,the optimal stope structure parameters are obtained by sorting the superiority. The research shows that this method can reasonably optimize the stope structure parameters of underground mines,which has certain guiding significance for similar mines. 
    Numerical Simulation of Uniaxial Compression Mechanical Behavior and Failure Modes of Granite with Varying Numbers of Fractures 
    SUN Yingxiang, WEN Xiaodong, WANG Changtao, YANG Tianhong, ZHANG Penghai 　 ZHAO Yong 　 ZHAO Qianbai
    2025, 54(6):  41-51. 
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    Under the condition of complex in-situ stress and mining disturbance,the rock mass is often divided into discontinuous bodies by the fracture structure plane,which causes the anisotropy of the physical and mechanical properties of the rock mass,and then changes the mechanical response and failure mode of the rock mass. In order to further study the influence of fracture geometric characteristics on the mechanical properties and failure modes of rock under uniaxial compression,combined with the results of uniaxial compression test and digital photogrammetry of structural plane,a uniaxial compression discrete element model of heterogeneous rock under multi-fracture conditions was established,and the failure mechanism and mechanical characteristics of structural plane rock were studied. The results show that the numerical simulation of uniaxial compression of fractured rock can be divided into three stages:no damage stage,crack initiation stage and crack propagation-initiation stage. With the increase of the number of cracks,the elastic modulus of the rock continues to decrease,and the peak strength tends to be stable after decreasing. In the post-peak stage of the stress-strain curve,the failure mode changes from brittle failure to plastic failure. The interaction of the fracture network forms a force-bearing framework system,inhibits local damage,and provides a relatively stable path for stress transfer and micro-crack propagation. The failure mode of fractured rock is mainly tensile failure,and the damage at the crack tip is more severe. With the increase of the number of cracks,the tendency of micro-crack dip angle decreases. Although the propagation of microcracks causes partial stress release in the stress concentration area at the crack tip,the crack tip is still the stress concentration area when the rock is unstable and destroyed. The research results can provide a reference for revealing the mechanical response mechanism between rock and fracture structural plane. 
    Experimental Study on the Evolution of Permeability Characteristics of Tailings Concretion under Seepage-Stress Coupling Effect 
    WEI Yaoxiang, CHAI Lujun, CHENG Aiping, LI Dongli, WU Kun , ZHANG Dongwang
    2025, 54(6):  52-62. 
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    As a green and environmentally friendly grouting material,tailings concretion has been widely used in mine grouting and water plugging technology,and its permeability characteristics are very important for the safe mining of mines. Based on this,this study produced tailings concretion samples with different cement contents,and used the rock permeability test system to carry out the seepage-stress coupling permeability test of tailings concretion under different osmotic pressures and confining pressures. The evolution law of permeability characteristics of tailings concretion under seepage-stress coupling is clarified. Combined with the low field nuclear magnetic resonance system,the evolution mechanism of permeability characteristics of tailings concretion body is revealed. The results show that:① The porosity,flow rate and permeability evolution of the tailings concretion body are highly consistent. It shows significant stage characteristics,which can be divided into rapid saturation stage,shrinkage and flow suppression stage and stable seepage stage. ② The evolution law of porosity,flow velocity and permeability of tailings concretion is negatively correlated with the change of cement content and confining pressure,and positively correlated with the change of osmotic pressure. ③ The change of pore structure is the key factor that dominates the evolution of permeability characteristics of tailings concretion. With the increase of osmotic pressure,the proportion of medium pores and large pores increases,and the permeability increases. With the increase of confining pressure,the proportion of micropores increases,and the permeability decreases. The research results can provide theoretical guidance for grouting engineering. 
    Study on Fractional Creep Damage Model of Metamorphic Sandstone
    WANG Yang , RONG Chuanxin , WANG Zhensen , LI Yanzhe , AN Gangjian
    2025, 54(6):  63-71. 
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    In order to solve the problem of nonlinear creep characteristics of surrounding rock in tunnel excavation under high ground stress,taking metamorphic sandstone as the research object,triaxial creep tests were carried out for two different loading methods of axial pressure and grading unloading confining pressure and axial pressure and fixed confining pressure to study the creep properties of metamorphic sandstone. The results show that the creep behavior of metamorphic sandstone shows obvious nonlinear characteristics,and the traditional linear model is difficult to accurately describe its deformation law,especially in the accelerated creep stage. Therefore,assuming that the change of viscosity coefficient with time conforms to the law of power function,an improved fractional nonlinear viscosity model is proposed. An improved nonlinear damage viscoelasticplastic body is proposed based on the Kachanvo damage variable theory by introducing a damage factor,and a nonlinear damage creep model is developed. This model consists of a series combination of an enhanced Maxwell model and the improved nonlinear damage viscoelastic-plastic body. There are four parameters in the stable creep stage and seven parameters in the unstable creep stage. Compared with the experimental data,the established nonlinear creep damage model generally has a high fitting degree with the experimental curve,especially in the accelerated creep stage,the prediction effect of the model is significantly better than that of the traditional model. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the stability analysis and engineering design of tunnel surrounding rock under high ground stress conditions,and have broad application prospects. 
    Study on the Plane Distribution Characteristics of Leaching Solution Flow in In-situ Leaching Uranium "Horizontal Well Injection-Vertical Well Pumping" Well Pattern
    REN Yixuan, YI Fuqiang, CHANG Yong, YANG Yun, WU Jichun
    2025, 54(6):  72-79. 
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    The groundwater numerical simulation and particle tracking method were used to analyze the plane distribution characteristics of the solution flow rate of the " horizontal well injection-vertical well pumping" well pattern in in-situ leaching uranium,and the feasibility of the horizontal well temporary plugging technology in optimizing the leaching efficiency was investigated. The results show that the plane distribution of the flow rate of the leaching solution in the " horizontal well injection-vertical well pumping" well pattern shows obvious inhomogeneity. The high flow contribution area of the leaching solution is mainly distributed near the area with the shortest horizontal distance between the horizontal well and the vertical well,while the flow contribution rate in the middle area between the adjacent vertical wells is low. The non-uniformity of the leaching solution flow decreases with the increase of the distance between the pumping vertical well and the horizontal well,and increases with the increase of the distance between the pumping vertical wells,and even there will be a zero contribution rate area,resulting in a leaching dead angle. However,changing the amount of pumping fluid has little effect on its distribution. In order to improve the problem of uneven flow distribution of leaching solution in well network,horizontal well plugging technology can be used in the later stage of in-situ leaching of uranium. By plugging the injection holes in the high flow area,more leaching solution can be guided into the low flow area,so as to effectively improve the overall leaching efficiency of uranium deposits. 
    Research on Process Mineralogy of an Oxide Copper Ore in Tibet
    LIN Yuemeng　 HAN Baisui　 SONG Baoxu　 XU Wentao　 XIE Haoyu
    2025, 54(6):  80-86. 
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    In order to provide a basis for the development and utilization of an oxidized copper mine in Tibet,the mineral composition and content,structure and texture,main mineral dissemination characteristics and dissemination size were systematically studied by means of chemical analysis,scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mineral automatic quantitative analysis system (MLA). The results indicated that:① the copper content of the ore is 1. 01%,and the copper mainly occurs in malachite,azurite,chrysocolla,chalcopyrite,chalcocite and limonite. The copper content of limonite is high,which is mostly a mixture of limonite and malachite and often contains different amounts of chalcocite residual crystals. ② The structure of the ore mainly includes metasomatic structure,metasomatic residual structure, inclusion structure, interstitial structure and granular structure,which are mainly massive,disseminated,veined,banded and crust-like structures. ③ The copper in the ore mainly exists in the form of copper oxide minerals,in which the free and bound states account for more than 96% of the total copper content,mainly in the form of malachite and azurite. ④ The disseminated particle size of copper oxide minerals in the ore is mainly 0. 64 ~ 0. 02 mm,and that of copper sulfide minerals is mainly 0. 32 ~ 0. 02 mm. ⑤ When the grinding fineness is -0. 074 mm accounting for 61%,the dissociation degree of copper sulfide minerals and copper oxide minerals reaches 93%. Therefore,it is considered that the suitable grinding fineness of ore is -0. 074 mm accounting for 61%. 
    Mechanism of 2-dodecanone on Flotation Separation of Magnesite and Quartz 
    MA Yingqiang, GUO Siyu, CHENG Guibin , HUANG Xin, YIN Wanzhong
    2025, 54(6):  87-93. 
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    In order to improve the flotation separation of magnesite and quartz,the effect of organic modifier 2-dodecanone on the flotation separation of magnesite and quartz was investigated through single mineral flotation and artificial mixed ore flotation tests under the flotation system of dodecylamine collector. And the mechanism of action of 2-dodecanone was analyzed by combining the contact angle test,zeta potential analysis,infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The results showed that 2-dodecanone adsorbs on the magnesite surface through electrostatic interactions,accompanied by a certain degree of chemical adsorption,which enhances the hydrophilicity of the magnesite surface and enlarges the hydrophobicity difference with quartz,and enhances magnesite surface positive electricity,which further hinders the adsorption of the collector dodecylamine and inhibits the effect on magnesite. 2-dodecanone has no obvious adsorption on the surface of quartz and has no effect on the adsorption of dodecylamine,which can realize the high-efficiency flotation separation of magnesite and quartz.
    Experimental Study on the Purification of Quartz Sand for Photovoltaic Glass in Western Hunan Province 
    DU Shijie, QIAO Hengfang, LI Keyao, LIU Cheng, YANG Siyuan
    2025, 54(6):  94-99. 
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    The SiO2 content of a quartz sand ore in Western Hunan Province is as high as 99. 01%,and the main impurities Fe2O3 ,Al 2O3 and TiO2 contents are 0. 082%,0. 64% and 0. 03%,respectively,exceeding the requirements for the content of secondary products of siliceous raw materials for photovoltaic glass. In order to determine the development and utilization process of this ore,the crushing and grinding-strong magnetic separation-acid leaching process technology research was carried out on the basis of process mineralogy research. The results showed that:① the ore samples are in the form of chips,the particle size is mostly in the range of 2. 0~ 0. 5 mm;The chips are composed of sub-angular-sub-circular quartz sand chips and a small amount of plagioclase feldspar chips;There are trace amounts of limonite,pyrite,rutile and other minerals in between the quartz sand chips;The mud is mainly composed of sericite;The main source of Al is plagioclase feldspar,sericite;The main source of Ti is rutile;The main source of Fe is various types of iron minerals. ② The 0. 71~ 0. 074 mm grains in the crushed to 2~ 0 mm ore samples (with a yield of 73. 40%) were combined with the mill-qualified grains of 2 ~ 0. 71 mm grains with a yield of 17. 68%,and the iron was removed by using a high-gradient strong magnetic separator (with a background magnetic induction intensity of 1. 7 T). The quartz concentrate with SiO2 of 99. 83%,Fe2O3 of 0. 007 7%,Al 2O3 of 0. 049%,and TiO2 of 0. 002 0% was finally obtained under acid leaching at a sulfuric acid to hydrofluoric acid mass ratio of 2 ∶1,a liquid to solid mass ratio of 1 ∶1,a leaching time of 5. 0 h,and the leaching temperature was 65 ℃ ,which meets the product quality requirements. 
    Experimental Study on Vanadium Extraction from Steel Slag Containing Vanadium by Blank Roasting and Sulfuric Acid Leaching 
    LIU Jingjing
    2025, 54(6):  100-106. 
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    In view of the problems of high cost,high pollution and low efficiency of the existing vanadium extraction process from vanadium-containing steel slag,this study carried out an experimental study on vanadium extraction from the vanadium-containing steel slag with V2O5 content of 0. 94 % in Panzhihua,Sichuan. The research showed that the main phases of vanadium-bearing steel slag were SiO2 ,Ca2 SiO4 ,MgFe2O4 ,Ca2Fe1. 2Mg0. 4 Si 0. 4O5 ,FeO,Ca3. 18Fe15. 48Al 1. 34O28 and Ca2Fe2O5 . The new phases of Fe3O4 and Ca12Al 14O33 were formed after the blank roasting treatment,and the diffraction peak intensity of Ca2 SiO4 and Ca2Fe1. 2Mg0. 4 Si 0. 4O5 was enhanced,which confirmed that the high temperature roasting made some elements oxidized from low valence to high valence. The main phase of the the sulfuric acid leaching residue from the steel slag calcined at 900 ℃ was CaSO·4 2H2O,with a small amount of SiO2 ,MgFe2O4 and Fe3O4 ,indicating that sulfuric acid effectively dissolves some minerals and creates conditions for the dissolution of vanadium. Under the conditions of blank roasting temperature of 900 ℃ ,sulfuric acid concentration of 14%,leaching liquid-solid ratio of 8 ∶ 1 mL/ g,leaching temperature of 40 ℃ and leaching time of 25 min,the leaching rate of vanadium could reach 90. 18%. Compared with the traditional process,this process has the advantages of no additive,low leaching temperature and short time,with reduced waste gas emissions by 60%,lower energy consumption by 40%,and decreased acid consumption by 35%,which provides a clean and efficient solution for the resource utilization of vanadium-containing steel slag. 
    Study on the Process of Iron Recovery and Impurity Removal from a Zinc-Bearing Iron Metallurgical Dust 
    GU Mingyuan, YANG Zhiqiang, QING Gele , ZHENG Zhihui , YIN Youhao , GUO Junxiang
    2025, 54(6):  107-113. 
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    The zinc-bearing dust generated during the steel making process cannot be directly reintroduced into the main production process due to its low iron grade and high impurity content. In order to achieve high-value utilization of zinc-bearing dust,a systematic investigation was conducted on the integrated pelletizing-direct reduction,grinding,and magnetic separation process,with particular focus on the separation and enrichment mechanisms of Fe,Zn,and S elements. The results indicated that under conditions of a reduction temperature of 1 200 ℃ ,reduction time of 30 min,and carbon-oxygen molar ratio of 1. 5, the metallization ratio of iron and the volatilization ratio of Zn were 90. 44% and 99. 26%,respectively. The total iron content in the metallized pellets was 66. 23%,with zinc and sulfur contents reduced to 0. 13% and 0. 57%,respectively,and a carbon content of 6. 22%. Under grinding conditions where -0. 074 mm particle size accounted for 59% and a magnetic field intensity of 95. 49 kA/ m,a magnetic separation concentrate with a TFe grade of 82. 37% and recovery rate of 92. 17% was obtained, with zinc and sulfur contents further reduced to 0. 09% and 0. 29%,respectively. XRD and SEM-EDS analyses revealed that the diffraction peaks of iron oxides in the metallized pellets either disappeared or became very weak,indicating that almost all iron oxides were reduced to metallic iron. The suboptimal iron content in the magnetic separation concentrate is fundamentally attributed to the inadequate monomer liberation between the metallic iron phase and the gangue phase. The research results provide valuable references for the high-value development and utilization of similar resources. 
    Study on Coking Coal Middlings Reprocessing Based on Deep Dissociation and Ultrafine Flotation Technology 
    ZHANG Jianguo, CHEN Hongji , ZHANG Fuwang, LIU Guangshan , WANG Kai , YANG Haichang
    2025, 54(6):  114-121. 
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    During the beneficiation process of coking coal,over 30% of middlings are generated. The fine and dispersed distribution of these middlings makes their separation and recovery challenging. In order to address this issue,the research team proposed a reprocessing technique for coking coal middlings based on deep liberation and ultrafine particle flotation. This method involves grinding with an energy-saving ceramic stirred mill,separation using a self-developed cyclone-static micro-bubble flotation column,and optimization of flotation parameters via the " Box-Behnken" response surface methodology. The results showed that high-ash coking coal middlings from a coal preparation plant in Henan could effectively release clean coal when ground to D90 = 12. 87 μm using a JM-1L stirred mill. Based on single-factor conditional tests and " Box-Behnken" model optimization,a fitting model for clean coal yield and flotation efficiency index was established. The optimal flotation performance was achieved with a diesel dosage of 4 601. 62 g / t,2-octanol dosage of 3 955. 56 g / t,and an impeller speed of 1 487. 4 r/ min, which was confirmed by actual flotation tests. The findings provide a theoretical basis for the industrial utilization of high-ash coking coal middlings. 
    Research on the Optimal Design of Slate Cut Angle Considering the Influence of Bedding Dip 
    CHEN Xiaoguo , TAO Tiejun , TIAN Xingchao , XIE Caijin , LIU Xia , ZHANG Mingwei
    2025, 54(6):  122-130. 
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    The cut angle is a critical design parameter for tunnel blasting in bedded slate. Failure to consider the bedding dip effect when designing the cut angle may adversely affect blasting performance or even lead to cut blasting failure. To investigate the optimal cut angle design for slate tunnel blasting under different bedding dip conditions,this study conducted static and dynamic tests on slate with varying bedding dip angles in the Bayueshan Tunnel to determine the Holmquist-Johnson-Cook (HJC) constitutive model parameters. Using ANSYS / LS-DYNA,nine numerical models of cut blasting for slate tunnels were developed under different bedding dip and cut angle conditions. These models simulated the effective stress and damage evolution characteristics of the surrounding rock,enabling determination of the optimal cut angle design. Field blasting tests based on the optimal cut angle design were then conducted in the Bayueshan Tunnel for validation. The results show that under bedding dip angles of 0°,60°,and 90°,the optimal cut angles are 80°,70°,and 60°,respectively,yielding the highest peak effective stress and largest blasting-induced damage area for optimal cut blasting performance. Five field tests confirmed these findings, demonstrating an 11. 15% increase in average advance per cycle,a 10. 98% improvement in blast hole utilization rate,a 7. 8 m reduction in the farthest muck-throwing distance,and effective prevention of the " belly bulging" phenomenon. The findings provide a valuable reference for cut blasting parameter design in bedded slate tunnels. 
    Review on the Dynamic Response of Buildings Subjected to Blasting Vibration 
    YAN Peng , ZHANG Yunpeng, SHEN Yuzhou, WANG Han
    2025, 54(6):  131-143. 
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    Dynamic response of buildings under blasting vibration is the core of the blasting harmful effects research. The research results on the dynamic response of buildings to blasting vibration can be summarized in four main aspects. ① Blasting seismic wave propagation laws in different types of buildings are relatively different,building peak particle velocity in different directions at the same time with the attenuation and amplification effect. ② The building natural frequency exhibits multi-order characteristics. Building dynamic response is a complex process of mutual coupling between multi-harmonic seismic waves and buildings with multi-order natural frequency characteristics. ③ The damage of buildings under blasting vibration is categorized into structural and non-structural damage,initial and cumulative damage and other damage modes. ④ Peak particle velocity and main vibration frequency can basically reflect the whole picture of the blasting vibration impact on the building,but due to the diversity of the building structure and the complexity of the vibration response,the accuracy of the safety criterion does not yet meet the actual needs. The research directions focusing on the dynamic response of buildings under blasting vibration are presented. ① Attention should be paid to the propagation laws of blasting seismic wave,local amplification and attenuation effects of the different components of the building,as well as the blasting vibration response characteristics of the overall structure of the building and different components. ② The further studies should focus on the correlation between the building multiorder natural frequency and the overall structure and local components,the influence mechanism of the multi-order natural frequency and the blasting seismic wave multi-harmonic component on the resonance of the building structure and components. The response relationship model between the multi-harmonic components of blasting seismic wave corresponding to the dynamic properties of the overall structure and local components should be developed. ③ Adopting artificial intelligence method to establish an real-time monitoring platform for blasting vibration and structural damage,which integrating data acquisition,preprocessing,analysis,and early warning. ④ Determine the blasting vibration safety criteria for structural damage to the main structure of the building or non-structural damage to the attachments. 
    Technical Progress and Application Status of Battery-Electric Mining Trucks 
    DUAN Wenquan　 CHEN Chong　 MA Junsheng　 ZHAO Huijun　 GUO Qilin　 GUO Shilei　 WANG Bin
    2025, 54(6):  144-152. 
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    Under the background of global energy transformation and the pursuit of low-carbon development in mining industry,this paper explores the development trend of battery-electric mining trucks and provides strategies for their green and sustainable development in mining industry. By combing the global and regional market status of battery-electric mining truck, the market differences and policy drivers in different regions are analyzed. Explore core technologies such as batteries,charging,and autonomous driving,analyze the progress and limitations of existing technologies and the development potential of new technologies,and discuss the challenges and development trends of charging infrastructure. By listing the application examples of Zijinshan copper-gold mine,Boliden mine and other open-pit and underground mines,the technical characteristics and operational benefits are summarized. The results show that compared with the traditional diesel mining truck,the battery-electric mining truck can reduce the operating cost by 50% to 60%,reduce carbon emissions by more than 25%,and effectively improve the operating environment,which is the key technical path for the green transformation of mining industry. For mining enterprises,they should give priority to the deployment of battery-electric mining truck in scenarios with short-distance heavy load and high round-trip frequency,and actively explore innovative operation modes such as ′vehicle-electricity separation′. Although there are challenges in battery life,charging facilities and initial investment,these problems will be gradually solved with technological progress,industrial ecology improvement and policy support. In the future,battery-electric mining truck is expected to be widely used in the world,promote the transformation and upgrading of mining industry to intelligent,unmanned and green, and contribute to the sustainable development of global mining industry. 
    Design of Intelligent Drilling Rig Control System for Coalbed Methane Mining Based on Lithology Identification 
    LI Jian, JIANG Cheng, DIAO Youpeng, LI Minqi, JIANG Hairui, JIANG Jianguo
    2025, 54(6):  153-160. 
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    Intelligent drilling rig is the general trend of industrial development,which can effectively reduce labor costs, improve production efficiency and accuracy. In order to improve the real-time and accuracy of lithology identification,an intelligent drilling rig control system for coalbed methane mining based on lithology identification is proposed. Based on the real-time data acquisition of drilling pressure,rotation speed and torque,an intelligent real-time discriminant model for coal lithology is constructed based on K-means++ algorithm,and 28 sets of measured data of CBM development drilling are used to test the model. The results show that the misjudgment rate of the model is zero,and the reliability of the model is high. On this basis, the simulation model of intelligent drilling rig control system is constructed based on fuzzy PID. The simulation results in Matlab environment show that the rise time of the model system is only 2. 5 s,which is 1 / 2 of the traditional PID,and the overshoot is 1 / 8 of the traditional PID,which has a great improvement in response speed and stability. The intelligent drilling rig control system can realize the real-time intelligent identification of coal lithology and the fast and stable response of drilling rig,meet the requirements of real-time control of intelligent drilling of coalbed methane development drilling rig,and provide a theoretical basis for the intelligent transformation of coalbed methane mining. 
    Research on Underground Personnel Positioning Based on 5G Technique and Chan-Taylor Algorithm 
    CHEN Hongchang, LIANG Yesheng, HUANG Xiaoping
    2025, 54(6):  161-167. 
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    The mine environment is complex and variable,with various interference factors such as non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation. Traditional positioning methods are difficult to meet the requirements for high-precision positioning and have seriously affected underground safety production and management. By combining 5G technique with the Chan-Taylor algorithm,a new method for mine personnel positioning is proposed. Firstly,for data without NLOS errors,the Chan-Taylor positioning algorithm is improved and combined with the residual weighting strategy to enhance the accuracy and stability of positioning. Secondly,for the influence of NLOS errors,a positioning algorithm integrating the Chan algorithm and particle filtering is proposed,which effectively handles the nonlinear positioning problem and further improves the positioning accuracy. Finally, taking a certain mine as an example,the proposed method was tested. The results show that the improved Chan-Taylor positioning algorithm has higher positioning accuracy and stability in single-target and dual-target simulation positioning compared to traditional algorithms. The positioning algorithm integrating the Chan algorithm and particle filtering has an average error smaller than the comparison algorithm under different trajectories and NLOS error conditions,and has higher positioning accuracy. The positioning model combining 5G technique for underground personnel positioning has a higher accuracy of 0. 2 ~ 0. 9 m, which can effectively meet the requirements of underground personnel positioning accuracy and stability for the intelligent construction of mines. 
    Fault Diagnosis of Mining Transformers Based on Convolutional Neural Networks and LSTM Networks 
    SUN Peng, LIU Chaoran, MA Jianmin
    2025, 54(6):  168-173. 
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    As a core device in the mine power system,the operation status of the mine transformer directly affects the safety and efficiency of mine production. However,due to the complexity of the mine environment and the special nature of long-term operation of the equipment,the transformer fault diagnosis faces challenges such as high noise,data imbalance,and diverse fault types. To address these issues,a hybrid model based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long ShortTerm Memory (LSTM),namely CNN-LSTM is proposed for the fault diagnosis of mine transformers. Firstly,CNN is utilized to extract features from the transformer operation data,effectively capturing the spatial features in the data. Subsequently,LSTM is employed to model the time series of the extracted features,identifying the dynamic change patterns in the data. The experimental results show that the proposed CNN-LSTM model achieves an average accuracy rate of over 92. 82% for diagnosing multiple fault types,significantly outperforming traditional diagnostic methods and single neural network models. This indicates that the model has significant advantages in improving diagnostic accuracy and robustness,and holds certain application prospects. 
    Research on the Mix Ratio Optimization of Active Chemical Powders in Concrete Based on Machine Learning
    REN Taiyin 　 HUANG Yunqin 　 YANG Xuefeng 　 CHENG Lingyun 　 XU Peibao ,
    2025, 54(6):  174-181. 
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    Active chemical powder has important application value in repairing concrete micro-cracks,improving mechanical strength,enhancing durability,prolonging service life and reducing maintenance cost. In order to obtain excellent performance of self-healing concrete,this study uses complexing agent SMS,auxiliary agent (aluminum silicate + sodium sulfate,with a mass ratio of 1 ∶1),calcium formate and sodium gluconate as concrete admixtures for orthogonal experiment. The self-healing properties of concrete are evaluated by key parameters such as compressive strength and splitting tensile strength,and the effect law of active chemical powder on the self-healing properties of concrete is studied. Experimental studies have shown that different proportions of active chemical powder and different degrees of damage have an important influence on the strength of concrete. For the multi-factor complex experimental results,the study uses the method of machine learning to build a self-healing concrete strength recovery performance prediction model,takes the initial strength and damage repair strength as optimization objectives,and combines the good and bad solution distance method to propose the mix ratio optimization method of active chemical components,so as to obtain the mix ratio of active powder with the best strength recovery performance of self-healing concrete. Experimental verification and mechanism explanation have been carried out. This study is helpful to deeply understand the effect of active chemical powder on the self-healing properties of concrete and guide the design of construction mix ratio. 
    Discrete Element Analysis of Grinding Effect of Wet Ball Mill Based on Fluid-Structure Interaction 
    LI Pei , ZHANG Meng , WANG Xiao, YU Yongjian, XUE Yujun
    2025, 54(6):  182-187. 
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    Wet ball mill is a widely used grinding equipment in industrial production,and its operating cost accounts for about 50% of the total cost of the mineral processing plant. Improving grinding efficiency holds significant positive implications for energy saving and efficiency enhancement in mineral processing plants. In order to better understand the influence of grinding process parameters on grinding efficiency and thereby better guide industrial production,a discrete element method (DEM) analysis of the grinding effect in a wet ball mill based on fluid-solid coupling is carried out. The study takes the ϕ2. 7 m×4 m wet ball mill as the research object. A gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow coupling model within the mill is established using the DEM-VOF method,and the movement state of the materials and the collision energy utilization rate under different slurry concentrations are analyzed. The results showed that the grinding effect is closely related to slurry concentration. When the slurry concentration is low,particles in the dead zone account for a higher proportion,resulting in reduced grinding efficiency. With increasing slurry concentration,the material flow state significantly improves and stabilizes,leading to increased grinding efficiency. When the slurry concentration is 90%,the total collision energy inside the mill reaches its peak value;However,the energy utilization rate of this collision energy is not the highest. In contrast,at a slurry concentration of 80%,the energy utilization rate is the highest. The total collision energy under this concentration is close to that at 90% concentration and is significantly higher than under the other three tested grinding concentrations. Considering comprehensive grinding efficiency alongside liner plate and grinding media wear,a slurry concentration of 80% is deemed appropriate. Collisions between grinding media and ore inside the mill are dominated by low energy levels,indicating that ore breakage relies primarily on the cumulative effect of multiple impacts. Simultaneously,tangential collision energy is higher than normal collision energy,signifying that ore breakage inside the ball mill is dominated by the abrasive stripping effect. 
    Research on Mathematical Modeling Method of Crushing and Grinding Process Based on Neural Network
    JIANG Zhihong, LIU Qiuping
    2025, 54(6):  188-194. 
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    In mineral beneficiation,the crushing and grinding process is the key material preparation stage. Aiming at the problem that the intrinsic parameters of the equipment are not considered in the mathematical model modeling method of the traditional crushing and grinding process,the mature matrix model is adopted in the crushing stage. Meanwhile,the multi-feature fusion ability of neural networks is utilized to process the structural characteristics of the equipment and the distribution of feed particle size in the grinding process,and the Back Propagation-Matrix Model ( BP-MM ) is established. Taking the short process of crushing and grinding sample preparation as an example,the matrix model of jaw crusher and roll crusher is constructed based on the crushing experimental data. The BP neural network model of disc mill with the gap parameters of grinding disc is constructed by neural network method,and the BP-MM hybrid model of short process of crushing and grinding sample preparation is constructed. Taking the mean absolute error,root mean square error and determination coefficient as evaluation indicators,the prediction results of the BP-MM hybrid model were compared with the simulation results of JKSimmet. The results demonstrated that the BP-MM hybrid model achieved prediction errors below 3%. When the gap of the grinding disc is 0. 1 mm,the particle size of the grinding product in the short process of crushing and grinding sample preparation is ≤0. 15 mm. The BP-MM hybrid model modeling method can handle the input of multi-feature and multi-parameter fusion,effectively improve the modeling accuracy and prediction performance,and provide new ideas for the control optimization of crushing and grinding process. 
    Research and Practice on Pollution Control Technology for Underground Metal Mine Return Air Shaft
    JIA Mintao, LI Xiaojian, REN Jiaze, LI Jingbo
    2025, 54(6):  195-203. 
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    The mine ventilation system is one of the traditional eight major systems in underground mines,undertaking the important tasks of dust,toxic and harmful gas,and moisture removal,as well as providing oxygen and heat exchange for underground operations. The exhaust air discharged from the return air shaft contains dust,toxic and harmful gases,and fog,which has a certain impact on the surface environment. In response to these issues,relevant scholars have conducted exploratory research on the treatment technologies for pollution factors in the return air shaft and built related engineering demonstrations. However,there is a lack of in-depth summaries of the current research and application status. Based on this,the components of the pollution factors discharged from the return air shaft of typical mines were detected and their causes were analyzed. Moreover,the typical technologies and cases for treating pollution factors in the return air shaft in recent years were sorted out. The research results show that the concentrations of the known pollution factors are affected by underground operation processes and exhibit a time-periodic distribution characteristic. There are unknown irritating pollution gases. Inertial method,high-voltage electrostatic method,wet resonance grid method and adsorption method can effectively reduce the concentrations of pollution factors. Based on the above analysis,the current research status of pollution factor treatment technologies in the return air shaft was analyzed,and the existing deficiencies were pointed out. The main research directions for the future were proposed,including exploring the mechanism of defogging and dust reduction in return air wells,improving the synergistic technology of waste heat recovery and defogging in return air wells,developing rapid adsorption technology for low concentration harmful gases,and constructing a coordinated control system for dust condensation mist harmful gases. 
    Study on the Reserved Thickness of Safe Rock Pillar and Its Influencing Factors in High Gas Coal Seam Exposed by Large Section Deep Buried Tunnel 
    SHI Song , 　 WU Hua , ZHOU Jian , 　 DI Cheng , 　 HOU Jun , 　 JIANG Xiao, 　 WANG Xiaoqi, XI Jianhui , JIANG Mingfeng , WANG Jianhong , 　 LIU Changwu
    2025, 54(6):  204-211. 
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    The construction of tunnels and related underground projects is increasingly faced with deep burial, high ground stress,complex geological conditions,etc. Among them,coal and gas outburst is a difficult problem that tunnels will encounter in coal measures strata. It is very important for tunnel design and construction to reserve safe coal pillars with appropriate thickness to facilitate comprehensive outburst elimination. Taking Zhaotong tunnel as the engineering background,aiming at the characteristics of deep burial,high ground stress and super large section,the influencing factors of reserved safety rock pillar are analyzed based on cusp catastrophe theory and slurry-stopping rock plate improvement method. The influence of tunnel equivalent height,elastic modulus,vertical ground stress and gas pressure on the critical rock pillar thickness is analyzed by numerical simulation method. The results show that the greater the gas pressure,the equivalent height of tunnel excavation and the vertical ground stress,the greater the thickness of the required reserved safety rock pillar. The elastic modulus has little effect on the thickness of the safety rock pillar and shows a fluctuation phenomenon. In terms of accurately calculating the thickness of the safety rock pillar,the improved method of the slurry-stopping rock plate performs better and is closer to the numerical simulation results. According to the research results,combined with the site geology and construction conditions,10 m was finally selected as the thickness of the reserved safe rock pillar in Zhaotong Tunnel,and the gas extraction work was successfully completed and the outburst coal seam was successfully crossed. 
    Reliability Analysis of Dynamic Stability of Expanded Tailings Dam Based on Decoupled Newmark Method and Representative Sliding Surface 
    XU Liang, 　 LI Liang, 　 LI Chunli, 　 WEN Jiahui, 　 WANG Chao
    2025, 54(6):  212-220. 
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    Combined with the decoupled Newmark method and the representative sliding surface,an efficient method for evaluating the dynamic safety performance of tailings dam is proposed. By accurately selecting the representative sliding surface and calculating its yield acceleration,combined with the response surface analysis,the analysis method of displacement prediction and dynamic failure probability of tailings dam is constructed. This method is applied to a case of an expansion tailings dam project in Yunnan Province. The most vulnerable areas in different expansion stages are accurately identified,and the permanent displacement and dynamic failure probability under earthquake action are calculated respectively. The calculation results show that the new reservoir area is expanded to the initial dam crest,and the old tailings dam is prone to deep damage. The expansion to the original tailings dam 1 / 2 high,the old and new dams are prone to shallow instability. To the top of the original dam,the new dam is easy to be damaged in shallow layer. The service period of the expansion dam is safe and meets the requirements of use. The case calculation results verify the accuracy and reliability of the method in engineering practice. 
    Study on Surface Safety Evaluation Index of Goaf Based on K-Means and IE Model 
    ZHAO Bo, YU Kui
    2025, 54(6):  221-229. 
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    With the in-depth application of intelligent algorithms in the field of disaster evaluation,it is very important to construct a reasonable evaluation index system for the efficient evaluation of surface safety in complex goafs. However,the traditional index selection method has many bottlenecks,such as strong subjectivity,many interference factors,low efficiency and insufficient digitization. Therefore,an efficient and accurate evaluation index model based on K-Means clustering algorithm and IE theory is constructed. Firstly,the model starts from the mechanism of surface disasters in goaf and extensively screens potential evaluation indicators. Then,the K-Means algorithm is used to cluster and filter these indicators to reduce the redundancy and complexity of the indicator information expression. Through IE theoretical calculation,the key indicators that have a significant impact on safety are extracted,and a set of index system for safety evaluation of complex sites in goaf is constructed. In order to verify the rationality of the index system,PCA and entropy weight method are used to test and evaluate. The model is applied to a goaf area and compared with the evaluation results of common methods. The results show that the model successfully simplifies 38 primary indicators to 8 key indicators,and the constructed evaluation index system can represent 87. 9% of the original index information with only 21. 1% of the index characteristics,which significantly reduces the calculation workload and improves the evaluation efficiency. The research results not only provide a new method for the evaluation of surface stability in goaf,but also provide theoretical support for the research in related fields,which has high theoretical value and practical significance. 
    Study on the Damage Effects of Floor Hole Blasting in Vertically Overlapping Upper-Crossing Tunnels on Underlying Tunnels 
    ZHOU Hang, 　 RAN Zhengxi, 　 WEN Peng, 　 PU Chuanjin, 　 XIAO Dingjun, 　 LIN Moujin, 　 YANG Xin
    2025, 54(6):  230-240. 
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    In order to study the damage and failure of the surrounding rock of the existing tunnel caused by the blasting excavation of the new overlapping tunnel,the physical test and numerical simulation methods were used to analyze the damage law of the blasting position of the floor hole of the new tunnel and the distance between the two tunnels to the existing tunnel. Both the test and simulation results show that the existing tunnel damage mainly occurs at the top of the tunnel and its two bottom corners. The damage at the top of the tunnel is mainly composed of spallation cracks and radial cracks. Through the analysis of the crack propagation results of the two bottom corners of the existing tunnel,it is found that:① After the initiation of the central bottom hole and the left bottom hole of the new tunnel,the two bottom corners of the existing tunnel show symmetrical and asymmetrical ′八′ shape crack propagation morphology respectively. ② When the central bottom hole is detonated,the length of the two bottom corner cracks in the lower tunnel decreases with the increase of the tunnel spacing. When the left bottom hole is detonated,the length of the left bottom corner crack in the lower tunnel is mostly greater than the length of the right bottom corner crack. ③ The numerical analysis further shows that the distance between the two tunnels has a significant effect on the bottom corner force and crack initiation of the existing tunnel. With the increase of the spacing,the bottom corner force and crack initiation stress of the existing tunnel change nonlinearly. The appropriate spacing can optimize the construction structure of the overlapping tunnel to improve the safety. The coincidence of numerical simulation and experiment in phenomena and laws verifies the reliability of the results to a certain extent. The research results have certain reference significance for the reasonable support of existing tunnels and the safe blasting construction of new tunnels. 
    Study on Fine Risk Assessment of Geological Hazards in Quanwang Town Based on GIS 
    DING Guo′an , ZHANG Denghua, WU Yang, ZHENG Liugen, ZHU Xiaojun
    2025, 54(6):  241-249. 
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    The refined risk assessment of geological disasters is a crucial method for improving the efficiency of geological disaster prevention and control at the town-scale and reducing disaster risks. Meanwhile,the research on the town-scale risk assessment technology based on refined survey data has become the research focus in this field. The geological disasters in the research area,Quanwang Town of Quzhou City are characterized by diverse types,being influenced by topography and human activities in terms of distribution,having obvious seasonal characteristics and posing great potential hazards. However,at present, due to factors such as insufficiently refined assessment methods,inaccurate and incomplete data,and limitations of technical means,the disaster assessment work carried out can hardly accurately quantify the risks of geological disasters. Based on the Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis technology and the comprehensive index method,this paper takes into account the geological environmental background and human engineering activities in Quanwang Town and constructs a refined evaluation index system for the vulnerability and hazard of geological disasters at the town-scale. By integrating multi-source refined geological disaster data,the susceptibility of slope units to geological disasters in Quanwang Town is evaluated in a refined manner. Moreover,by adding four different rainfall condition indicators for heavy rain,rainstorm,torrential rain and extraordinary rainstorm,and taking the rainfall within 24 hours as the triggering factor,the instability probability and spatial intensity of disasters occurring in slope units under different conditions are analyzed,and the hazard levels of geological disasters in Quanwang Town under four different rainfall conditions are evaluated in a refined manner. Finally,the refined risk assessment results of Quanwang Town are obtained,and the grades of geological disaster risk areas are demarcated. The obtained results are consistent with the current situation of landslide geological disasters in Quanwang Town and have certain reference value for the refined geological disaster risk investigation and assessment at the town-scale. 
    Monitoring and Evaluation of Vegetation Restoration Status in a Mining Area in in the Past 10 Years Based on GRNDVI 
    WAN Yi , XIAO Rang, LI Ming , SHE Zuoming
    2025, 54(6):  250-257. 
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    In order to quickly and accurately obtain the growth status of the restored vegetation,and then grasp the change law of ecological restoration,and provide reference for the subsequent resource exploitation and ecological environmental protection of the mine,it is very important to monitor and evaluate the ecological restoration status. The normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) is the most widely used vegetation index in remote sensing monitoring,but NDVI has inherent defects such as soil background and saturation problems,which will lead to the phenomenon of NDVI being amplified (reduced) in the case of low (high) vegetation coverage. Based on the Landsat and GF series remote sensing data from 2014 to 2023,this paper takes a mining area in Shanxi Province as the study example,and uses the growth root normalized differential vegetation index with higher accuracy index (GRNDVI) monitored and evaluated the vegetation restoration status before and during mining in the study area,and the results showed that from 2014 to 2023,the area of bare land in the study area was increasing,and the vegetation in the study area was in a state of mining and restoration,and the vegetation in the study area changed from the dominance of low vegetation to the dominance of medium vegetation under the effect of vegetation restoration. Linear regression analysis showed that the slope of the annual root normalized differential vegetation index was 0. 022,indicating that the vegetation growth in the study area showed a slow improvement trend in the past 10 years,and the comprehensive restoration effect of the restored vegetation in the study area was between low and medium restoration effects,but there was still a negative growth trend of 8. 434 km 2 of vegetation. The results of this study are of great significance for understanding the restoration of mine vegetation and formulating mining plans according to local conditions,balancing mining and environmental sustainable development. 
    Study on the Physical and Chemical Properties and Heavy Metal Leaching Characteristics of Lead-zinc Slag in Acid Environment 
    HAN Fuli , LI Shibo , DAI Junfang , JI Yashu, 　 AN Jingy, 　 ZHOU Lizhi , 　 GENG Jishi
    2025, 54(6):  258-264. 
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    Lead-zinc slag is prone to heavy metal migration in an acidic environment,posing potential ecological risks to the mine and the surrounding geological environment. The study took the waste slag from a lead-zinc mining area in the western section of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province as the object,carried out static immersion tests in different initial acidic environments,and conducted mechanism analysis. The results showed that:① The pH of the soaking solution increases slowly at first and then tends to stabilize with the extension of soaking time. With the extension of soaking time,the electrical conductivity (EC) of the soaking solution firstly decreased and then tended to be stable when the initial pH was 1 and 2;It firstly decreased significantly and then increased significantly when the initial pH was 3;And it rose and then tended to be stable when the initial pH was 4,5,6 and 7. ② The release rates of the five heavy metal elements,Zn,Pb,Cu,Cd,Cr,all showed an overall downward trend with the increase of the initial pH and the extension of the soaking time. Under the condition that other factors are the same,the differences in the release rates of the five heavy metal elements may be related to the different dissolution and displacement rates of each heavy metal element. In the environment with an initial pH of 1 and 2,the release amounts of the five heavy metal elements are relatively large,showing the characteristics of increasing slowly at first and then decreasing. Under the same initial pH environment,the release amounts of heavy metal elements Pb and Zn are significantly larger,which is related to the content of heavy metal elements in the slag and the activity of related minerals. ③ With the continuous soaking, the distribution of pore size D increases more significantly in the environment with a lower initial pH,and the size and connectivity of the pore size are significantly higher than those in the environment with a higher pH. ④ The acid dissolution process of carbonate minerals such as dolomite in the ore sample is the fundamental cause affecting the electrical conductivity,pH of the soaking solution,pore structure,etc. The acid dissolution of heavy metal minerals is the fundamental cause of the release of heavy metal ions. The adhesion of weakly dissolved substances generated during the acid dissolution process to the surface of the slag leaching particles and their pores and fissures is an important reason that hinders the development of pores and fissures and the dissolution of heavy metal ions. Therefore,to control the release of heavy metal ions from ore piles into the environment,the focus should be on the factors of the accumulation environment and the accumulation duration.
    Heavy Metals Pollution Risk Assessment and Source Analysis of Soil Around the Tailings Pond in a Mining Area in Southwest China #br#
    QIAN Lei , DENG Siwei , FENG Wenjuan , TIAN Yu , XU Wei , WU Yi
    2025, 54(6):  265-272. 
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    Due to long-term mining in a certain vanadium-titanium magnetite mining area in southwest China,there are varying degrees of heavy metal pollution problems centered around the tailings pond. In order to provide a basis for subsequent ecological restoration work,63 monitoring points were set up in the tailings pond and its surrounding areas. Based on the determination of the contents of heavy metal elements Cr,Cd,Hg,As,Pb,Ni and Cu,the risk assessment was conducted by using the ground accumulation index method,the Nemero index method and the potential ecological risk index method. Moreover,the distribution characteristics and pollution sources of heavy metals in the soil were studied by comprehensively applying the correlation,PCA/ APCS analysis and the inverse distance weight interpolation method. Research showed that:① the soil around the mining area is generally at a slight ecological risk,among which the soil ecological risk in the eastern part of the tailings pond is higher than that in other areas. ② Cu,Ni,Cr and Cd have significant homology and mainly originate from geological processes such as soel-forming parent materials,with a contribution rate exceeding 98%. Hg and As may have common industrial pollution sources,with a contribution rate exceeding 80%. Pb may be superimposed by factors such as human activities and soil-forming parent materials. 
    Study on the Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Ecological Environmental Quality in Typical Large Coal Mines in Xinjiang 
    REN Bingbing , JIANG Ping′an , FANG Yong , LI Baoyu, 　 SUN Fangfang, 　 WU Hongqi , SHI Mingjie, CHEN Xinyu
    2025, 54(6):  273-283. 
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    Under the " Power Transmission from Xinjiang to Other Regions" policy,the accelerated development of coal resources in Xinjiang has led to ecological degradation. In order to better implement national environmental protection measures,this study employs the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) to systematically analyze the ecological and environmental changes from 2003 to 2023 in two representative coal mines in Xinjiang:the Yibei Coal Mine and the Xiheishan Coal Mine. The results reveal the following findings:① the ecological environment of the Yibei Coal Mine exhibited a pattern of " initial degradation followed by improvement," with a significant degree of ecological restoration. In contrast,the Xiheishan Coal Mine experienced a more complex trajectory characterized by " initial improvement,subsequent degradation,and eventual recovery," although the overall improvement was relatively limited. ② RSEI driving force analysis indicated that ecological changes in both mines were jointly influenced by natural and anthropogenic factors. In the Yibei Coal Mine,natural factors such as temperature and precipitation played critical regulatory roles during both the initial degradation and recovery phases,while land use changes emerged as the dominant anthropogenic driver of ecological degradation. Similarly,in the Xiheishan Coal Mine,precipitation and other natural factors significantly influenced ecological changes,particularly during the early and recovery stages. At the same time,land use remained the primary human-induced cause of ecological deterioration. ③ The findings also suggest that different climatic zones necessitate distinct ecological restoration strategies following mineral resource exploitation. Therefore, the results of this study may serve as a valuable reference for ecological management and restoration efforts in coal mines located in semi-humid and semi-arid regions. 
    Spatial-temporal Evolution Patterns and Emission Reduction Pathways of Embodied Carbon Flow in China′s Mining Industry 
    YANG Wei, GUO Manyu, LONG Tao, DENG Sha , WANG Xixi
    2025, 54(6):  284-292. 
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    Tracking embodied carbon emissions in trade is crucial for achieving China′s " dual carbon" goals. However, identifying the characteristics and pathways of cross-regional and inter-sectoral embodied carbon flows remains challenging,hindering emission reduction progress. As a high-carbon emission-intensive industry,the mining industry still needs further research on the trend of embodied carbon flows and key emission reduction paths in cross-provincial trade. In order to solve the above issues,this study constructs an analytical framework for China′s embodied carbon transfer network in the mining industry based on the spatiotemporal perspective,utilizing multi-regional input-output (MRIO) tables for 2012,2015,and 2017. This framework systematically examines the evolving trends,spatial distribution patterns,and reduction pathways of embodied carbon flows within the mining sector. The results indicated that:① energy consumption-related CO2 emissions from China′s mining industry exhibited an overall downward trend. Emissions from raw coal combustion constituted the largest share. ② While direct and embodied carbon emissions within the mining industry showed a converging trend,the sector remained a net exporter of embodied carbon. Its primary upstream contributing sectors were identified as S8 (Petroleum,Coking,and Nuclear Fuel Processing Products),S11 (Smelting and Pressing of Metals),S20 (Production and Supply of Electricity and Heat),and S24 (Transportation,Storage,and Postal Services). ③ Jiangsu,Guangdong,Henan,Shaanxi,Shandong,Hebei,and Shanxi demonstrated higher network centrality,establishing them as critical regions for mining emission reduction. The largest embodied carbon flow pathway was from Shaanxi to Zhejiang,amounting to 3. 570 6 million tons. This research aims to provide a scientific basis and practical insights for fostering the green and low-carbon transformation of the mining industry and the broader economic system, thereby contributing to the development of a modernized mining model that promotes harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature.
    Research Progress on the Application of Hydroxyapatite Synthesized from Phosphogypsum in Environmental Fields 
    WANG Zhaobo, QIN Yangjie, JIANG Shanzhu , CHI Ru′an , HUANG Shengchao , MA Huijuan , LI Zhongjun
    2025, 54(6):  293-301. 
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    China has an extremely large production and stockpiling volume of phosphogypsum ( PG),which seriously damages the ecological environment and poses potential threats to human health. In order to achieve the comprehensive governance model of " treating waste with waste" ,the chemical conversion of waste phosphogypsum into hydroxyapatite (PGHAP) and its application in the environmental field represent a novel resource utilization approach,holding significant importance in fields such as phosphorus chemistry,environmental materials,and water treatment. Through literature analysis,this paper summarizes the synthesis methods and mechanisms of PGHAP,introduces its unique physicochemical properties and environmental functions,and reviews the application research of PGHAP and its composite materials in the environmental field in recent years. The results showed that PGHAP can serve as a low-cost and high-performance environmental functional material,demonstrating excellent adsorption performance for ionic pollutants such as heavy metal ions and fluoride ions. Its main adsorption mechanisms include electrostatic interaction,surface complexation,dissolution-precipitation,and ion exchange between heavy metals and the crystal lattice. PGHAP also shows potential and prospects in removing phenols,dyes,antibiotics,etc. ,from water. Elemental doping modification and composite material development are the trends and directions for PGHAP materials. However,existing research reports are relatively scarce,and further expansion and exploration in research and application are required in the future. 
    Effect Mechanism of Ultra-fine Slag on the Rheology and Strength of Cement Paste 
    PU Shaochang , LI Wei , REN Peng , WANG Dongyu , LIU Yufeng
    2025, 54(6):  302-309. 
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    In order to improve the utilization rate of solid waste and reduce the amount of cement,this study selected ordinary slag and ultra-fine slag for rheological characteristics tests,revealed the influence mechanism of particle size,dosage and cement hydration on the early rheology,and combined the microstructure of hardened paste and the compressive strength of mortar to analyze the micro-macro action mechanism of ultra-fine slag. The results showed that ordinary slag can improve the fluidity of the slurry at low dosage,while ultrafine slag significantly reduces the fluidity of the slurry,and the dosage of waterreducing agent needs to be increased at a low water-binder ratio. Ultrafine slag can accelerate the hydration of cement and enhance the stability of the flocculation structure. Thus,the thixotropic ring area and shear stress value are increased compared with those of ordinary slag slurry,and the shear stress of the ordinary slag slurry is the greatest at 30 minutes. Ultrafine slag causes the yield stress and plastic viscosity of the slurry to increase with the dosage. However,the plastic viscosity and yield stress of ordinary slag system do not change much with the dosage. Common slag with content of less than 20% can enhance the later strength and microscopic compactness of the mortar,but it is unfavorable for the early strength. The ultrafine slag simultaneously enhances the early and later strengths and forms a low-pore structure,with the greatest later strength at dosage of 20%. Ultrafine slag maintains excellent strength at a large dosage,but severely deteriorates rheological properties. 
    Study on the Ratio Optimization and Mechanism of Polymer Grouting Material in Silicon-aluminum Iron Tailings Base 
    HU Jianlin , MENG Zhipeng , 　 ZHOU Yongxiang , 　 GAO Tongtong , 　 WANG Kai 　 LI Zhilin 　 YU Zhigang
    2025, 54(6):  310-318. 
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    In order to promote the high-value utilization of bulk solid waste such as iron tailings,a polymer grouting material based on iron tailings was prepared by using silicon-aluminum iron tailings in northern Hebei as raw material and water glass as alkali activator. Taking the iron tailings content,alkali equivalent and water glass modulus as the influencing factors, the effects of various factors on the working and mechanical properties of the slurry were investigated by single factor test and response surface method,and the ratio was optimized by multi-objective optimization. The results show that the increase of iron tailings content reduces the fluidity and compressive strength of the slurry, but contributes to the development of the later strength of the slurry. The suitable alkaline environment has a positive synergistic effect on the growth of slurry strength. The interaction between iron tailings content and alkali equivalent has a significant effect on the fluidity and compressive strength of the slurry. When the iron tailings content is 40%,the alkali equivalent is 5. 68%,and the water glass modulus is 1. 56,the comprehensive performance of the grouting material is the best. The geopolymerization reaction of iron tailings,slag and fly ash under the action of activator produces C-S-H gel and AFt crystal. At the same time,some iron tailings particles are filled between the pores,making the overall structure more dense.