Table of Content

15 March 2026, Volume 55 Issue 3

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Thoughts on the Development of Remote Sensing in Mines:Connotation,Key Technologies and  Typical Applications

LIU Shanjun, BAO Nisha, MAO Yachun, WEI Lianhuan, HE Liming

2026, 55(3):  1-10. 

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Currently,China′s mining industry is transitioning from its previous stages of mechanization and digitalization
to that of intelligence. As a key component of spatio-temporal intelligence,remote sensing plays a crucial role in the construction
of smart mines. During this process,the academic community has introduced various terms such as mine remote sensing,
mining area environment remote sensing,mining-related geological disaster remote sensing,and mine ecological environment remote
sensing,etc. However,the connotation and extension of these terms have not received sufficient attention,hindering the
application and development of remote sensing technology in the mining industry. To address this issue,this paper proposes the
connotation of mine remote sensing based on an analysis of mine characteristics and the series of changes and issues arising
from resource development. It is defined that mine remote sensing involves the detection and monitoring of mine constituent elements
and the problems or phenomena caused by mine production processes using space-air-ground-underground remote sensing
technology. This primarily includes the mine resource remote sensing,mine environment remote sensing,and mining-related
disaster remote sensing,supporting the green and sustainable development of mines. Specifically,mine resource remote sensing refers to the use of remote sensing technology for mine rock and mineral identification,ore grade inversion,orebody delineation,
mineral resource estimation and detection of resource changes,etc. Mine environment remote sensing involves the monitoring of
mine environmental elements,including changes in land cover types,surface water pollution monitoring,soil (tailings pond)
moisture monitoring,and heavy metal pollution monitoring,etc. Mining-related disaster remote sensing pertains to the detection
and monitoring of various mine disasters,including mine landslides,collapses,ground fissures,mining subsidence,and tailings
dam failures,etc. Subsequently,the extension of mine remote sensing is defined,and the difference and connection between
mine remote sensing and mining area remote sensing are analyzed. Based on this,combined with the team′s scientific research
practices,some key technologies in mine remote sensing are introduced. These include the rock and mineral spectral intelligent
perception technology for mine resource remote sensing,the multi-source collaborative landslide monitoring technology for minerelated
disaster remote sensing,and the multi-band hyperspectral joint analysis technology for mining area environment remote
sensing. Typical applications of these key technologies are also provided. Finally,the challenges facing the development of the
three key technologies are analyzed and the future development direction is envisioned. It is believed that the challenges at this
stage lie in the development of rock and ore spectral identification models adapted to the geological characteristics of different
mines,disaster early warning models adapted to different types of landslides,and remote sensing monitoring technologies suitable
for the multifactorial,multi-attribute and multi-scale characteristics of the mining area environment,so as to ensure the effectiveness
and feasibility of mine remote sensing. In the "15th Five-Year Plan" and even for a longer period of time,the development
of this field needs to focus on the development of multi-platform,multi-modal and multi-frequency remote sensing
technology in the space-air-ground-underground,so as to realize the integration and synergistic innovation of multi-source remote
sensing technology and to better serve the green and intelligent development of mines.



Construction Technology for Advanced Pressure Relief of 2 005 m Ultra-deep Shaft

ZHAO Xingdong, WU Tong, KUANG Danyang, WANG Chang, ZHAO Chunxi, LI Chang, LI Wenguang, HOU Chengl

2026, 55(3):  11-23. 

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In view of the problem that the traditional "one excavation and one masonry" construction process of shafts is
difficult to guarantee the safety and high-quality construction requirements of ultra-deep shafts,resulting in the difficulty in preventing
and controlling ground pressure disasters during the construction process,taking the construction of the 2,005-meter
auxiliary shaft of Sanshandao Gold Mine as the engineering background and based on the theory of elastic-plastic mechanics,
the mechanical response characteristics of the surrounding rock of the shaft are studied. The failure mode and range of the plastic
zone of the surrounding rock of the shaft were analyzed by means of theoretical calculation,numerical simulation and on-site
measurement. To alleviate or eliminate the influence of ground pressure in ultra-deep shafts on the stability of the surrounding
rock of the shaft,the theory and construction technology of advanced sequential pressure relief for ultra-deep shafts are proposed.
By increasing the reasonable distance between the concrete shaft lining and the shaft excavation working face,and adopting
pressure relief blasting,energy release support and adjusting the lining time,the high stress accumulated in the surrounding
rock of the shaft is fully released from the dimensions of time and space. The research results show that when the distance between
the concrete shaft lining and the tunneling face of the shaft reaches 12 meters,the failure depth of the surrounding rock
of the shaft is reduced by 49% to 62%,meeting the requirements of safe,stable and high-quality construction of ultra-deep
shafts and ensuring the long-term stability of ultra-deep shafts.


Study on the Scheme of Air Flow Dust Control-Two-stage Dust Collection Cooperative Dust Reduction in  Fully Mechanized Excavation Face

GONG Xiaoyan, PEI Xiaoze, CHEN Long, KANG Zhe, FU Haoran, SUN Haixin, HE Zilun, WANG Xinyu, XUE He

2026, 55(3):  24-33. 

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In order to solve the problems that the air flow in the fully mechanized excavation face cannot effectively control
the dust in front of the roadheader and the air exhaust port cannot efficiently collect the dust into the dust removal fan,the
dust control and dust collection effect is not ideal and the dust pollution is serious,the dust removal effect is not ideal and the
dust pollution is serious. A new idea of collaborative dust reduction of air flow dust control and two-stage dust collection is proposed.
Through the efficient cooperation of air flow dust control device and dust collection device,as much dust as possible enters
the first-stage dust collection device,and the dust not captured by the first-stage dust collection device enters the secondstage
dust collection devicewith the air flow. Taking the fully mechanized excavation face of a mine in Northern Shaanxi as the
study example,the airflow dust control-two-stage dust collection system was designed,and the finite element calculation model
of the dust field of the system was established. The dust distribution law at the hidden danger position under the single parameter
change of dust control and two-stage dust collection was simulated and analyzed,and the reasonable value range of each parameter
was determined. In order to obtain the best dust control-two-stage dust collection collaborative dust reduction scheme,
based on the Box-Behnken principle,the experimental scheme under the comprehensive change of each parameter of the system
was designed. The numerical simulation results of each scheme were extracted as sample data,and the four parameters of the
right deviation angle of the outlet,the diameter of the outlet,the distance between the first-stage dust collection port and the
end,and the distance between the second-stage dust collection port and the end were used as independent variables. Based on
the Pareto optimal method,an optimization model with the dust concentration at the driver′s position and the average dust con
centration of the pedestrian breathing zone on the return air side as the dependent variables was established,and the model was
solved by the NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm to obtain the best dust control-two-stage dust collection collaborative dust reduction scheme
under different working conditions. In order to verify the effectiveness of the best dust control-two-stage dust collection collaborative
dust reduction scheme,a test platform for dust control-two-stage dust collection system was designed and built and tested.
The results show that under the condition of the longest distance from the outlet to the end (10 m),the dust concentration
at the driver′s position is reduced from 303. 19 mg/ m3 to 163. 28 mg/ m3,which is reduced by 46. 1%,and the average dust
concentration in the pedestrian breathing zone is reduced from 359. 68 mg/ m3 to 76. 33 mg/ m3,which is reduced by 78. 8%.
The dust reduction effect is remarkable.


Research and Application of the Dual-Level Collaborative Mining Scheme Based on Caving  Method under Complex Conditions

QIN Guoyu, TAN Baohui, GONG Zhen, LI Hai, ZHANG Ganggang, HE Jianyuan, SU Dengfeng, HU Yinpeng

2026, 55(3):  34-41. 

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How to further enhance the applicability of the sublevel caving method under complex mining conditions is an
eternal pursuit goal in the mining field. During the transition from the cemented filling method to the sublevel caving method in
the West Ⅱ mining area of Jinchuan Longshou Mine,a complex technical problem arose where the abandoned roadways left over
from the original filling stope seriously affected the normal mining of the sublevel caving method. Based on the actual situation
of the mine site and the mining characteristics of the sublevel caving mining method,three technical solutions,namely single-
level drilling scheme,backfilling of abandoned roadways & single-level drilling scheme and reconstruction of abandoned
roadways & dual-level collaborative mining scheme,were proposed. After comparing these schemes,it was concluded that the
reconstruction of abandoned roadways & dual-level collaborative mining scheme could best ensure the ore recovery effect.
Through physical simulation experiments,further research was conducted on the blasting sequence and ore extraction sequence
of the repairing of abandoned roadways & dual-level collaborative mining scheme. The results of four experiments showed that
when the upper mining level was 1 row ahead of the lower mining level and all ore extraction operations were completed in the
lower mining level,the optimal ore recovery effect could be achieved. The experiments results indicated that the ore recovery rate was 76. 5% and the dilution rate was 18. 0% for this scheme. Finally,based on the principle of top-level caving and bottom-
level concentrating,the specific blast hole layout and blasting parameters of the reconstruction of abandoned roadways &
dual-level collaborative mining scheme were determined,and an industrial test was carried out on-site. During the entire implementation
process,this scheme maintained the safety and stability of the mining operation and ultimately achieved excellent indicators
with a dilution rate of 14. 6% and an ore recovery rate of 80. 3%. The research findings can provide technical reference
for the safe and efficient production of similar caving mines under the condition of mining operations being interfered by abandoned
workings.



Research on the Prediction and Evaluation Method of Rockburst in Deep Mining with Multi Source Fusion

XIONG Xiaochen, CHEN Xiang, HU Junsheng, ZHU Jin, JIN Changyu, WANG Shengjian

2026, 55(3):  42-54. 

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Deep resource mining has gradually become the new normal in the mineral resource development industry,and
its rockburst disasters require in-depth research. Taking a domestic deep iron ore mine as an example,this study integrates
measured in-situ stress analysis,theoretical model derivation,digital modeling simulation,and rockburst stress criteria to propose
a multi-source fusion-based rockburst evaluation method. Firstly,in-situ stress testing was conducted in the mining area to
determine the maximum principal stress value and the dominant direction of the maximum horizontal principal in-situ stress.
This allowed for an overall assessment of the rockburst risk in the mining of two levels at this mine. Subsequently,influencing
factors of rockburst were derived based on theoretical model analysis,and digital models were established for deep mining
stopes (below 1,000 m) and shallow mining stopes (above 1,000 m). The mining processes of stopes at different burial
depths were simulated,with quantitative analysis and comparisons made regarding displacement,stress,and plastic zones. Finally,
a comprehensive evaluation of rockburst risk for stopes at different burial depths was performed by integrating numerical
simulation results and rockburst stress criteria. The results indicate that as the burial depth increases from the -780 m level to
the -1,020 m level,displacements in the stope roof,floor,and sidewalls all show an increasing trend,with an approximate increase
of about 30%. In terms of stability,displacements in the pillars and the area of the plastic zones also increase,with
growth rates of 22. 89% and 122. 65%,respectively. Additionally,as the maximum principal stress in the stope roof and sidewalls
increases,the risk of rockburst further escalates. Based on the comprehensive evaluation results of rockburst risk derived
from measured in-situ stress analysis,as well as the evaluation results of rockburst risk using numerical simulations and stress
criteria,it is concluded that no rockburst occurs in the roof and sidewalls of stopes at the -780 m level. In contrast,slight rock
burst is observed in the roof of stopes at the -1,020 m level,while no rockburst occurs in the sidewalls.

Effect of Backfill Quality on Deformation Low of Surrounding Rock in Open Stoping with Subsequent Backfill Mining

GONG Ruijie　YE Huishi　ZHANG Jie　MA Qiangying　LU Zengxiang　LI Jiaoqun

2026, 55(3):  55-62. 

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To achieve effective control of the deformation of surrounding rock and surface subsidence during the transition
from open-pit to underground mining of the Jiajiaoying Iron Mine,the FLAC3D numerical simulation method was adopted to construct
a mining structure model for the panel area of the open-pit followed by filling mining method. The inhibitory effect of the
filling body and panel barrier pillars on the deformation of the panel area surrounding rock under different filling support rates
during the mining process was studied. The stress distribution characteristics and deformation failure laws of the panel area surrounding
rock and panel barrier pillars under different influencing factors were obtained,as well as the influence of the filling
support rate of the mining area on the stress distribution characteristics and deformation failure laws of the surrounding rock and
inter-zone pillars. The study results show that:① The filling support rate has little effect on the maximum principal stress distribution
of the panel area surrounding rock,with the maximum principal stress being approximately 71. 0 MPa. After stress release,
it reaches about 4. 0 MPa. The maximum principal stress of the mining area surrounding rock is 73. 02 MPa to 73. 15
MPa,and after stress release,it is approximately 0. 6 MPa. The minimum principal stress in the horizontal direction of the min
ing area middle zone surrounding rock is not affected by the support rate,with a value of approximately 0. 78 MPa. The minimum
stress in the vertical direction is 1. 57 MPa to 1. 61 MPa,and it shows a decreasing trend with the increase of the support
rate. ② During the mining excavation process,large displacements occurred at the upper and lower panels and the top and bottom
plates of the mining area. However,as the filling support rate increased,the displacements all showed a decreasing trend.
After the pan area mining was completed successively and the filling and support were carried out,there were many shear and
tension plastic zones distributed on the top and bottom plates of the mining area. With the increase of the filling support rate,
the distribution range gradually decreased. The plastic zone of the top plate decreased significantly. ③ Under different filling
support rates,the maximum principal stress distribution range within the panel barrier pillars remained basically unchanged,
with the maximum principal stress being 126. 8 MPa to 141. 0 MPa. When the filling support rate increased from 80% to 90%,
the minimum principal stress of the panel barrier pillars decreased from 0. 74 MPa to 0. 73 MPa,showing a decreasing trend.
④ With the increase of the filling support rate,the tension and shear plastic failure zones of the panel barrier pillars continuously
decreased. When the filling support rate reached 90%,the stability of the panel barrier pillar was better. The study results
have certain practical significance for improving the stress state of the mining area and pan area surrounding rock and preventing
surface subsidence.


Early Mechanical Strength Characteristics and Hydration Mechanism of Phosphogypsum-based Composite Filling Materials

XUE Gaili, CAO Shuai

2026, 55(3):  63-70. 

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Through uniaxial compression mechanical tests of different gypsum types and phosphypsum composite excitation
cemented backfill,the effects of various factors on the early mechanical strength of cemented backfill and the optimal dosage
were analyzed. The microstructure characteristics and hydration mechanism of the composite filling materials were revealed
by means of SEM and EDS quantitative analysis techniques. The results show that the early mechanical strength of the cemented
backfill mixed with phosphogypsum decreases significantly,but the adverse effect of phosphogypsum decreases with the prolongation
of curing age. The significant factors affecting the early mechanical strength of phosphogypsum based cemented backfill
are phosphogypsum and glauberite. The content of NaOH is not more than 3%,the optimal content of glauberite is 1. 0%,
and the content of phosphogypsum can reach 40%. The addition of phosphogypsum inhibited the early hydration reaction
process of the composite backfill material,and the early deformation of the cemented backfill gradually increased with the increase
of phosphogypsum content,and the failure mode was mainly tensile failure parallel to the loading direction. The research
results provide reference for improving the resource utilization of phosphogypsum and help to reduce the cost of mine filling.


Deformation Mechanism and Prevention and Control Technology of Thin Coal Seam Tunnels Based on Response Surface Methodology

YU Yongqiang, ZHOU Zihao, FAN Lidan, PENG Tianxiang, ZHANG Jiyun

2026, 55(3):  71-81. 

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Thin bedrock roof plate is thin,the roadway is not easy to form a stable structure,which is easy to cause localized
roofing accidents. This paper explores the deformation mechanism of the roadway in the coal seam with a thick loose layer
and thin-bedded rock,focusing on solving the stability problem of the surrounding rock under the interaction of multiple factors.
Taking the thin bedrock roadway of 16081 of Zhaogu No. 1 Mine as the background,and targeting at the deformation of the
thin bedrock roadway,we combined the response surface method with numerical simulation of FLAC3D to study the multi-factors
coupling effect,and analyzed the interaction mechanism between the bedrock thickness,the thickness of bedrock bottom stratification,
and the width of the roadway section. The results show that:① the dominant factor of total deformation of the roadway is
bedrock thickness>section width>bottom layering thickness,and the main controlling factor of the volume of the plastic zone is
section width>bottom layering thickness>basement thickness. ② the effect of bedrock thickness on the total deformation is enhanced
with the increase of the thickness of the bedrock bottom layering and the section width,the interaction between the
thickness of the bedrock bottom layering and section width is insignificant. ③ the effect of bedrock thickness on the volume of
the plastic zone is increased with the increase of the bottom layering thickness. The effect of bedrock thickness on the volume of
the plastic zone is enhanced with the increase of bottom layering thickness,and the interaction effects of bedrock thickness and
bottom layering thickness of bedrock,section width and bottom layering thickness of bedrock on the volume of the plastic zone
of the roadway are not significant. Combined with the above analysis,five kinds of support schemes were designed,the optimal
plan was selected and the deformation of the mine surrounding rock was measured on site,and the on-site monitoring showed
that the top and bottom plates moved closer by 80 mm and the two gangs moved closer by 140 mm within 90 days,and the over
all deformation of the roadway was well controlled.

Study on Anchoring Mechanical Characteristics of Self-swelling Split-set under Different Rock Mass

WANG Ruiqiang, LIU Zihan, XU Shuai, WANG Wenjun, WANG Fei

2026, 55(3):  82-88. 

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Compared with split-set,the self-swelling split-set has the advantages of convenient installation,high anchorage
force and constant resistance slip,but its anchorage mechanical properties in different quality of rock mass are still unclear.
Based on the field test at the level of 2 655 m in Huashugou Copper Mine,the pulling test was carried on the rock bolt equipped
with different lengths of anchorage in different rock masses,and the optimal anchorage length and anchorage effect of
the self-swelling split-set under different rock masses were analyzed. In order to further explore the anchorage mechanical properties
during the rock bolt,the numerical simulation of the pulling process was carried out by Ansys software,and the normal
stress distribution characteristics of rock bolt-rock interface under the condition of different length of the anchor agent and different
quality of the surrounding rock were analyzed. The results show that for intact,relatively intact and relatively fractured
hard rock masses in mining areas,the optimal charge lengths for self-expanding slit tube bolts are 30 cm,30 cm and 45 cm,respectively.
At these optimal charge lengths,their anchoring forces are 2. 30,2. 87 and 3. 88 times that of conventional slit tube
bolts,respectively. The anchoring force of the self-swelling split-set is linearly correlated with the length of the anchor agent.
The length of anchor agent affects the anchorage force mainly by affecting normal stress distribution area,while the rock mass
affects the anchorage force mainly by affecting normal stress of the bolt-rock interface. This paper reveals the anchorage mechanical
properties of self-swelling split-set under different rock mass,which not only provides a theoretical basis for optimizing
the design and use of self-swelling split-set,but also has important guiding significance for the support design in practical mining
engineering.


Study on Electronic Structure and Flotation Behavior of Manganosite and Its (001) Surface Based on First-Principles Calculations#br#

ZHU Feng, 　YUAN Shuai, 　ZHAO Bing, 　LIU Jie, 　XIE Ruiqi

2026, 55(3):  89-95. 

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Manganese is a critical strategic metal supporting the steel metallurgy and new energy industries,and its efficient
extraction is vital to national economic security. As a fundamental phase in manganese oxide systems,manganosite
(MnO) exhibits surface Mn2+ sites whose electronic properties decisively influence flotation separation efficiency,yet the atomic-
scale mechanisms remain unclear. In this study,first-principles calculations based on density functional theory were performed
using the GGA-PBESOL functional,a cutoff energy of 650 eV,and a 6×6×6 k-point sampling density to optimize computational
parameters. Bulk and (001) surface models of manganosite were constructed,and their electronic structures and flotation
mechanisms were investigated through Mulliken charge population,band structure,and density of states (DOS) analysis.
The results show that the optimized lattice parameters of manganosite exhibit only a 0. 84% deviation from experimental values,
with Mn—O bond populations of -0. 03 and bond lengths from 0. 220 to 0. 222 nm,indicating ionic bonding characteristics.
DOS analysis reveals that the valence band is dominated by O-2p orbitals,while the conduction band is primarily contributed by Mn-3d orbitals. Surface analysis demonstrates that the reduced coordination number of Mn2+ sites on the (001) surface
leads to electron delocalization,with unoccupied 3d orbitals facilitating p-d hybridization with anionic collectors,whereas O2-
sites exhibit weak affinity for cationic reagents due to the low activity of 2p orbitals. Flotation behavior predictions suggest that
under weakly acidic to neutral conditions,anionic collectors can form stable adsorption on Mn2+ sites via electrostatic interactions,
while alkaline conditions inhibit adsorption due to surface hydroxylation. This study provides atomic-scale theoretical insights
into the flotation separation of manganosite from gangue minerals and proposes the use of sulfonic/ phosphonic acid-based
collectors combined with activators to enhance selective adsorption efficiency.



Study on Efficient Separation and Low Alumina-Silica Control of a High-Grade Iron Ore in Africa

WANG Shaoxing, HUANG Guangkun, JIN Jianping

2026, 55(3):  96-102. 

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To obtain a high-grade DR-grade iron concentrate product and reduce the total content of SiO2 and Al2O3,an
optimization study of the grinding-magnetic separation process was conducted on a high-grade iron ore sample from Africa. The
results show that the ore has a TFe grade of 65. 92%,with iron mainly occurring in hematite,limonite,and magnetite,which are
the primary target minerals for recovery. Under the optimal conditions of a primary grinding fineness of 60% passing 0. 074
mm,primary low-intensity magnetic field intensity of 79. 6 kA/ m,primary high-intensity magnetic field intensity of 398. 0
kA/ m,cleaning high-intensity magnetic field intensity of 159. 2 kA/ m,and scavenging high-intensity magnetic field intensity of
398. 0 kA/ m,a mixed magnetic concentrate was obtained with a TFe grade of 68. 11%,a combined SiO2 +Al2O3 content of
1. 20%,and an iron recovery of 82. 96%. Product analysis indicates that the mixed magnetic concentrate is mainly composed of
hematite,limonite,and magnetite,demonstrating that the primary magnetic iron minerals in the ore were effectively enriched.
The study concludes that the grinding-magnetic separation process can achieve efficient separation of hematite and magnetite
from this African iron ore,exhibiting significant advantages,particularly in controlling aluminum and silicon impurity contents,
thereby producing a high-quality DR-grade iron concentrate.


Study on the Separation Test of Three Products Magnetic Separation Column for Vanadium-Titanium Magnetite in Panxi#br#

WANG Ruijie, ZHENG Le, LIU Zihao, MA Xingyu, YUAN Gaige, ZHENG Jimin, GUO Xiaofei

2026, 55(3):  103-109. 

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Aiming at the problems of long process flow and low production efficiency of a vanadium-titanium magnetite
ore dressing plant in the Panxi area,using X-ray diffractometers,X-ray fluorescence analyzers,and vibrating sample magnetometers,
the mineral composition and metal distribution patterns of the on-site tower mill discharge ore,as well as the magnetization
characteristics of different particle sizes,were analyzed,and carried out sorting tests with the help of three-product magnetic
separator columns. The results show that the main iron-bearing minerals in the ore sample are titanomagnetite and ilmenite,
with main gangue mineral of pyroxene. The grade of TFe is 55. 34%,the grade of TiO2 is 11. 36%,the content of -0. 074 mm
grain size is 87. 21%,the distribution rate of Fe is 89. 11%,and the distribution rate of TiO2 is 86. 81%. After the three-product
magnetic separation column sorting,the TFe grades of the obtained concentrate,middle ore,and tailings were 60. 02%,54.
03%,and 22. 96%,with recoveries of 50. 68%,47. 33%,and 1. 99%,respectively. The grades of TiO2 were 9. 98%,10. 52%,
and 29. 92%,with recoveries of 68. 05%,17. 90%,and 14. 05%. Using a three-product magnetic separation column can obtain
qualified iron ore concentrate directly from the tower mill discharge and,at the same time,realize the efficient recovery of titanium
resources,reduce the subsequent beneficiation cost,and provide a new technical way for the efficient sorting of similar
ores.


Effect of Flotation Concentration on Copper-Molybdenum Separation and Its Kinetic Study

ZHU Xianwen, LIU Runqing, ZHANG Huiting, DONG Wenchao, JIANG Feng

2026, 55(3):  110-115. 

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Flotation concentration is one of the key factors affecting flotation performance. An appropriate flotation concentration
not only enhances separation efficiency but also reduces cost. Addressing the unclear kinetic patterns in copper-molybdenum
flotation separation,this study examined molybdenum enrichment and recovery under varying pulp concentrations. It
investigated the influence of concentration changes on molybdenum flotation kinetics and analyzed the stage rate constant (k)
using the classical first-order kinetic model. The results indicate that concentration significantly influences the flotation separation
of this copper-molybdenum mixed concentrate. Increasing the flotation concentration enhances molybdenum recovery. Flotation
kinetic fitting results show that the coefficient of determination (R2) exceeds 0. 99 at all pulp concentrations,demonstrating
that the first-order flotation kinetic model fits the experimental data well. As concentration increased,the fitted rate constant
(k) first rose then declined,peaking at 35% concentration. Overall,the optimal concentration for roughing of this coppermolybdenum
mixed concentrate was determined to be 35%~40%. Integrating with the field process flow,molybdenum concentrate
assaying Mo of 48. 78% and Cu of 1. 23% with a molybdenum recovery of 92. 49%,and a copper concentrate assaying Cu
of 21. 79% and Mo of 0. 06% with a copper recovery of 99. 92% were obtained with the "copper-molybdenum separation,regrinding
and re-concentration of molybdenum rough concentrate" process. This study clarifies the regulatory effect of concentration
on the rate constant (k) during copper-molybdenum separation roughing,providing theoretical support for optimizing copper-
molybdenum separation flotation processes and offering technical reference for the flotation separation of similar copper-molybdenum
mixed concentrates.


Experimental Study on Flotation Separation of Raw Slurry from a Certain Mixed Cobalt-sulfur Concentrate

ZHAO Kaile, JIA Yanqiang, ZHANG Wenpu, YANG Yaohui, WANG Hongbin, WU Weilong, WANG Yue, ZHANG Chun,

2026, 55(3):  116-122. 

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Aiming at the predicament of the sulfur-cobalt mixed concentrate (with a cobalt grade of 0. 33% and a sulfur
grade of 31. 92%) obtained by flotation in a titanium concentrator in Southwest China,such as the cobalt content failing to
meet the pricing standard and the value not being fully realized,this study starts with process mineralogy. It is clarified that cobalt
is mainly hosted in cobalt-nickel-bearing pyrrhotite and hengleinite,with a monomer dissociation degree of over 87%. On
this basis,the traditional pretreatment framework of regrinding and reagent removal is broken through,and a new process of direct
flotation separation of raw slurry using high-efficiency selective reagents is proposed. A combined reagent system of "composite
calcium activator + EMZ5# depressant" is developed. The closed-circuit test of raw pulp flotation separation with the
process of "one roughing - one scavenging - three cleanings" (without reagent removal and regrinding) yields a value cobalt
concentrate with a Co grade of 2. 25% and a Ni grade of 4. 84%,with the recovery rates of both around 80%. For the sulfur
concentrate,the S grade reaches 31. 82%,with its Co and Ni contents reduced to 0. 07% and 0. 18% respectively,achieving efficient
separation and enrichment of cobalt-nickel minerals. The research shows that the raw pulp flotation separation process
has significant advantages in simplifying the process,reducing energy consumption and costs,and provides a new technical direction
for the efficient utilization of low-grade cobalt-sulfur resources.


Experimental Study on Mineral Dressing of a Lithium Polymetallic Ore in Western Sichuan

TAN Hua, FEI Guangchun, CAI Yunhua, TAN Xin, YANG Guibing, ZHU Huipai, LI Jian

2026, 55(3):  123-129. 

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This study focuses on the efficient recovery and utilization of a pegmatite-type low-grade lithium polymetallic
ore from western Sichuan,primarily through the extraction of spodumene,with minor amounts of niobium-tantalum minerals. The
ore grades of Li2O,Nb2O5,and Ta2O5 are 1. 25%,0. 009%,and 0. 003%,respectively. To optimize the extraction process,the
spodumene collector EM-PN30 was used,and flotation tests were conducted under the conditions of a grinding fineness of
0. 074 mm at 74. 3% passing. The flotation process,comprising one roughing,two scavenging,and three cleaning stages,successfully
produced a lithium-niobium-tantalum concentrate with grades of 5. 60% Li2O,0. 035% Nb2O5,and 0. 015% Ta2O5,
achieving recoveries of 86. 31%,75. 52%,and 72. 82%,respectively. Further separation of the lithium concentrate and niobium-
tantalum concentrate was achieved through high-intensity magnetic and gravity separation,resulting in a lithium concentrate
with a Li2O grade of 5. 65% and a niobium-tantalum concentrate containing (Nb2O5 +Ta2O5) at 30. 23%. The results indicate
that the combined process of "lithium-niobium-tantalum mixed flotation,mixed flotation concentrate low-intensity magnetic iron
removal,high-intensity magnetic separation,and gravity separation" not only ensures the efficient recovery of lithium,but also
facilitates the separation and recovery of niobium-tantalum,thus enabling the comprehensive utilization of lithium,niobium,and
tantalum from the ore.


Study on Enhanced Flotation Separation and Mechanism of a Low-Grade Sulfide Vein Gold Ore by Combined Collectors

ZHANG Yonghe, WANG Wenyao, HAN Hong, NAN Kuisong, LIU Zihao

2026, 55(3):  130-141. 

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To address the issue of insufficient collecting power and significant gold loss in tailings when sulfhydryl collectors
are used alone in the flotation of sulfide vein gold ore,this study introduced sodium oleate,characterized by its long hydrophobic
chain and strong affinity for metal ions,into a binary collector system composed of butyl xanthate and ammonium dibutyl
dithiophosphate. A novel ternary collector system (butyl xanthate-ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate-sodium oleate) was developed
to leverage the synergistic effects among collectors,aiming to enhance the efficient flotation recovery of gold from lowgrade
sulfide vein gold ore. Flotation tests on actual ore,combined with surface analysis techniques such as contact angle measurement,
Zeta potential analysis,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),were conducted to systematically evaluate the
separation performance of the ternary collector system and to elucidate its selective adsorption mechanism on the surface of pyrite
(the gold-bearing mineral). The flotation results demonstrated that,compared to single butyl xanthate and the binary collector,
the ternary collector with a mass ratio of 3∶1∶1 significantly improved gold recovery. Under optimal conditions (pH 7~
8,MIBC as frother,and a closed-circuit flowsheet comprising one roughing,two cleaning,and two scavenging stages),a gold
concentrate with a grade of 19. 20 g/ t and a recovery of 89. 46% was achieved,realizing efficient gold recovery from the lowgrade
sulfide vein gold ore. Surface analysis indicated that both the binary and ternary collectors could selectively adsorb onto
the pyrite surface,enhancing its hydrophobicity and thereby enlarging the floatability difference between the gold-bearing mineral
and gangue minerals (quartz). Notably,the ternary collector exhibited stronger selective adsorption on pyrite due to the
chelating action and synergistic adsorption effect of sodium oleate,so as to realize the efficient recovery of gold in low grade sulfide
vein gold mine.


Liquid Oxygen Transient Phase Change Rock-breaking Technology for Multi-fractured Open-pit Limestone Mines#br#

WU Jianhui, ZHANG Fangping, WANG Yanbing, FU Dairui, DING Baoshan

2026, 55(3):  142-150. 

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To address the challenges encountered in open-pit limestone mines,including low fragmentation efficiency of
hard rock with high joint density and high compressive strength,difficulty in controlling blasting-induced vibration,and stringent
environmental constraints in ecologically sensitive areas,a liquid oxygen (LOX) transient phase-change rock-breaking
technique suitable for fractured rock masses is proposed. Based on the quasi-static high-pressure generated by the rapid vaporization
and expansion of liquid oxygen,a two-stage rock-breaking mechanism characterized by stress-wave reflection enhancement
and gas wedge-driven crack propagation is analyzed. Field experiments were conducted in a large open-pit limestone mine
in Hebei Province. By systematically deploying vibration monitoring,fragment size statistics,and environmental parameter
measurements,the fracturing effectiveness,vibration propagation characteristics,and environmental impacts of the LOX phasechange
rock-breaking technique were quantitatively analyzed. The results indicate that approximately 70% of the rock fragments
in the free-face zone have particle sizes smaller than 30 cm,demonstrating significantly improved fragmentation uniformity compared
with conventional blasting. At a distance of 40 m from the source,the peak particle velocity is reduced by about 37% relative
to conventional blasting,and the dominant vibration frequencies are stably distributed within the range of 8 Hz to 15 Hz,
effectively avoiding resonance with typical building structures. In addition,no detectable emissions of harmful gases such as
NO_x and SO₂ were observed during the rock-breaking process,and the dust concentration was significantly reduced. These results
demonstrate that the liquid oxygen transient phase-change rock-breaking technique achieves both efficient rock fragmentation
and favorable vibration and environmental performance in high-steep slopes and ecologically sensitive open-pit mines,providing technical support for the engineering application of non-explosive rock-breaking methods and the development of green
mining practices.


Study on Non-uniform Vibration Response Characteristics of Oil Pipeline under Explosion Stress Wave

NIE Xiaohu, MA Yunzhou, JING Xiaofei

2026, 55(3):  151-161. 

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To address the complex and spatially non-uniform vibration response of adjacent oil pipelines subjected to explosion-
induced stress waves during tunnel blasting construction,a systematic investigation is conducted on the vibration response
characteristics of buried oil pipelines under blasting loads. The propagation and attenuation laws of blasting-induced vibrations
along the pipeline cross-section and axial direction are analyzed. Based on the theory of explosion-induced stress wave
propagation,a dynamic response analytical model of buried pipelines under blasting loads is established,and a three-dimensional
numerical model is developed using LS-DYNA saftware to systematically simulate the dynamic response process of oil
pipelines subjected to blasting vibrations. On this basis,two key blasting parameters,namely tunnel burial depth and the explosive
charge per delay in cut holes,are selected to investigate their effects on pipeline vibration velocity and stress responses,
and corresponding vibration mitigation measures are proposed. The results indicate that under blasting dynamic loads,the vibration
response of the pipeline cross-section exhibits pronounced non-uniform distribution characteristics,with the peak vibration
velocity and effective stress being the largest at the bottom,followed by the middle,and the smallest at the top of the pipeline.
Along the axial direction of the pipeline,the peak vibration velocity and effective stress are mainly concentrated in the unexcavated
section located 0 m to 2 m from the blast source,and they decay exponentially with increasing distance. Parametric analysis
further shows that the peak vibration velocity of the pipeline follows an exponential relationship with tunnel burial depth,
while exhibiting a significant positive linear correlation with the explosive charge per delay in cut holes. The findings of this
study can provide a reference for vibration safety assessment and parameter optimization in tunnel blasting construction adjacent
to oil pipelines.


BIM Design and Application for the Construction Engineering of Open-pit Mine

LI Kun, WANG Zhongxin, CHEN Dawei, QI Zhenpeng, GAO Qun, GUO Xiaosong, WANG Chuanzhen,

2026, 55(3):  162-171. 

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Open-pit engineering project has the characteristics of complex design,multiple production links,dynamic development
of engineering and multi-source distribution of information,etc. The traditional project management mode is difficult
to share mine construction project information,resulting in many engineering problems such as design change and engineering
rework. Based on building information modeling (BIM) technology,this paper deeply analyzes the connotation of BIM design in
the field of open pit construction engineering design,studies the framework of BIM mine construction plan,and carries out application
exploration with the example of Xinjiang Mining Hongshaquan No. 2 Mine of Guoneng Group. The results show that:
① The BIM design connotation of open pit construction engineering is based on BIM technology,integrating the ten key technologies
of collaborative design and true three-dimensional information,and carrying out the design of open pit engineering from
multiple perspectives such as safety management,design quality,engineering construction,green intelligence and technical support;
② General software end,professional software end,third-party software end,application end and data interaction platform
jointly constitute the open pit BIM design framework. Its functional architecture follows the pyramid structure of " top-down
step-by-step planning,bottom-up distribution and implementation",and its design data standard is composed of classification
coding,data model and information transmission;③ The BIM design application practice of Hongshaquan No. 2 Mine shows
that the technology has significantly improved the quality of design as well as the levels of safety management,intelligent control
throughout the entire process and green mining.

Detection Method of Open-pit Mine Truck Loading Rate Based on Improved YOLOv5s

ZHANG Sai, HU Yuexin, LU Caiwu, WANG Chunyi, JIANG Song, ZHU Xingpan

2026, 55(3):  172-182. 

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In the process of open-pit mine transportation,phenomena such as light vehicles running without tickets and
human-caused ticket fraud occur frequently,which significantly reduces the authenticity and reliability of the transportation data
statistics,and is not conducive to the operation and management of the mine. By applying image recognition technology,a method
for detecting the loading rate of open-pit mine trucks based on the improved YOLOv5s is proposed. The open-pit mine truck
loading image dataset is enhanced and expanded,and then labeled. On the basis of the YOLOv5s network structure,the improved
backbone network GhostNet is used for feature extraction. The shallow network P2 is added to refine the feature output,
enhancing the network′s ability to effectively capture spatial information. At the same time,the throughput configurable convolution
C2f module is introduced to ensure lightweight while obtaining richer gradient flow information. In the post-processing
stage of object detection,the smoother soft-NMS algorithm is used to replace the NMS algorithm to remove redundant detection
boxes,and the loss function CIoUα is used to calculate the loss of the rectangular box. The research results show that the improved
YOLOv5s model has recognition accuracies of 83. 2%,90. 4%,93. 3%,92. 4%,and 94. 1% for trucks with different
loading rates (70%,80%,90%,100%,and 110%),which can meet the on-site monitoring needs of the mine. This method has
the characteristics of non-contact measurement objects,no interference with the transportation system,low operating costs,and
no need for manual supervision. This method is characterized by non-contact measurement,non-interference with the transportation
system,low operating costs,and no need for manual supervision,which can provide data support for the refined management
of open-pit mine transportation.


Development and Application of Carbon Sink Monitoring and Analysis System for Open-pit Mining Areas

LEI Zhiyong, LIU Huihui, LU Mengnan, GAO Zhenfei, DU Jiao, ZHANG Lun, BAI Hao, FU Jing, XING Jianghe, YANG Fei

2026, 55(3):  183-191. 

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Although open-pit mining offers the advantages of high efficiency and low cost,it causes significant environmental
damage,thereby profoundly impacting regional carbon balance. Monitoring the carbon sink capacity of mining areas is of
great significance for promoting ecological restoration and achieving carbon neutrality goals. However,existing research on carbon
sink monitoring in mining areas often fails to fully consider the specific land use types of mining areas and lacks effective
digital management tools. To address these issues,this study designed and developed a carbon sink monitoring and analysis system
for open-pit mining areas,integrating three core functional modules:mining activity monitoring,ecological environment element
monitoring,and carbon sink monitoring. The mining activity monitoring module is used to monitor the basic data and mining
activity information of the mining area,helping users comprehensively understand the current mining status. The ecological
environment element monitoring module is used to dynamically reflect the spatiotemporal changes of ecological factors,providing
critical data support for carbon sink monitoring. The carbon sink monitoring module adopts a land-use-specific carbon sink
calculation method,enabling dynamic monitoring and analysis of carbon sinks and helping users fully understand the spatiotemporal
characteristics of carbon sink variations. The system employs spatiotemporal grid encoding technology to achieve efficient
management and storage of monitoring data,supporting rapid information retrieval and extraction. Application results in a specific
open-pit mine in Shaanxi Province demonstrate that the system effectively monitors mining activities and their impacts on
carbon sinks,achieving long-term,high-frequency,and multi-scale dynamic monitoring of carbon sinks. This significantly improves
monitoring efficiency and management capabilities. The development of this system provides new technical means for
monitoring carbon sinks in mining areas,demonstrating considerable potential for broader application and promotion.


Research Progress and Prospects on Atmospheric Corrosion of Metal Structures in Support Systems

LI Donghui, XU Shuai, YU Tong, HUANG Menglong

2026, 55(3):  192-202. 

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The annual economic losses caused by atmospheric corrosion of every year are enermous. Exploring the factors
and degradation laws of atmospheric corrosion of metal structures is of great significance for predicting the service life of metal
structures and strengthening support. As the mining depth increases,the corrosion durability problem of underground engineering
support structures becomes increasingly prominent. It is imperative to conduct research on the degradation law of support
structures in deep mine environments. To this end,the current research progress on metal atmospheric corrosion was summarized,
and the degradation laws of six environmental factors on metal structures were analyzed from the main influencing factors
and their mechanisms. Based on the comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of on-site exposure tests and indoor acceleration
tests and their correlation indicators,the current research and development status of indoor acceleration test devices was
further summarized. Based on the above research,it is shown that:① The relative humidity of the environment provides the environmental
basis for the occurrence of atmospheric corrosion,temperature affects the speed of atmospheric corrosion,and the
influence of other environmental factors on corrosion rate is closely related to their content. Multiple factors are interrelated and
work together,resulting in a complex mechanism of atmospheric corrosion. ② The on-site exposure test is authentic and reliable,
but it has disadvantages such as regional limitations,poor real-time performance,and long testing cycles. Therefore,correlation
indicators can be established through corrosion products,corrosion kinetics,and indoor testing. ③ The indoor acceleration
test device can simulate some atmospheric corrosion environments,but there is no full-scale support structure multi factor coupled
indoor acceleration test device developed specifically for deep mine environments,making it difficult to accurately explore
the degradation laws of support structures in deep mine environments. Based on the analysis of the above environmental factors
and the current status of device development,it is concluded that the current atmospheric corrosion has shortcomings such as
single research on environmental factors and the lack of accelerated corrosion test devices for simulating deep mine environments.
Therefore,a research and development concept for an indoor accelerated corrosion test device is proposed to explore the
failure law of anchor rod anchoring structures in harsh mine environments. Based on the correlation of mine environmental impact
factors and test acceleration,simulations of five environments including temperature environment,humidity environment,
solid particle environment,multiple corrosive gas environment,and mixed bacterial system have been achieved,and three simulation
working conditions including full-size support elements,surrounding rock simulation units,and pre stress application have
been set up. On the basis of the above analysis,the shortcomings in the research field of atmospheric corrosion of metal structures
were further discussed,such as the single corrosion factor,failure to consider the influence of mixed bacterial systems and
the influence of low and medium energy disturbance stresses on support structures,and the small size of corrosion specimens.
It is believed that future research should focus on:① Exploring the coupling effect of complex environmental factors on support
systems based on the degree of degradation of environmental factors;② Clarify the corrosion and degradation laws of mixed
bacterial systems on support structures under environmental induction;③ Revealing the corrosion degradation mechanism of
support structures under disturbance stress at low and medium energy levels;④ Strengthen the research on full-size support
structures to avoid errors caused by sample size effects.


Study on Causes of Accident Behavior in Metal Mines by Combining 2-4 Model and Correlation Algorithm

ZHANG Xiaotian, GUO Zhiguo, LIU Zuwen, ZHENG Biaohua, ZHOU Lingjian

2026, 55(3):  203-211. 

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Frequent metal mine accidents have brought great harm to society and caused great economic losses. In order
to effectively prevent accidents,30 typical metal mine casualty accidents in the past ten years (from 2014 to 2023) were analyzed
from four levels:direct cause,indirect cause,root cause and root cause,using 2-4 model analysis method,and Apriori algorithm
was used to mine the correlation between direct cause factors. The results show that there are 288 unsafe movements of
18 kinds and 204 unsafe physical states of 15 kinds in 30 metal mine accidents. Through calculation,it is found that non-compliance
with operating regulations is the node most closely related to other risk items in the accident,and the association rules
with confidence greater than 80% are listed. The lack of safety culture in the industry makes the safety management system of
enterprises imperfect,and then affects the development of safety awareness and safety habits of employees,resulting in unsafe
behaviors of individuals or unsafe conditions of ignoring the production environment. Metal mine accident prevention needs the
whole industry to implement the safety policy and reinforce the safety culture atmosphere. At the same time,enterprises should
focus on improving the safety management system and training mechanism,strengthen the safety construction of the operating
environment,and improve the safety literacy of employees.


Study on Dust Diffusion Law under Dynamic Coal Cutting of Cutting Head at Driving Face

CHEN Kai, WANG Shuai, WANG Shaohan, CHEN Xi

2026, 55(3):  212-218. 

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In order to explore the spatiotemporal evolution law of dust diffusion when the underground comprehensive excavator
cuts coal and rock during the dynamic excavation process,taking the 31116 main transportation and slot comprehensive
excavation face of Lijiahao Mine as an example,the dynamic process of the cutting head of the comprehensive excavator cutting
coal and rock was simulated by combining Fluent modeling software,CFD simulation software with the dynamic grid theory. The
spatiotemporal evolution law of dust diffusion and the dust pollution at the position of the driver of the comprehensive excavator
were explored when the cutting head cuts coal and rock at different times (moving to different positions). The results show that
the high-concentration dust mass generated by the cutting coal will move with the movement of the cutting head during the dynamic
coal cutting process of the comprehensive excavator. When the cutting head moves to the return air side to cut the coal
and rock,the dust generated will quickly spread to the position of the driver of the comprehensive excavator with the return air
flow,which seriously affects the physical and mental health and working environment of the driver. In addition,the study of the
whole tunneling workflow of the comprehensive excavator shows that the movement (position change) of the cutting head of the
comprehensive excavator has a great influence on the dust diffusion in the roadway within the space range of 0 m to 7 m in the
front section of the comprehensive excavation work. After that,as the dust particles continue to diffuse to the exit of the roadway,
the dust gradually fills the roadway,and the influence of the position change of the dust source (cutting head) on the dust
pollution distribution at the rear of the roadway is greatly weakened.


Problems and Countermeasures of Mine Ecological Environment in Fragile Grassland Ecological Areas

YIN Yaqiu, WANG Jing, WANG Jingwei, ZHAO Caisheng, CHEN Hongyu, ZHANG Huizhong

2026, 55(3):  219-225. 

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The grassland ecologically fragile areas have made outstanding contributions to China′s energy supply security,
but they also face the problem of ecosystem degradation caused by mining. Based on the concept of the life community of
mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes and grasslands,this paper expounds the connotation of mine ecological restoration
serving multiple goals in the new era,the multi-scale ecological problems caused by mineral resource exploitation,and proposes
countermeasures for mine ecological restoration based on the characteristics and laws of the ecosystem in grassland ecologically
fragile areas. The research shows that:① Mine ecological restoration should emphasize comprehensiveness and systematicness,
enhance the coupling of different spatial scales,and build a multi-scale,multi-level,and multi-element mine ecological restoration
governance system to promote the optimization of land use structure and function at the site scale,the recovery and improvement
of ecosystem structure and function at the ecosystem scale,and the smoothness and pattern optimization of the ecological
space network at the regional or watershed scale. It should further integrate into the system governance and restoration of
mountains,rivers,forests,farmlands,lakes,grasslands and deserts to achieve the comprehensive improvement of the benefits of
the ecological,economic and social complex system. ② The mine ecological problems in grassland ecologically fragile areas are
manifested differently at various spatial scales. At the site scale,they are manifested as direct damage to natural resources such
as vegetation destruction,river drying up and land damage caused by mining activities,as well as indirect environmental damage
such as water pollution,soil pollution and dust pollution,and secondary damage to natural resources caused by geological
disasters triggered by mining. At the ecosystem scale,they are manifested as damage to the ecosystem structure caused by the
loss of biodiversity and ecosystem degradation,and the weakening of ecosystem service functions such as water conservation,
soil and water conservation,and carbon sequestration and oxygen release. At the regional or watershed scale,they are manifested
as damage to the landscape structure and the decline in the overall quality of the ecosystem. ③ Mine ecological restoration
should be based on a precise investigation of the environmental background of the mine,and adhere to classified policies and
systematic promotion:for abandoned mines without an owner that are supported by the government,measures such as improving
the maturity of project applications,establishing a central project reserve library,establishing a project supervision ledger system,
and exploring a mechanism of building first and then compensating should be taken to optimize the management of central
fiscal transfer payment projects and improve the efficiency of fiscal fund use. For mines with an owner,measures such as improving
mining land policies,strengthening the supervision of ecological restoration in production mines,and improving technical
standards for mine ecological restoration should be taken to improve the system and supervision mechanism of " restoration
while mining". In terms of establishing incentive mechanisms and innovative models,measures such as establishing a linkage
incentive mechanism between land use management and ecological restoration,exploring a development model for improving the
carbon sequestration capacity of forests and grasslands,and exploring a development model of "ecological restoration + industry"
should be taken to optimize the territorial space pattern through ecological restoration and promote industrial structure adjustment
and sustainable development.


Treatment Effect of PEM Electrolysis Technology on Metal(loid)s in Acid Mine Drainage

LI Danni, MAO Qiming, WEI Jianhong, GUO Jing, BU Xinyuan, ZHANG Yanxie, LUO Lin

2026, 55(3):  226-238. 

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Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) generated from mining activities is strongly acidic,containing high concentrations
of Fe²⁺ along with metal(loid) pollutants. To efficiently treat AMD,a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis system
was developed. Under the optimal process parameters (iridium titanium mesh anode,platinum plate cathode,15 g/ L SO^2-
4 ,60mA),this system reduced the metal(loid) concentrations in AMD with a pH of 2. 5~3. 5,an initial Fe²⁺ concentration of 200
~800 mg/ L,and containing 50 mg/ L of Fe³⁺ ,Mn²⁺ ,Cr³⁺ ,Cu²⁺ ,Zn²⁺ or As⁵⁺ to meet the drinking water standards within 290
min. The removal efficiency of Fe in AMD by PEM electrolysis technology was positively correlated with the initial pH (2. 5~
4. 5) and negatively correlated with the initial Fe²⁺ concentration (200 ~ 800 mg/ L). 50 mg/ L of Fe³⁺ ,Cu²⁺ ,and Zn²⁺ in
wastewater inhibited the removal of Fe,while Mn²⁺ and Cr³⁺ promoted it. As⁵⁺ showed no significant effect. Products characterization
showed that during the initial stage,part of the Fe²⁺ in the wastewater was oxidized by dissolved oxygen to (hydro) ferric
oxide,while another portion hydrolyzed to form (hydrogen) ferrous hydroxide. In the final stage,these intermediates dissolved
and recrystallized into Fe₃O₄;Fe³⁺ ,Mn²⁺ ,Cr³⁺ ,Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ co-precipitated with Fe²⁺ as mixed metal oxides;As⁵⁺ was
adsorbed onto the iron minerals formed.


Leaching Research of Arsenic Removal from A Tin Tailings Enhanced by Ball Milling

SHAO Zeming, LIU Shaogang, SU Yiping, ZHONG Lianyun,

2026, 55(3):  239-247. 

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To facilitate the resource utilization and safe disposal of arsenic-bearing solid waste,this study investigates the
removal of arsenic from tin tailings using a synergistic process combining ball milling and hydrometallurgy. A thermodynamic equilibrium analysis was conducted on the SiO₂-As₂S₃-CaCO₃-FeS₂-H⁺ / OH^- -H₂O system to elucidate the leaching mechanism
and dissolution equilibrium of arsenic. The effects of key process parameters,including material-to-ball ratio,material-to-water ratio,milling time,and pH value,on arsenic leaching efficiency were systematically examined,and the experimental conditions were optimized. The results show that decreasing the material-to-ball ratio and material-to-water ratio,as well as extending the milling time,enhance arsenic leaching. pH value significantly influences arsenic dissolution behavior,with the leaching rate reaching 84. 6% under strong alkaline conditions (pH=11. 0). Phase and microstructural analyses reveal that ball milling introduces structural defects on particle surfaces,reducing the average particle size and increasing the specific surface area of the tailings,thereby significantly promoting interfacial mass transfer and arsenic leaching. This study provides a technically feasible and readily industrializable approach for the green separation of arsenic from typical arsenic-bearing tin tailings.


Study on Acidification Control and Heavy Metal Passivation by Remediation Materials in Copper Mine Waste#br#

XU Huibiao, GUO Shihong, LIU Linghua, YANG Hongxiang, CHEN Yuanfeng, WANG Xinyi, LIN Shiyue, LIN Qi,

2026, 55(3):  248-257. 

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The risk of acidic wastewater and heavy metal contamination from the storage of copper sulfide tailings poses a significant challenge for mining operations. This study selected four remediation materials,shell-based CaCO₃,expanded  vermiculite,zeolite,and biochar,to systematically evaluate their effects on leachate pH regulation and the transformation and mobility of heavy metals (Cr,Cu,Pb,Ni,Cd) under simulated field conditions using laboratory column leaching experiments. The aim was to provide a scientific basis and technical options for mitigating contamination from tailings storage. The results showed that:① All four materials increased the pH of the leachate and soil to varying degrees. Shell-based CaCO3 acted most rapidly and stably,raising soil pH to around 8. 0;Biochar and expanded vermiculite exhibited a slow-release effect,while zeolite had a relatively weaker impact. The optimal application rates (by dry soil weight) for improving soil pH were 15%,15%,10%,and 10%,respectively. ② Compared with the control group (CK),biochar significantly enhanced the immobilization of Cr,Cu,Pb,and Ni,with the total fixed amounts increasing by up to 338. 5%,106. 6%,34. 8%,and 271. 1%,respectively,as the application rate increased. The application of 10% shell-based CaCO3 increased the fixation of Cu and Pb by 30. 5% and 130. 9%,respectively,while 10% zeolite increased Pb fixation by 50. 1%. ③ BCR sequential extraction results indicated that all treatments material reduced the proportions of the acid-soluble and reducible fractions while increasing the residual fraction. Shellbased CaCO₃ and biochar were the most effective in enhancing the binding intensity (I_R) of heavy metals and reducing their migration factor (M_f). Correlation analysis further confirmed that soil pH was positively correlated with the contents and residual fraction of Cd and Pb,and negatively correlated with the acid-soluble fraction of Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,and Ni,indicating that increasing pH is a key mechanism promoting heavy metal stabilization and reducing mobility. In conclusion,all four materials enhanced the adsorption and immobilization of heavy metals in copper sulfide tailings by elevating soil pH,thereby significantly reducing their mobility and bioavailability. Shell-based CaCO3 and biochar demonstrate strong potential for ecological remediation of tailings storage sites and are recommended as core materials for engineering applications and further development.



Large-scale Monitoring and Analysis of the Deformation of Tailings Pond Dam in Liaoning Province Based on DS-InSAR

ZHANG Haolei, ZHANG Ziyan, YAN Shiyong,

2026, 55(3):  258-266. 

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The large-scale monitoring of tailings pond dam deformation is usually limited by low spatial and temporal
sampling rate,high cost and poor accuracy of hidden danger identification. Taking the concentrated areas of tailings ponds in
Anshan City,Liaoyang City and Benxi City in Liaoning Province as case study,a method is proposed for the long-term deformation monitoring and analyzing of tailings ponds in a wide region based on DS-InSAR technique,which is benefitted from advantages of distributed scatterers identification and improved maximum-likelihood-estimator of interferometric phase. The spatial and temporal distribution of the deformation on the tailings pond dams in the study area from January 2020 to October 2021 were obtained using 55 Sentinel-1A images. The result indicates that the DS-InSAR technique could effectively identify 25 out of 30 tailings pond dams in the study area,which is significantly higher than that of SBAS-InSAR technique. The maximum deformation rate on the tailings dams can reach -144 mm/ a. Additionally,there is a great acceleration in deformation rate of the dam surface after precipitation,which shows a significant correlation between them. Moreover,the number of reliable monitoring points of DS-InSAR is more than four times that of SBAS-InSAR,and there is a large consistency between the deformation rates respectively estimated from different techniques on the same points. Thus the proposed approach could provide data and technical support for both the general survey and stability analysis of tailings pond in large area.


Subsidence Monitoring of Mining Area by Integrating SBAS-InSAR and PO-SBAS Technique

LIU Jiang, 　XU Jiaxing, 　GAO Jingfeng, 　WANG Zhe,

2026, 55(3):  267-274. 

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Aiming at the problems of wide subsidence range and large deformation gradient in mining area,and the traditional
InSAR technology fails to extract the land surface settlement information in large deformation gradient area completely
and accurately due to the incoherence of image. This paper took the 8303 mining face of a mine in Jining City,Shandong Province
as an example,and proposed the integrating application of SBAS-InSAR and PO-SBAS techniques for subsidence monitoring,
on the basis of GACOS data assisted InSAR solution. Using the method of deformation information fusion,the paper determined
the reliable boundaries of SBAS-InSAR and PO-SBAS monitoring results through measured data and achieved the fusion
of SBAS-InSAR and PO-SBAS monitoring results through the principle of prior error weighting and the probability integral forecast
model,and analyzed the precision of the subsidence monitoring. The results show that GACOS atmospheric correction can
effectively reduce the impact of atmospheric delay,and in the case of small deformation gradient,the SBAS-InSAR monitoring
results after atmospheric correction are more reliable than conventional SBAS-InSAR. Compared with the level observation data,
the monitoring results obtained by integrating SBAS-InSAR and PO-SBAS technologies are largely consistent with the actual
subsidence trend,and the monitoring accuracy is superior to using either SBAS-InSAR or PO-SBAS technology alone. It indicates
that the integrating SBAS-InSAR and PO-SBAS monitoring is an effective method for obtaining complete subsidence information,
which can provide technical support for mining subsidence monitoring.


Denoising Algorithm for Remote Sensing Images in Mining Area Based on Wavelet Domain Fractional-Order Differentiation

YANG Yunfan, YAN Chao, SUN Zongjian, LI Yingfang

2026, 55(3):  275-281. 

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In the process of obtaining remote sensing images of mining areas,mixed noise (including additive Gaussian
white noise and multiplicative speckle noise) is widespread,seriously affecting the image quality and subsequent interpretation
and analysis. A denoising algorithm for remote sensing images of mining areas based on fractional differential in the wavelet domain
is proposed,aiming to effectively suppress mixed noise while preserving the edges and details of the image. The algorithm
first performs wavelet transform on the remote sensing image,decomposing it into low-frequency and high-frequency components,
where noise is mainly concentrated in the high-frequency components. A fractional differential operator with anisotropic
diffusion characteristics is applied to the high-frequency components,and by optimizing the fractional order parameters,the edges
and textures of the image are adaptively protected. The non-local means filtering algorithm is then used to further optimize
the high-frequency components processed by fractional differential,effectively suppressing the cumulative effect of noise during
the iterative process. The processed high-frequency components and the original low-frequency components are subjected to inverse
wavelet transform and reconstruction to obtain the denoised image. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm
can effectively balance noise reduction and detail preservation while maintaining the edges and details of remote sensing images,
outperforming algorithms such as mean filtering,median filtering and non-local means filtering.


Study on the Impact of Light-Burning Process Parameters on the Activity of Magnesium Oxide Prepared from Bischofite in Salt Lakes

LUO Xianping, 　LI Xinyang, 　TANG Xuekun, 　YANG Youwei, 　WENG Cunjian

2026, 55(3):  282-289. 

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The massive accumulation of bischofite produced after extracting potassium and soduim from salt lake has become
a key constraint on the development of salt lakes. In this study,light-burned magnesium oxide (MgO) was prepared via a
two-step method using bischofite from salt lake brine as the raw material. The effects of light-burning process parameters on the
activity of the prepared light-burned MgO were systematically investigated. The results showed that the magnesium hydroxide
(Mg(OH)2) prepared with calcium oxide and ammonium chloride as precipitants had high purity (99. 17%) and a dense,
regular structure,making it suitable as a precursor for MgO preparation. At a fixed temperature,prolonging the light-burning
time promoted crystal perfection and reduced lattice defects,while leading to a decrease in grain size and structural densification.
Light-burning temperature was identified as the primary factor affecting MgO activity,with the highest activity achieved at
500 ℃. MgO activity exhibited a negative correlation with grain size;Excessively low or high temperatures resulted in reduced
activity due to poor grain growth. The activity of MgO decreased moderately when the grain size ranged from 50 nm to 70 nm,
but declined sharply when the grain size increased from 70 nm to 100 nm. The MgO prepared using the Mg(OH)2 precursor
(with calcium oxide and ammonium chloride as precipitants) under the conditions of 500 ℃ and a calcination time of 2 hours
showed excellent activity,with a citric acid activity (CAA) value of 95 seconds. This study provides reference process parameters
for the preparation of activated MgO from bischofite and holds great significance for the utilization of waste magnesium resources in salt lakes.

Study on the Properties and Hydration Mechanism of Phosphogypsum-Based Green Mine Filling Materials

LU Bo, WU Zhonghu, LIU Jinyuan, WANG Yao, ZHANG Ronghua, AN Jingyu

2026, 55(3):  290-298. 

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In response to the frequent geological hazards occurring in goaf areas left after mineral extraction and the demand
for waste resource processing green filling materials,this study develops a phosphogypsum-based solid waste mine filling
material for goaf filling. The proposed material is intended to replace conventional cement-based binders,providing both economic
efficiency and environmental sustainability. Phosphogypsum (PG) was employed as both the cementitious binder and aggregate,
together with red mud,ground granulated blast-furnace slag,and carbide slag (CS),to develop a multi-source solid
waste synergistic system for the preparation of phosphogypsum-based solid waste mine filling material (PMFM). The workability,
mechanical strength,and environmental safety were systematically evaluated through tests on flowability,setting time,compressive
strength,leaching toxicity,and microstructure. The results show that when the PG content is 70% and the CS content is
2%,the 28-day compressive strength reaches 3. 94 MPa,and the concentrations of heavy metals in leachate are below the Class
Ⅱ groundwater standard,meeting the requirements for engineering filling. The main hydration products are C-(A)-S-H gels
and ettringite,which significantly improve the material′s compactness and solidification performance. This system enables the
resourceful utilization of multiple industrial solid wastes,providing both theoretical guidance and practical support for the development
of green mining.


Experimental Study on Preparation of Frost Resistant Unfired Bricks from Fine Material of Mechanism Sand#br#

XUE Lutao, 　LI Yubiao, 　LI Rui, 　YU Wenqiang,

2026, 55(3):  299-305. 

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To address the challenges associated with the disposal and low resource utilization rate of fine particles generated
from wet-process manufactured sand production,this study proposes thinking for preparing unfired bricks using manufactured
sand fine particles,aiming to achieve solid waste resource utilization and develop novel green building materials. Unfired
brick specimens were fabricated using manufactured sand fine particles and P. O 52. 5 Portland cement as primary raw materials
through hydraulic forming and standard curing processes. The influence of fine particle content on the physical and mechanical
properties of the bricks was systematically investigated. Microscopic analysis techniques,including XRD and SEM,were
employed to elucidate the performance enhancement mechanism. Furthermore,the effect of Fe2O3 content on frost resistance
was evaluated through freeze-thaw cycle tests. The results indicate that the optimal comprehensive performance is achieved at a
fine particle content of 50%. The unfired bricks exhibit a 28 d compressive strength of 23. 98 MPa,a density of 2 238. 06
kg/ m3,a water absorption rate of 3. 67%,and a softening coefficient of 97. 10%. All performance indicators meet the requirements
of the MU20 grade specified in the Non-sintered waste tailings brick (JC/ T 422—2024) standard. Microscopic analysis
reveals that at this optimal mix ratio,hydration products form a dense C-S-H gel network,effectively encapsulating the fine
particles and creating a rigid skeleton. Freeze-thaw cycle tests demonstrate that the frost resistance of the unfired bricks improves
significantly with increasing Fe2O3 content. This study confirms the technical feasibility of preparing frost resistant unfired
bricks with a high content of manufactured sand fine particles,providing a scientific basis for solid waste resource utilization
in the aggregate industry.


Research on Preparation and Properties of Composite Solid Waste-Based Non-Sintered Ceramsite Enhanced by Micro-Nano Bubble Water

ZHENG Xiongzehao, HUANG Yongbing, ZHANG Ye, HUANG Muyang, XIE Yifei, SHAN Hengyu, YANG Siyuan, BAO Shenxu,

2026, 55(3):  306-315. 

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Rainwater sludge and engineering slag soil are typical solid wastes generated from urban stormwater drainage
systems and construction engineering projects. Their stockpiling occupies substantial land resources,damages surface vegetation,
and disrupts ecological balance. This study focused on preparing non-sintered ceramsite using rainwater sludge and engineering
slag soil as primary raw materials,expanded perlite as an auxiliary material,and fly ash as an additive. The effects of
the fly ash contents,sodium hydroxide addition,water glass addition,and micro-nano bubble water (MNBW) addition on the
properties of the ceramsite were investigated. The results indicate that the optimal formulation for preparing non-sintered ceramsite
is fly ash mass contents of 33. 3%,with sodium hydroxide addition of 2. 8%,water glass addition of 38. 9% and MNBW addition
of 35 mL. The compressive strength of non-sintered ceramsite prepared under these condition is 6. 51 MPa,the 1 h water
absorption is 8. 40%,the bulk density is 852. 76 kg/ m3,and the apparent density is 1 570. 57 kg/ m3. BET and SEM analysis
revealed that the addition of MNBW resulted in an increase in the proportion of micropore area within the BET specific surface
area of ceramsite from 36. 8% to 78. 4%,accompanied by a reduction in the average pore diameter from 14. 028 1 nm to
10. 612 8 nm. Moreover,such modifications facilitated the formation of a uniform and compact microstructure inside the ceramsites,
significantly diminishing the presence of large-diameter pores,which were transformed into numerous micropores. These
structural evolutions contributed to an enhancement in the compressive strength of the ceramsites while effectively reducing
their density. XRD analysis revealed that the alkali-activated reaction generated N-A-S-H gel,which contributed to improving
the overall physical properties of the ceramsite. This research provides theoretical support for the resource utilization of solid
wastes in the production of non-sintered ceramsite.

Study on the Effect of High Temperature Calcination on Pozzolanic Reactivity of Coal Gasification Slag

SUN Yixin, GU Xiaowei, CONG Chunxi, LIU Xiaowen, LI Tianmu, ZHANG Le

2026, 55(3):  316-320. 

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To address the issues of high residual carbon content and low reactivity of coal gasification slag,a high-temperature
calcination method was adopted to activate the slag,aiming to enhance its pozzolanic activity and explore its feasibility
for resource utilization in cement-based materials. The phase evolution of coal gasification slag under different calcination temperatures
was analyzed using X-ray diffraction. The calcined slag was then used to replace part of the Portland cement to prepare
composite cementitious materials. The mechanical properties and hydration products of the composites were tested to systematically
evaluate the effect of calcination temperature on the reactivity of the slag. High-temperature calcination effectively
removed the carbonaceous phases from the slag. However,excessively high temperatures induced recrystallization of amorphous
aluminosilicates,reducing reactivity. The slag calcined at 400 °C retained the most amorphous phases and exhibited the highest
pozzolanic activity. The composite cementitious material prepared with slag calcined at this temperature achieved a 28 d compressive
strength higher than that of pure cement mortar,with increased formation of ettringite in hydration products and a denser
microstructure. Coal gasification slag calcined at an appropriate temperature of 400 °C can be used as a high-quality mineral
admixture in cement-based materials,enabling efficient resource utilization.