Loading...
Welcome to Metal Mine! Today is Share:

Table of Content

    15 June 2020, Volume 49 Issue 06
    Previous Issue    Next Issue
    Genetic Characteristics Analysis of the Effect of Seawater on Mineral Flotation
    SONG Ning-Bo, SUN Chuan-Yao, YIN Wan-Zhong, Yao- Jin, YANG Bin, Liu- Xiao
    2020, 49(06):  2-8. 
    Asbtract ( 416 )   PDF (1834KB) ( 1101 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     A large amount of fresh water resources are consumed in mineral flotation. The use of seawater instead of freshwater for mineral flotation is an effective way to solve the shortage of fresh water resources. Seawater beneficiation is only used in arid coastal areas and the genetic characteristics of different mineral deposits in different regions are different. The effect of seawater on mineral flotation is closely related to the genetic characteristics of minerals. It is of great significance to study the relationship by using genetic mineral processing engineering. In this paper，the application status of seawater beneficiation at home and abroad is reviewed，and the effect of seawater on mineral flotation and the mechanism are introduced， including the effect of seawater on the water structure of mineral interface，the properties of mineral particles and bubbles， particle-particle interactions，bubble-particle attachment. The effect of seawater on mineral flotation is a complex process. Seawater can reduce the bubble size，enhance the foam stability and weaken the mud cover，so it has a beneficial effect on flotation of minerals. However，Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions hydrolyze in high alkalinity pulp to form hydrophilic hydroxyl complex or hydroxide precipitation and adhere to the mineral surface，resulting in the decrease of hydrophobicity on the mineral surface and inhibiting the flotation of some metal sulfide minerals. Therefore，it is very important to choose the appropriate flotation agents in order to reduce the adverse effect of seawater on flotation.
    Research Progress of Coarse Particle Flotation Technology and Equipment
    XIAO Yao- , Han-Hai-Sheng- , SUN Wei, HU Yue-Hua- , WEI Zhao- , TIAN Jia- , Peng- Jian-
    2020, 49(06):  9-23. 
    Asbtract ( 405 )   PDF (2500KB) ( 790 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    The particle size of minerals is one of the key factors affecting mineral flotation. Coarse particle flotation is not only of great significance to alleviate grinding pressure and save energy and reduce consumption, but also conducive to the resource utilization of tailings, providing a new solution for tailless or less tailed mines. Therefore, coarse particle flotation is of great significance for the construction of green mines. In this paper, the research progress of coarse particle flotation technology and equipment at home and abroad is reviewed from the perspective of particle surface characteristics and foam characteristics genes, combined with the idea of gene mineral processing engineering. The principles, advantages and disadvantages of mechanical stirring coarse particle flotation, coarse particle fluidized bed flotation and foam separation (SIF) flotation technology are summarized respectively. This paper mainly discusses the factors that affect the flotation process of coarse particles, and defines the key factors that affect the flotation of coarse particles. Conventional flotation technology is difficult to fundamentally improve the upper limit of ore separation. The combination of composite force field and flotation provides the possibility for the flotation of coarse particles and even super coarse particles, which will further promote the comprehensive recovery of minerals and the high consumption and comprehensive utilization of tailings resources.
    A Review on the Relationship between Surface Properties and Flotation of Zinc Oxide Ore
    LUO Li-Ping, XU Long-Hua- , WU Hou-Qin, Zhang-Xiang-Feng-
    2020, 49(06):  24-30. 
    Asbtract ( 418 )   PDF (1226KB) ( 684 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Zinc oxide ores have many characteristics such as complex structure，complex the concomitant mine and similar surface properties，which makes it difficult to separation from gangue mineral. In the flotation process of zinc oxide ore，it is the difficult to separate the valuable mineral，hemimorphite and smithsonite，from calcium-bearing minerals. Therefore，it can provide a theoretical basis for its efficient flotation separation that an in-depth analysis of the surface properties of hemimorphite，smithsonite and their calcium-bearing gangue minerals and the relationship between surface properties and flotation behavior. This paper systematically introduces the research status of hemimorphite，smithsonite and their calciumbearing gangue minerals in surface features. Factors including surface key fracture，wettability，surface energy，surface potential and surface solubility on floatability the zinc oxide ore are expounded. Among them，the surface key fracture determines the active site of the mineral exposed surface；surface wettability determines the natural hydrophobicity of minerals； in the process of flotation，the collector with charge opposite to the mineral surface can easily lead to flotation by physical adsorption；the metal ions dissolved on the surface of useful minerals will activate gangue minerals，resulting in difficult flotation separation. Finally，the future research direction of the surface characteristics of zinc oxide ores are prospected in this paper.
    Influence of Substituents Genetic Characteristics on Flotation Performance of Dodecyl Amine Cationic Collectors
    WANG Ben-Ying, Xu-Xin-Yang, Chen- Xi- , LIU Wen-Gang- , LIU Wen-Bao, Cui-Bao-Yu-
    2020, 49(06):  31-35. 
    Asbtract ( 326 )   PDF (1415KB) ( 692 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     In order to investigate the effect of substituent number and type on flotation performances of cationic collector，a series of C12 alkyl amines were selected to conduct flotation separation of quartz and hematite. Collecting abilities of cationic collectors was investigated by single mineral flotation. And also，their effect on selectivity of cationic collectors was studied by flotation separation of artificially mixed quartz and hematite. Flotation results indicated that，collecting abilities of cationic collector were decreased with methyl group introduction. Flotation recoveries of hematite and quartz were reduced with the increasing of methyl number. However，flotation selectivity of cationic collector could be increased due to sharply re duce of hematite flotation recovery. And separation efficiency for artificially mixed quartz and hematite was increased gradually. Introduce of hydroxyl and amino group can enhance the flotation of quartz and separation efficiency for artificially mixed minerals. Nevertheless，the increase for separation efficiency was not too obviously for flotation recovery of hematite was also enhanced with amino group introduction. Quantum chemistry calculation results indicated that，cross sectional area of polar group for cationic collectors was enhanced with methyl group introduction to enlarge the steric hindrance between cationic col? lectors and mineral surface. This results in the decrease of collecting abilities and increase of separation selectivity of cationic collector. Introduce of amino group can increase the total charge of polar group to strengthen the electrostatic attraction between cationic collector and mineral surface. And the hydrogen bond attraction between cationic collector and mineral surface was strengthened with the increase of sectional area of polar group for introduce of hydroxyl group. This results in the increase of collecting ability and flotation selectivity of cationic collectors. In future，getting and quantifying correlation parameters of these substituents，and then explicating the relationship between substituent parameters and flotation performance of cationic collectors would be benefit to establish a new design method for cationic collector.
    Comprehensive Utilization Technology Research of Eclogite Based on Mineralogical Genetic Characteristics of Raw Ore
    HUANG Jun-Wei, WANG Shou-Jing, WU Hui-Jun- , Li-Hong-Chao, LIU Lei, Lei-Qing-Yu, ZHAO Heng-Qin
    2020, 49(06):  36-41. 
    Asbtract ( 263 )   PDF (3346KB) ( 733 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     In order to realize the efficient and comprehensive recovery of various useful minerals in eclogite ore with dif ferent mineralogy genetic characteristics，determine the beneficiation process and separation index，the process mineralogy and beneficiation tests had been studied for the eclogite mines from Donghai in Jiangsu province，Rizhao in Shandong prov ince，and Wulan in Qinghai province. The eclogite in the three places could be divided into three types: high phosphorushigh sulfur-high titanium-coarse grained eclogite deposit（Donghai），low phosphorus-high sulfur-low titanium-coarse grained eclogite deposit（Rizhao），high phosphorus-low sulfur-low titanium-fine grained eclogite deposit（Wulan）. The difficulty of en richment of rutile concentrate was determined by the content of TiO2 in the form of rutile in the raw ore；the process（reverse flotation，electrostatic separation or acid leaching）of rutile impurity removal was determined by the content of impurity phos phorus and sulfur；whether to take the classification and separation process and whether to obtain the coarse-grained concentrate products were determined by the particle size of the main useful minerals. The purity of rutile single mineral and its dissemination relationship with other minerals were the main factors affecting the difficulty of rutile dressing；the primary particle size of garnet and omphacite and the internal fragmentation of minerals were the key factors to affecting whether to obtain coarse-grain garnet and omphacite concentrate；the content and occurrence state of sulfur and phosphorus impurities were the decisive factors affecting the rutile removal process.
    Study on the Relationship between Floatability and Genetic Characteristics of Crystal Chemistry of Copper Minerals
    SUN Qian-Yu, YIN Wan-Zhong, SONG Zhen-Guo
    2020, 49(06):  42-47. 
    Asbtract ( 398 )   PDF (2008KB) ( 658 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     In order to realize the systematic engineering construction of gene mineral processing，the relationship between gene characteristics and flotation of copper ore was investigated，this paper takes the representative copper minerals chalcopyrite，bornite，malachite，chalcopyrite and chalcopyrite as the research object，and summarizes the gene characteristics of copper bearing minerals through XPS，solubility test，zeta potential，contact angle test analysis and MS calculation. The floatability of several copper minerals has been studied under natural condition. The natural floatability of copper minerals was obtained by flotation test as follows: bornite>chalcopyrite>>cuprite>malachite>azurite；In sodium ethyl xanthate （NaEX），sodium butyl xanthate（NaBX），isoamyl xanthate（NaIAX）and ammonium butyl aerofloat flotation of chalcopyrite，bornite has good flotability，with malachite and azurite and flotability of cuprite is poorer，general rule is: bornite>chalcopyrite>azurite≈malachite>cuprite.  The results show that the natural floatability of copper minerals is related to the genetic characteristics of fracture surface，fracture bond density and fracture bond，and the floatability of copper minerals is related to the genetic characteristics of band gap width and surface S element content under the flotation reagent of NaEX，NaBX，NaIAX and ammonium butyrate.
    Quantum Chemistry Calculation and Molecular Dynamics Simulation on the Crystal Chemistry Gene Characteristics of Fluorite
    SHI Xin-Zhang, Cao- Zhao, ZHANG Jin-Shan, WANG Jie-Liang, CAO Yong-Dan, DONG Hong-Juan-
    2020, 49(06):  48-55. 
    Asbtract ( 403 )   PDF (6574KB) ( 686 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Through DFT quantum chemistry calculation and molecular dynamics（MD）simulation，the mineral genomic characteristics of fluorite such as crystal chemistry，the interaction configuration and energy of different crystal surfaces with the collector sodium oleate（NaOL）were studied. The adsorption mechanism of NaOL on different fluorite crystal planes was clarified. The results show that the four common exposed crystal faces of fluorite are（111），（110），（311）and（100）， among which（111）has the smallest surface energy and is the most stable cleavage surface of fluorite；there are 100% Ca-F broken bonds on the（111）and（100）planes of fluorite，and NaOL preferentially bonds on its surface with the most stable configuration of binuclear double coordination，forming stable adsorption；the（110）and（311）planes of fluorite contain 50% and 17% F-Ca broken bonds，respectively. Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with F atoms and cause the surfaces to become hydrophilic，so these planes have lower bonding effect with NaOL. Oleic acid anions have the highest interaction energy with（111）plane and the lowest interaction energy with（110）plane，therefore the floatability of fluorite could be adjusted by selective breakage of crystal surfaces.
    Research on Anisotropy of Chlorite and Its Relationship with Floatability
    LI Ming-Yang- , Lian- De, Li- Hao, CHEN Wang-Xing, Hu-Yi-Ming- , GAO Xiang-Peng- , TONG Xiong
    2020, 49(06):  56-61. 
    Asbtract ( 460 )   PDF (6574KB) ( 771 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    The relationship between the anisotropy of chlorite and its floatability was studied via X-ray diffraction （XRD）analysis，single mineral flotation，adsorption law of collector，and molecular dynamics simulation for three size fraction of chlorite（-37 μm，37~44 μm，44~74 μm）. The XRD analysis results indicated that the content of parallel cleavage plane increased continuously with the size fraction decrease，and interlamellar cleavage plane liberated preferentially. The flotation results demonstrated that the floatability order was medium size fraction（37-44 μm）>fine size fraction（-37 μm）> coarse size fraction（44-74 μm）. The adsorption law of dodecylamine and molecular dynamics simulation results confirmed that the adsorption density of dodecylamine on chlorite surface decreased with the decrease of size fraction，while the adsorption amount increased with the decrease of size fraction，and dodecylamine mostly adsorbed on chlorite（001）surface along the normal direction. Compared with（001）surface of chlorite，there are massive positive metal ions on（100）surface， which weaken the electrostatic adsorption effect of dodecylamine on（100）surface，resulting in the lower adsorption target degree of dodecylamine on chlorite（100）surface（ineffective adsorption）and the higher adsorption strength of dodecylamine on（001）surface than that of（100）surface. Chlorite shows anisotropy obviously and the increase of（001）surface content is favorable for chlorite flotation. Increasing the dissociation of interlayer efficiency via selective grinding is the key point of improving the effect of chlorite flotation. 
    Study on the Relationship between Flotability and Crystals and Surfaces Genetic Properties of Cervantite
    WANG Jin-Ming, DONG Fa-Qin, WANG Yu-Hua, WANG Zhao-Jia, Yang-Fei-Hua, DU Ming-Xia, Fu-Kai-Bin-
    2020, 49(06):  62-67. 
    Asbtract ( 312 )   PDF (2054KB) ( 702 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    First-principles theory are used to calculate the structural properties of the cervantite unite cell，the（001） surface and the adsorption of water molecules on the surface. The surface properties of the cervantite are analyzed by XPS and Zeta potential，and the relationship between the crystal structure，surface properties and flotability of cervantite are discussed. The results show that the activity of oxygen on the surface of cervantite is strong，while the activity of antimony is weak. Water molecules are strongly adsorbed on the surface of cervantite，resulting in the anion collector adsorbed on the surface of cervantite difficult，and it needs to be activated by metal ions. Cervantite is negatively charged in the range of pH> 2.4，thus cationic collector is easily adsorbed on the surface of cervantite through electrostatic action. In the single mineral flotation test，the activated cervantite by copper ion can be well collected by sodium oleate and the negative charged cervantite can also be well collected by dodecylamine ion. The genetic property of mineral surfaces have a good correspondence with mineral floatability.
    The First Principle Calculation of Spodumene Electronic Structure and Surface Chemistry Features of Spodumene（110）Surface
    XIE Rui-Qi- , ZHU Yi-Min- , LIU Jie- , Li-Yan-Jun
    2020, 49(06):  68-74. 
    Asbtract ( 468 )   PDF (2601KB) ( 645 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     The CASTEP module of Material Studio software was used to analyze the population，band structure and density of state of spodumene. The results showed that spodumene was an insulator. The most likely positive active site was Al，and the most possible negative active site was O. The relaxation，population，density of state and electron density difference of the optimized spodumene（110）surface were analyzed. The results showed that the surface energy of the surface was 0.342 9 J/m2，and the atoms on it was relaxed most obviously in the Y-axis direction，followed by the X-axis direction，and the Z-axis direction was relatively weak. The population analysis of the spodumene surface showed that the surface atomic valence electron configuration，population and bond length of the optimized spodumene（110）surface were changed. The results of density of state analysis indicated that the six O on the spodumene（110）surface showed different activities. The density of state of spodumene（110）surface near Fermi energy level was mainly attributed to p orbit of O，and the contribution of different O was in an order of O1> O2 >O3 ≈O6 >O5 >O4. Therefore，O1 is the most active atom on the surface of spodumene，followed by O2. The electron density difference figure also revealed that electron deficiency sites and multi-electron sites on the spodumene surface were alternative. However，the degree of gain and loss of electrons was different. Thus，the atoms showed different chemical activities. Based on the gene of spodumene，it could predict that the collectors contain —COOH，—CONHOH or —OSO2H groups，which could react with Al sites on spodumene surface，could be adsorbed on spodumene surface. However，the collecting capacity might be weak. It could also predict that the cationic collectors like amine and metal ions like Ca2+ could be adsorbed on spodumene surface. The amine collectors might show good flotation behavior. The metal ions might show high activation ability.
    Minerals Genetic Properties and Their Floatability of Spodumene and Potassium Feldspar
    YU Fu-Shun- , YAN Ping-Ke, Jiang- Man, Wang-Jian-Lei, Li- Jun, AN Feng-Wen
    2020, 49(06):  75-80. 
    Asbtract ( 552 )   PDF (2531KB) ( 644 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    The crystal structure and surface properties of spodumene and potassium feldspar were studied by means of quantum chemical calculation，X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis，zeta potential measurement on mineral surfaces， single mineral flotation tests，etc. The relationship between minerals“Genetic Properties”and their floatability was investi? gated as well. The results show that the Li-O bond and Al-O bond in spodumene crystal structure are relatively easy to break，hence Li+，Al3+ metal ions tend to be liberated form the mineral surfaces，and the mineral has relatively high PZC， while the K-O bond and Si-O bond in potassium feldspar crystal structure are easy to break，the liberated mineral surfaces are easy to adsorb hydroxyl in water，which makes the surfaces have more negative charges，hence the PZC of feldspar is relatively low. The floatability of spodumene in anionic collection system is higher than that of feldspar，while the former is lower than the latter in cationic collection system. There exists a manifest relationship between the genetic properties of minerals and their floatability，which verifies that the research of genetic mineral processing engineering is significance for guiding the practice of mineral processing.
    Crystal Chemical Genes Characteristics of Albite and Prediction of Its Floatability
    WANG Yan- , ZHU Yi-Min, Xie-Rui-Qi- , Cheng-Zhou-Yue-Yang, Li-Yan-Jun-
    2020, 49(06):  81-86. 
    Asbtract ( 299 )   PDF (2189KB) ( 633 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Based on the first principle of the density functional theory（DFT），the CASTEP module of Materials Studio was used to optimize the albite crystal cell. The parameters of optimization were set as that the exchange correlation functional was GGA-PBESOL，the Brillouin zone was sampled using Monkhorst and Pack special k points of a 2×2×4 grid，and the plane wave cut-off energy was 700 eV. Mulliken charge population showed that O atom was electron acceptor and the rest atoms were electron donors. Mulliken bond population indicated that Na-O bond was the easiest to break，Na+ would dissolve in water and made the surface of albite negatively charged，which was easy to be acted by cation collector. Energy band structure showed that albite was an insulator. Analysis of the density of states showed that the density of state near Fermi energy level was mainly attributed to 2p orbit of O，so the activity of the O atom was strong when it participated in the chemical reac? tion and it was the active site of mineral flotation. The albite（010 ）surface was selected to studied，and the atomic layers were 3 and the thickness of the vacuum layer was 1.5 nm，there were obvious differences of Mulliken bond population between surface system and bulk system，and the surface energy was calculated to be 1.309 7 J/m2. The results can provide the? oretical reference for flotation separation of spodumene from albite from the crystal chemical characteristics.
    First-principles Calculation of Fluorapatite Crystals and Surface Genes
    ZHU Yi-Min- , ZHANG Yang-Yang- , 南 Nan- , Xie-Rui-Qi- , Liu- Jie-
    2020, 49(06):  87-93. 
    Asbtract ( 366 )   PDF (2918KB) ( 711 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    CASTEP module based on the density functional theory（DFT） is used to optimize the structure of fluorapatite unite cell and obtained the band structure，density of states， and Mulliken population. Then 3 different fluorapatite （001）cleavage surfaces，the Ca1，Ca1-Ca1，PO4 termination，were established and optimized，and their surface energy were calculated respectively. The results show that fluorapatite is an insulator with a band gap of 5.657 eV，and its band is mainly distributed between -38.5 eV to -15.1 eV. O3-Ca1 bond has the smallest population value and is most easily broken of all bonds in the fluorapatite bulk. O3 contributes most near Fermi level，easy to participate in physical and chemical reactions as active site. The results also show that the Ca1 terminal surface have the lowest surface energy，become the most stable surface. Moreover，electron density difference plot of the optimum（001）surface shows that compared with O3-Ca1， O3-Ca2 shares more electrons，has stronger interactions，and are more difficult to break，which is consistent with the Mulliken population analysis result. The first-principles calculation results provide reference and guidance for the construction of a perfect genetic mineral processing database and the selection of a fluorapatite flotation process.
    Gene Properties of Barite（001）Surface Based on CASTEP Simulation
    LI Si-Yang, LIU Jie, Han-Yue-Xin, LI Yan-Jun
    2020, 49(06):  94-98. 
    Asbtract ( 502 )   PDF (2469KB) ( 680 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     In order to investigate the flotability law of barite，the surface chemical characteristics of barite crystal cell and surface（001）were characterized by CASTEP module in Materials Studio software. Firstly，the structure of the barite cell was optimized. Based on the comparison with the actual cell parameters of barite，it was determined that GGA-WC was selected for the exchange correlation functional，k point was 4×3×4 ，and suitable plane wave cut-off energy was 530 eV. Then，Surface（001）was created based on the optimized barite cell， its Mulliken charge population，and surface energy were calculated. Results showed that the length of Ba-O bond is longer and that of S-O bond in barite cells，so it is conclud? ed that the energy of Ba-O bond is larger and that of S-O bond and the breaking probability of Ba-O bond is higher. By analyzing the density of state and Mulliken charge of each atom on surface（001），the Ba2+，-O- ions can be determined as major chemically active sites on surface（001）. The study on the surface gene characteristics of barite crystal cells can provide reference for the study on the mechanism of flotation reagents and barite.
    Study on the Interaction Mechanism of Fluorapatite and Dodecyl Phosphate Based on CASTEP Simulation
    南 Nan, Zhu-Yi-Min, HAN Yue-Xin, LIU Jie, ZHANG Yang-Yang
    2020, 49(06):  99-103. 
    Asbtract ( 407 )   PDF (1583KB) ( 789 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    In order to investigate the effect of the molecular structure of dodecyl phosphate on the flotation performance of apatite，the molecular structure characteristics of dodecyl phosphate and its mechanism on the surface of apatite crystal were studied by means of quantum chemical simulation. Using CASTEP module of MS software，this paper firstly optimized the molecular structure of dodecyl phosphate in molecular state and ionic state，and obtained the net charge，Mulliken charge distribution，dipole moment and the composition and energy of HOMO of dodecyl phosphate molecule and its anion. Then，the interaction model of dodecyl phosphate anion on the surface of fluorapatite was simulated to obtain the interaction distance and adsorption energy between dodecyl phosphate anion and fluorapatite. The results show that compared with the dodecyl phosphate molecule，the dodecyl phosphate anion has stronger electron supply ability，van der Waals action ability and reaction activity. The results also indicate the adsorption energy between the dodecyl phosphate anion and the fluorapatite surface is negative，and the adsorption between the two can occur spontaneously and form chemical bonds，therefore， the dodecyl phosphate anion has the potential as a collector of fluorapatite. Finally，the simulation results are verified by single mineral flotation test: dodecyl phosphate can be used as flotation collector of fluorapatite.
    Effects of Ammonium Sulfate on Sulfidization Flotation of Azurite and the Gene Mechanism Analysis
    SHENG Qiu-Yue- , Yin-Wan-Zhong- , Ma-Ying-Qiang- , Tang- Yuan, Sun-Hao-Ran- , Yang- Bin-
    2020, 49(06):  104-109. 
    Asbtract ( 333 )   PDF (2302KB) ( 688 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    As the important part of copper ore resources，improving development and utilization technologies of copper oxide minerals is of great significance for efficient and comprehensive recovery of copper resources. Azurite is important copper oxide mineral，while the floatability is poor，usually by sulfide flotation to recover it. The effects of ammonium sulfate on the sulfidization flotation of azurite has been investigated using monomineral flotation experiments. The activation mechanism of ammonium sulfate on azurite sulfidization flotation was studied by the analysis of the adsorption energy calculation of the reagents on the mineral surface，the changes of elements type and contents on mineral surfaces both before and after interaction with buthy xanthate. The results showed that the recovery of azurite was increased to 60.03% with the 200 mg/L ammonium sulfate from 44.15% of no ammonium sulfate. After the addition of ammonium sulfate，the relative contents of copper and sulfur on mineral surface were increased，and the relative contents of carbon and oxygen were reduced，the sulfidization and hydrophobicity of mineral surface were improved，facilitating the adsorption of butyl xanthate. The calculation results obtained from Material Studio indicted that the adsorption energy of HS-ions and C4H9OCSS-ions on azurite surface decreased after the adding of ammonium sulfate，the adsorption stability of butyl xanthate and sodium sulfide on the azurite surface was increased，which had an activation effect on the sulfidization flotation of azurite.
    Collecting Performance and Mechanism of Collector DXY-1 on Quartz Surface
    YANG Xue-Ying- , Zhu-Yi-Min- , LI Yan-Jun, XIE Rui-Qi- , CHENG Zhou-Yue-Yang-
    2020, 49(06):  110-113. 
    Asbtract ( 298 )   PDF (1510KB) ( 675 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    In order to study the collection performance and mechanism of the etheramine collector DXY-1 on quartz， first a single mineral flotation test was carried out，and then the Zeta potential before and after the adsorption of the agent and mineral was detected and simulated by MS software. The test results show that the collector DXY-1 has a good collection capacity for quartz at room temperature，and the flotation recovery rate is best at pH=10，which can reach 98.0%. The CASTEP module based on MS software calculated the adsorption energy of collector DXY-1 on the surface of quartz minerals，which is negative and lower than the adsorption energy of OH? on the quartz surface，indicating that adsorption can occur and compared with OH? The collector DXY-1 has a stronger adsorption effect on quartz. Combined with the Zeta potential detection before and after the adsorption of reagents and minerals and the calculation results of MS simulated population numbers，it is shown that the adsorption methods of collector DXY-1 and quartz (101) surface are electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen bonding adsorption.
    Study on Flotation Behavior and Kinetic Gene Characteristics of Malachite by Staged Sulfurization
    LI Jia, Ma-Ying-Qiang, Zhou-Pu-Yu, LI Rui, GUO Xin-Jie-
    2020, 49(06):  114-121. 
    Asbtract ( 326 )   PDF (2787KB) ( 649 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    In order to improve the sulfurized flotation effect of malachite, the behavior and kinetic gene characteristics of the staged sulfurized flotation of malachite were systematically studied, and the optimal number of sulfurized flotation sections of malachite was determined by flotation tests. The results show that the floatability of malachite is reduced with the increase of sulfurized time, and the flotation rate of malachite increases with appropriate amount of sodium sulfide, but the flotation rate decreases with the increase of time; when the dosage of sodium sulfide is 4 mg/L, the curing time is 1 min, and the dosage of butyl xanthate is 80 mg/L, the floatability of malachite is the best; the flotation effect of malachite can be improved by adding ammonium carbonate and when the dosage of ammonium carbonate is 50 mg/L, the activation effect of malachite is the best; the flotation rate of each section of malachite is related to the mass distribution ratio of flotation reagents; the total recovery of malachite increases with the increase of the number of sulfurized flotation sections properly; the optimal number of sulfurized flotation sections of malachite is three, and the proportion of flotation agent distribution in each stage is 4∶2∶2.
    Systematic Process Development and Production Practice of a Novel High Pressure Roller Dry Preconcentration for Anshan Type Magnetite Based on Mineral Gene
    DING Ya-Zhuo, DING Hai-Feng, YANG Hai-Peng
    2020, 49(06):  122-130. 
    Asbtract ( 357 )   PDF (4027KB) ( 660 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     The relationship between the main geological background and mineral genes of sedimentary metamorphic magnetite is studied. It is considered that the information of mineral composition，structure，mineral distribution characteristics and symbiosis relationship are the intrinsic expression of mineral genes；the mechanical properties，dissociation characteristics and sorting characteristics of ore are the extrinsic expression of mineral genes；and the interactive effects of various geological processes are the main reasons for the great difference in separation of different types of ore or even the same types of ore.Based on the MLA，a super-poor superfine magnetite in Benxi was studied. The relationship between the pre-deposition and post-metamorphism in the formation of this type of sedimentary metamorphic magnetite and the expression of mineral gene in this ore was explained. In view of the mineral genetic characteristics of the ore，a new technology and equip? ment with dissociating controlled grinding by HPGR and precised separation were designed. Compared with the traditional HPGR-wet screening process，the sorting index has obvious advantages. After the new system equipment in 10 million t/a of new projects was successfully up to the standard，achieved considerable economic benefits. Based on mineral genetic characteristics the HPGR dry systematic solution of dissociation control and separation is of great value for the large-scale and low-cost development and utilization of other Anshan sedimentary metamorphic magnetite，and provides a strong technical support for the rational development and utilization of low-grade refractory iron ore resources in China′s iron and steel industry to ensure the domestic supply of iron ore.
    Prediction of Flotation Reagents Consumption Based on Fusion Modeling
    GAO Peng- , Zhang-Ning-Yu- , ZHANG Chen-Yi- , Wu- Jian-
    2020, 49(06):  131-135. 
    Asbtract ( 340 )   PDF (1632KB) ( 616 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Flotation is one of the commonly used technologies in beneficiation technology. In order to meet the requirements of beneficiation process indicators，it is necessary to add agents such as collectors，inhibitors，activators and pH adjusters.The consumption of chemicals affects the cost of beneficiation while affecting the flotation process indicators，therefore，forecasting daily，weekly，monthly and yearly consumption of pharmaceuticals and managing consumption of pharmaceuticals is an important research question. Based on the missing data filling technique，uses fusion modeling to establish a non-linear model with mixed effects on ore properties，flotation index and reagent consumption，and predict 7 d (1 week)，30 d (1 month)，365 d (1 year) consumption of flotation agent. The comparison between the prediction results and the production data shows that the model achieves short-term accurate prediction of the flotation agent dosage in the concentrator. The actual data show that the method has guiding significance for production practice.
    Study on Hydration Swelling Characteristics and Mechanism of Li，Na and K-based Montmorillonite
    LI Jian-Bo, DONG Xian-Shu, LI Hong-Liang, FAN Yu-Ping, MA Xiao-Min
    2020, 49(06):  136-141. 
    Asbtract ( 322 )   PDF (2037KB) ( 714 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     In order to study the influence of the genetic characteristics of Li，Na，K-based montmorillonite on the hydration swelling characteristics，using the lithium chloride，sodium chloride，potassium chloride type of centrifugal purification after Wyoming sodium montmorillonite modification processing，preparation of Li，Na，K montmorillonite samples，and the hydration swelling test，after using ICP，FTIR，XRD，NMR methods to analyze the Li，Na，K element content of montmorillonite，the type of functional groups，under the state of hydration swelling，layer spacing changes and moisture state. Results show that Li based montmorillonite hydroxyl stretching vibration peak and hydroxy bending vibration peak strength higher than that of Na and K based montmorillonite，modification of montmorillonite hydration swelling capacity from strong to low order as: Li base＞Na base＞K base，Li，Na，K montmorillonite in the condition of hydration swelling are bound water and free water moisture，moisture content to include: Li base＞Na base＞K base，after hydration swelling，the layer spacing of Li base increased the most，while that of K base montmorillonite increased the least. This conclusion provides an important theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of internal water occurrence and comprehensive utilization of montmorillonite.
    Effect of Flaw Geometric Configurations on Mechanical Properties and Failure Modes of Cracked Sandstone
    TIAN Mao-Xiang, LEI Rui-De, Zhang- Liang, Chen-Xiao-Ping, WANG Feng-
    2020, 49(06):  142-149. 
    Asbtract ( 335 )   PDF (11898KB) ( 647 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Natural rock masses often contain discontinuities，such as pores，fissures，fractures and other defects. The existence of these defects can greatly degrade the mechanical strength of rock. In order to study the effects of different crack geometries on the mechanical properties，crack propagation and fracture evolution mechanisms of fractured sandstone，based on the test results of mechanical parameters of sandstone in laboratory，a series of simulation studies on the fissured samples were carried out by means of the particle flow parallel bonding model firstly. The results show that when the flaw inclination angle is constant，the peak stress and peak strain of sandstone decrease first and then increase with the increase of ligament angle. When the ligament angle is constant，the peak stress and peak strain increase with the increase of flaw inclination angle. The initial crack originates from the pre-existing crack tip and the cracking stress level is 0.68σc. The cumulative microcracks of sandstone increase exponentially with the increase of axial strain. The failure mode of the specimen mainly includes tensile failure，shear failure and tensile-shear mixture failure. The coalescence mode of the ligament mainly includes direct coalescence and indirect coalescence.
    Experimental Analysis of Particle Size and Density of Cover Layer Based on Central Composite Response Surface
    YANG He- , LU Zeng-Xiang, Zhang-Guo-Jian-
    2020, 49(06):  150-155. 
    Asbtract ( 348 )   PDF (2030KB) ( 620 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     The caved ores by non-pillar sublevel caving method have directly contact with the overburden rock，which makes the ore loss and dilution. The cover layer is extremely important for ensuring the normal operation of the underground. The unreasonable formation of cover layer will increase the loss of ore. According to the grain size and density of the cover rocks，the experiment is carried out based on the central composite design，and the second-order response prediction model for the influence of grain size and density on the rock mixing rate is established. The experimental results are analyzed by variance analysis and significance test. The test results show that the significance of the prediction model is high，and the experimental value fit well with the prediction value. The influence of the interaction both particle size and density on the mixing rate was analyzed by drawing the three-dimensional response surface. The experimental results showed that the influence of size and density of the cover layer rocks on the rock mixing rate was nonlinear. When the density of rock particles ranged from（3.05~3.46）×103 kg/m3，increasing the size of rock particles would help to reduce rock mixing.
    Research on Deep Ground Pressure Control Technology and Stope Optimization Support
    ZHANG Rui-Ming- , Wei-Ding-Yi- , DU Cui-Feng, XU Hai-Yue, Chang-Bao-Meng- , WANG Yuan
    2020, 49(06):  156-160. 
    Asbtract ( 366 )   PDF (1877KB) ( 749 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     In order to control the deep ground pressure reasonably and effectively，a certain mine is selected as the research object，and the existing main support methods are investigated on site to establish a classification support model and a roadway classification support design. The results show that U-shaped steel arch frames，sprayed concrete，anchor nets and bolts are the main support methods at present. The required bolt per unit area of the mining area with average or better stability is 0.67 pieces/m2，and the bolt mesh size could be adjusted to 1.5~2.0 m×1.5~2.0 m. If the surrounding rock is too broken，the bolt mesh should be constructed strictly according to the design. According to the engineering quality of the roadway ore and rock，and then combined with the roadway use time，exposed area and influence degree，the support level index value RQ is obtained. According to the RQ value，the roadway support is divided into 5 levels，and the support form and parameters of each stope are finally determined. This will provide a scientific basis for safe and efficient mining in the deep mining.
    Experimental Study on the Strength of Cemented Paste Backfill Proportion with Sulphide-rich and Ultra-fine Unclassified Tailings
    ZHANG Min-Jie- , ZHANG Jun-Ming
    2020, 49(06):  161-166. 
    Asbtract ( 379 )   PDF (1960KB) ( 681 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     In view of the tailings features with sulphur-rich and ultra fine particle from a certain lead and zinc mine, strength experiments of total-tailing backfill material proportion were carried out. It is indicated that the pyrite-rich tailing has an obvious impact on the strength of the filling body. During the hardening process of the filling body, it first causes the slow solidification of the filling body, which produces an upper limit value on the short-term strength, and then the expansive hydrate generated leads to the cracking of the filling body, resulting in deterioration of the later strength. Due to the superfine particles, the mass concentration of meeting the strength requirements needs to be higher under a reasonable cement-sand ratio. It is suggested that the slurry concentration should not be less than 76%, where high short-term and late strength can be obtained as the cement-sand ratio is 1∶8. There is a threshold value for the cement-sand ratio, which is considered to be the minimum value for generating sufficient hydration products, of not less than 1∶25. At a higher mass concentration, and with the increase of cement-sand ratio, the increase of long-term strength are more significant.
    Study on Optimization of Mining Sequence in Intensive Mining with Sublevel Open Stope and Subsequent Filling
    REN Wei-Dong, Fan-Yu-Qian-
    2020, 49(06):  167-171. 
    Asbtract ( 381 )   PDF (2598KB) ( 705 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     A mine is an old mine with complex hydrogeological conditions and many years of production. It is mined by open stope method. Many middle sections are produced at the same time. There are many stopes and low production efficiency. Sometimes there are problems such as stope caving，which seriously affect the safety production of the enterprise. In order to solve these problems，the enterprise adopts the sublevel open stope followed by filling mining method. Although the safety of stope mining is greatly improved，the mine adopts the multi sublevel production，which causes the interaction between the middle sections，low production efficiency and potential safety risks. In this paper，on the premise of sublevel open stope followed by filling mining method，and according to the Moore Coulomb failure，the numerical simulation software is used to make numerical simulation on different mining sequences of the stopes. The change of stress and displacement of stopes in different mining sequences is analyzed，so that the mining sequence suitable for the mine can be selected，which provides a basis for the mine to realize intensive and large-scale mining. It is of vital significance for the safe，efficient and economic mining of the mine，and also for the mining of similar mines. The reference basis is provided for the similar mines.
    The Caving Process and Influential Factors in the Stope of Thick and Large Fractured Ore Body
    LI Xiao-Bin- , Le-Zhi-Hua- , Fan- Shuo- , LI Xin-Cheng-
    2020, 49(06):  172-176. 
    Asbtract ( 298 )   PDF (2563KB) ( 641 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Ore rock caving in the natural caving method is a process of undercutting and unloading，ore-rock caving and even forming a balance arch. Its essence is to repeat the process continuously. The regularity of ore rock caving is affected by geological and engineering factors such as ground stress，stope structural parameters，physical and mechanical properties of ore rock. At present，most of the research is assumed to be two-dimensional model，focusing on the theoretical method or numerical simulation analysis of the caving process and the shape of the caving arch，less involving the research of the caving process in three-dimensional space. According to the main characteristic parameters of the ore rock caving process，a constitutive model is established to describe the mechanical characteristics of the process，and FLAC3D is used to realize the numerical simulation on the effects of the ore body occurrence depth，side pressure coefficient，bottom form and stope size parameters on the regularity of ore rock caving. The research conclusions are helpful to guide the field practice.
    GSM / GA-SVM Prediction Model for Forward and Backward Replacement of Blasted Pile
    HE Xiao-Hua-
    2020, 49(06):  177-183. 
    Asbtract ( 336 )   PDF (2265KB) ( 606 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    With the help of support vector machine model and considering the factors that affect the distance of forward replacement and backward replacement，the prediction model of support vector machine（SVM）for the forward and backward displacement of blasted pile was proposed. Combined with the engineering examples and blasting operation patterns， this experiment selects the hole depth，hole distance，resistance line distance，slope angle，over drilled length，charge quantity，stemming length of the first row of blasthole，as well as the hole depth，hole distance，row distance，over drilled length，charge quantity and stemming length of the second to eighth rows of blastholes as the influencing factors，and takes the forward and backward replacement distance of the blasting pile as the output variables. In addition，GSM（grid search method）and GA（genetic algorithm）are used to optimize and adjust the hyper-parameters of SVM prediction models. 40 groups of blasting examples collected from the field blasting operation are used to develop and evaluate the prediction model. The final prediction results show that there is a certain mapping relationship between the relevant parameters collected from the field and the blasting pile replacement，and the support vector machine prediction model of blasting displacement combined with heuristic algorithm can get higher prediction accuracy.
    Study on Test of the Static Blasting Parameters of Slope Rock Mass with Vertical Stratum
    ZHOU Yun-Tao- , SHI Sheng-Wei- , XIE Zhong-Sheng, Zhang- Yong, WANG Lin-Feng
    2020, 49(06):  184-190. 
    Asbtract ( 351 )   PDF (3081KB) ( 711 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     To explore the static blasting effect of the blasting parameters on vertical slope rocks，the static expansion pressure generated by static cracking agents are tested by using electrometric methods，and the static blasting test consider? ing resistance line，borehole spacing，horizontal pressure and borehole layout mode are designed. Test results show that，the expansion pressure generated by the static cracking agents increases exponentially with time under the radial constraint condition；Under the horizontal constraint condition，the greater the horizontal constraint，the greater the expansion pressure required for rock mass cracking；The residual horizontal tectonic stress of rock mass in the vertical stratum is the key parameter of the static blasting design；The crack connecting time increases nonlinearly with the borehole spacing and it is recommended that the design spacing for static blasting should be 2~2.5 times the diameter of the borehole. It is concluded that the blasting effect of triangular mode is obviously better than that of rectangular mode，and the static blasting process of excavating rock mass in slope with vertical stratum can be divided into four stages: micro-cracks developing in rock mass，crack propagation at the borehole edge，crack growth densely and rock mass fragmentation.
    Strata Movement Law and Strong Ground Behavior in Western Ordos Coalfield
    GAO Xue-Peng- , Yu-Feng-Hai- , Ren- Qiang- , ZHANG Chuang- , Zhang-Yuan-Zhi- , Luo-Bo-Yuan
    2020, 49(06):  191-197. 
    Asbtract ( 287 )   PDF (2801KB) ( 646 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    To understand the ground behavior is essential for surrounding rock control and dynamic disaster prevention，the evolution law and causes of strong ground behavior in wester Ordos Coalfield are researched through in-situ investigation in Hongqingliang Coal Mine. Then，the overlying strata structure of“soft main roof + conglomerate key strata”is established as well as the corresponding analytical calculation model. Based on the theory of gangue compression and deformation in goaf，the supporting load parameters of the lower collapsed rock mass to the conglomerate layer are determined and the expression of the fracture step distance of the conglomerate layer is derived. The results show that under impact by the movement of the overlying hard and thick gravel layer，the stoping range from 300 m to 340 m experiences the strong ground behavior in the mining face. Large area drainage of support and large area of coal wall spalling are the main forms of strong mine pressure，with the maximum spalling depth up to 1.5 m. The caved rock also supports the conglomerate strata，affecting the bending and sagging process. The evolution process of the conglomerate strata can be divided into three stages，i.e. untouching gangue stage，continuous deformation stage and conglomerate breaking stage. The theoretically calculated caving span of conglomerate strata is 306.9 m，and the field investigation is 320 m. The results can provide a reference for advanced support design and ground pressure control under weakly cemented strata condition.
    Efficiency Evaluation of Ecological Development of Phosphate Rock in Hubei Province and Its Classification Management
    DU Chun-Li, REN Xue-Ying, DU Zi-Jie-
    2020, 49(06):  198-203. 
    Asbtract ( 302 )   PDF (1723KB) ( 615 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Taking 13 cities for phosphate rock (PR) development in Hubei Province as the evaluation objects，DEA and Malmquist index models were used to evaluate and analyze the efficiency of PR ecological development from 2013 to 2017 to explore the green development path. The results suggest that the comprehensive efficiency of the PR ecological development in Hubei Province is not high，mainly due to low scale efficiency. From the analysis of the Malmquist index，relying on the technological progress of the industry，the total factor productivity has generally increased，but on the other hand，not only insufficient technological innovation in enterprises but also the low scale efficiency hinders the improvement of total factor productivity. Further research demonstrates that there are significant regional differences in the efficiency of PR ecological development among cities in Hubei Province. Based on the differences in the regional resource distribution and the economic and technological development，it is essential to insist on classification management and accurate policy，enhance the ability of PR resource recycling and mine ecological restoration，and further improve the efficiency of PR ecological development.
    Application of Limit Equilibrium and Numerical Method in Slope Engineering
    QIN Peng-Fei
    2020, 49(06):  204-209. 
    Asbtract ( 362 )   PDF (1712KB) ( 916 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Rigid limit equilibrium method and strength reduction numerical method play an important role in slope stability analysis，and many important research results have been obtained. In this paper，the theoretical basis and calculation process of the limit equilibrium method of rigid body represented by the simplified Bishop method，Morgenstern price method and general slice method are explained，and series of contrast analysis will be carried out with the calculation principles of other limit equilibrium methods of rigid body such as Sweden Arc method，simplified Janbu method and Spencer method. Then the strength reduction is made from the calculation method，instability criterion and reduction improvement. The research progress of the two methods in engineering application is described. The progress of slope engineering analysis method will promote the slope engineering treatment to the level of refinement.
    Time-effect Analysis of Temperature Field during Spontaneous Combustion of Sulfide Ore Reactor in a Mine
    WANG Ming, ZHANG Jian-Hua, YE Yong-Xi, HUANG Gang-
    2020, 49(06):  210-215. 
    Asbtract ( 295 )   PDF (2030KB) ( 672 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     In view of sulfide ore stacking in a copper mine，the safety problem on spontaneous combustion of sulfide ore stack should be solved. Considering the two heating modes of oxidation heat and adiabatic temperature rise of sulfide ore in the deposits，and with use of ANSYS，the temperature field models for two kinds of deposits are established，that is triangle near the side wall and trapezoid on flat foundation，which are commonly used in mines，to study the variation of temperature field and spontaneous combustion zone with time in the same volume of sulfide ore stack under two kinds of deposit modes. Through the calculation and simulation，the temperature field and the spontaneous combustion area distribution map at different time inside the deposit are obtained. The results show that the prevention and control measures should be taken before the daily temperature rise of 6 ℃. The shape of ore heap with larger surface area under the same volume has slower internal temperature rise and shorter spontaneous combustion time. According to the research results，the trapezoidal stacking mode and its related prevention measures are recommended.
    Method of Connecting Survey and Its Precision Analysis by Using Measuring Robot
    LIU Shao-Chun
    2020, 49(06):  216-220. 
    Asbtract ( 336 )   PDF (1654KB) ( 768 )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
     Connecting survey is an important work in control survey of coal mining. Traditional connecting survey is achieved by the two ways of transferring mining direction and elevation.However it has the drawback of higher surveying condition and wider measuring error.As the automation and intelligence of the surveying instrument become much stronger，it′s necessary to carry out the research of more automated and higher efficiency method of connecting survey.The connecting survey method of combing the surveying robot and gyroscopic station is proposed.The elevation transmission by applying survey robot to measure the trigonometric levelling in substitution of water level as well as traverse survey by robot and directional accuracy by using gyroscopic total station is discussed.A special tool was developed to overcome the problem of robot being difficult to find the surface prism during the connecting survey between the surface and underground.Based on the above discussion results，the feasibility of the proposed method is validated in combination with practical engineering.The study results show that the propsoed method can meet the requirement of accuracy in the connecting survey of coal mining，has the feature of technical feasibility，reliable accuracy，simple and convenience，besides that，its application value is ideal.