Table of Content

15 May 2020, Volume 49 Issue 05

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Connotation Analysis and Development Prospect of "Synergetic Mining"

CHEN Qing-Fa

2020, 50(05):  2-8. 

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"Synergetic mining" is a significant concept of mining technology put forward independently by Chinese scholars，there are some academic disputes in the process of popularization and application about the concept.Through the analysis of conceptual connotation of "synergetic mining"，this paper gives a response to the relevant controversial issues， and looks forward to its development direction.Firstly，the proposing background and the developing process of "synergetic mining" concept are reviewed，and the study progress of Chinese scholars in the field of synergetic mining is summarized.Secondly，the connotations of "exploitation" and "mining" and "coordination" and "synergy"，which are closely related to the concept are discriminated.On the basis of the discrimination，the definition of "synergetic mining" is revised further，and the types of "synergetic mining" are classified.Thirdly，the differences between "synergetic mining" and "coordinated mining"，"parameter optimization"，and related terms of “synergetic mining operation process” and “applicable field” are responded.Finally，a series of prospects the future development of "synergetic mining" is made from six aspects:theoretical study，mining design generation，horizontal development of the field，horizontal branch technology，resources exploitation under special environment and combination with new generation information technologies such as artificial intelligence technology，large data technology， and so on.The above discussion results can play an important role in accurately understanding the definition of "synergetic mining" and promoting related scientific study and technological development.

Study Progress and Prospect of the Development Direction of "Synchronous Filling"

WEI Cai-Shou, CHEN Qing-Fa

2020, 50(05):  9-18. 

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"Synchronous filling" is a mining technology concept proposed by Professor Chen Qingfa in 2010 after the concept of "synergetic mining". In the past 10 years，Chinese scholars have made some gratifying progress in the theory and technology of this direction.In this paper，these developments are combed， analyzed and studied carefully，and the development direction is prospected.The study results show that there are four kinds of "synchronous filling" mining methods proposed in the field of metal mine，which have significant advantages compared with traditional mining methods in improving ore recovery rate，reducing loss and dilution rate， maintaining stope stability， etc.；There are also mining technologies named "synchronous filling" in the field of coal，but their essence is different from the connotation of "synchronous filling"，they should belong to the category of "single layer filling" or "follow-up filling".New progress has been made in the study of synchronous filling and drawing theory， forming a relatively complete set of loose medium flow theory under the flexible isolation layer. Finally， the development direction of "synchronous filling" is prospected from four aspects: practical application， technological innovation， theoretical research and mechanical equipment.The above study results are helpful to further understand the essence of "synchronous filling"，and promote the relevant research and engineering practice. Keywords Synchronous filling，Synergetic mining，Study progress，Development direction

Synergies in Downward Slice Stoping with Cemented Filling

ZHAO Kui, ZHUO Yu-Long, ZENG Peng, WANG Wan-Yin

2020, 50(05):  19-25. 

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Cemented filling method has been widely applied. The theoretical and technical application achievements have been made in this field in many aspects. These study results are mainly targeted at specific research objects， but lack of studies on the overall demonstration and internal relationship of mining methods. Therefore， based on the concept of "synergistic mining"， the synergy in underhand slice stoping with cemented filling have been summarized and analyzed. Firstly， the synergy of the roof support system of cemented filling body in the layered mining is analyzed， the synergy between vertical reinforcing steel bar， trays， steel mesh and cemented filling body as the roof support systems is demonstrated， and the internal overall synergy as the roof support function is highlighted. The engineering application and effect of the support system are also introduced. Secondly， the block theory is applied to the road side stability analysis.The synergy between the direction of the layered approach， the mining sequence of the layered approach， and the top and bottom layered mining paths is discussed， illustrating the process of harmonious handling of factors that cause mining instability during mining and the collaboration among mining elements. It further discusses the good synergy and overall effect of the actual mining process. Finally， according to the specific conditions of fragmentation and instability of the surrounding rock on the upper wall of the ore body， an advanced guard filling scheme is proposed， and the mechanism of advanced guard filling to improve the roof stability of the stope is revealed through numerical simulation. Based on the above discussion results， it is further points that advance guard filling is in this layered mining process， and at the same time， it is considered to improve the protection for the next layer of safe mining. The essence is a "synergetic mining" concept to avoid subsequent disasters during the mining process. The above study results can provide some reference for the establishment of the cooperative theory and technical system of filling mining.

Study on Synergetic Mining Technology of Residual Ore under Hidden Influence of Goaf

LI Hai-Gang, LI Shi-Jie, ZHENG Xiao-Long, LIU Zhou-Chao, YAN Lei

2020, 50(05):  26-33. 

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The complex spatial-temporal distribution of goaf and the serious ground pressure appearance are the key technical problems restricting the recovery of tungsten ore residual resources in Southern Jiangxi Province.In order to solve the problem of recovery of tungsten mine residual resources in Southern Jiangxi Prpvince，based on the concept of "synergetic mining"，consideration of resource exploitation and hidden danger treatment，this paper puts forward the key technical scheme of synergetic mining （exploration supervision mining） for the detection of goaf，real-time monitoring of microseism and synergetic mining of residual mine in Southern Jiangxi Province，and the engineering case of a typical tungsten mine in Southern Jiangxi Province is analyzed.The results show that according to the complex spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of 31132 ore block，the whole geological model and goaf model are constructed on the basis of three-dimensional fine detection technology，and the residual ore form and quantity are accurately obtained.The ore estimation error is less than 10%.On this basis，the mining plan is made for the top pillar，the bottom pillar and the inter pillar according to the local conditions.The IMS micro-seismic monitoring system is established in the process of residual mining to monitor and forewarn the stability of the mined out area of 31132 block stope in real time，and to deal with the mined out area in cooperation with the methods of goaf closure and cemented filling，so as to realize the organic unity of the hidden danger treatment of the mined out area and the recovery of residual ore resources，complete the recovery of all the residual ore in the top pillar of 31132 stope，and create conditions for the recovery of the intermediate pillar.The above study results can provide technical reference for safe，efficient and synergetic mining of tungsten residual resources in Southern Jiangxi Province.

Study on Synergetic Mining Technology of Difficultly Mined Orebody with Interlayer and Weak Broken Zone

JIE Lian-Ku, WAN Chuan-Chuan, XIONG Dai-Yu, WANG Jian-Wen

2020, 50(05):  34-40. 

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The mining technology of orebody with interlayer or broken zone has always been a critical problem in mining industry. Aiming at the above orebody with interlayer or broken zone ， different mining methods are adopted to carry out adaptive mining on upside and downside deposit. However， restricted by geologic characteristics， operation safety and mining cost， the method of mining simple orebody and giving up complicated orebody is usually adopted， which caused a permanent loss of mineral resources. In this paper， guided by the concept of "synergetic mining"， the synergetic mining technology of complicated difficulty mined orebody with interlayer or weak broken zone is proposed. According to the basic principal of the mining technology， the mining operation of interlayer or weak broken zone can be done firstly， so， the security risks can be removed fundamentally and the goal of the synergetic operation of mining process and synergetic management of ground pressure can be realized， besides that， the technical benefits of synergetic mining can be maximized. Taking a phosphorite mine and a copper polymetallic mine for the study examples， according to the specific mining technical conditions of them， the synergetic mining scheme of interlayer removal and groove cutting with different thickness of interlayer and upside and downside deposit is proposed. At the same time， based on the idea of pressure synergy or environmental regeneration， a synergetic mining scheme of weak broken oxidation zone is developed to improve recovery efficiency and security. The proposed synergetic mining schemes in this paper can provide technical reference for the mining operation of similar orebodies in our country， besides that， the practice guidance value of "synergetic mining" concept in the mining operation of similar complex difficult mined orebodies is enhanced to some extent.

Study on Synergetic Mining Method for Separation of Ore Waste from Multi-layer Difficult Mining Orebody in Underground Mine

WEI Cai-Shou, NIU Wen-Jing, PAN Gui-Hai

2020, 50(05):  41-49. 

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Multi-layer orebody as a kind of complex and difficult to mine orebody there are many outstanding problems in the traditional mining method.It is of great significance to carry out innovative mining method study to realize the safe，efficient and green mining of this kind of orebody.Based on the guidance of mining concepts such as "synergetic mining" and "non waste mining"，this paper fully absorbs the idea of “synergistic utilization of goaf”，and takes the safe and efficient mining of multi-layer orebody as the goal，puts forward a new method of multi-layer orebody waste separation synergetic mining，and designs the specific implementation ideas of two typical inclined multi-layer orebodies.In theory，the optimal cooperative thickness relationship of multi-layer horizontal gently inclined orebody is established，the calculation formula of the optimal synergistic height of the unexploded interlayer of multi-layer inclined steeply inclined orebody is derived，and the definition of the synergistic degree of separation of ore and waste is introduced to quantify the applicability of the new mining method.Based on the mining technical conditions of a multi-layer gently inclined orebody of a copper mine in Yunnan Province and a two-layer orebody of a phosphate mine in Guizhou Province，the new mining method proposed in this paper is analyzed in engineering cases.The study results show that the new mining method has significant advantages in reducing the transportation cost of waste rock，reducing the loss and dilution rate of ore and improving the mining efficiency compared with the traditional mining method under certain mining technical conditions.The new mining method proposed in this paper could help for solving the mining technical problems of multi-layer complex orebodies，besides that，it also has certain promotion and application value.

Design Practice of Synergetic Mining for Gently Inclined Multi-layer Orebodies in Underground Mines

LI Jie-Lin, GAO Le, CHEN Jie, ZHOU Ke-Ping

2020, 50(05):  50-54. 

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The 13-8# ore cluster of the Laochang Branch of Yunnan Tin Co.，Ltd. is a gently inclined multi-layer orebody，which is a typical complex difficult-to-mine orebody.In order to achieve the safety，high productive capacity and economy of mining in this mine，the traditional ascending and descending mining schemes were analyzed，and the advantages and disadvantages of traditional schemes were pointed out.By introducing the concept of "synergetic mining"，a scheme for synergistic mining of gently inclined multi-layer orebody was proposed.The scheme combines the mining disturbance of the gently inclined multi-layer orebody，the treatment of the goaf，and the control of ground pressure management as a whole.According to the geotechnical conditions of the orebody， the 13-8# ore cluster was divided into upper panel，lower panel and 13-8-7# inclined orebody，and the mining sequence of the ore cluster and the upper and lower panel was optimized.The study results show that the synergetic mining design scheme fully considers the geotechnical conditions of each orebody.Through the division of panels and the optimization of the mining sequence，the synergetic mining of multi-layer orebodies is realized，besides that，the synergetic mining scheme designed in this paper is help for ensuring the safety，high productive capacity and economy of the mining operation of gently inclined multi-layer orebodies.This scheme provides new ideas for the mining of the 13-8# ore cluster of Laochang Branch Yunnan Tin Co.，Ltd.，and also provides a reference for the mining design of other similar orebodies.

Synergetic Mining Scheme of Parallel Long-strike Vanadium and Iron Orebodies

HUANG Ming-Qing, CHEN Lin, LI Bing-Lei, LIU Qing-Ling

2020, 50(05):  55-60. 

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The double-layered vanadium and iron orebodies at Qijiaojing Mine extend greater than 4 km along the strike and distribute approximately parallel.When exploiting the iron mine at footwall，the ore loss and dilution rates are high，and it brings great challenge for vanadium protection at hanging wall.The mining technical characteristics of two deposits include long orebody strike，parallel distribution，negative correlation of thicknesses，severe mine-out area threat.According to these conditions，a series of methods were carried out to propose the synergetic mining of two deposits.These methods contained plane partition， mining sequence programming，mining method optimization and regional stability control.Practically，two orebodies were partitioned into eastern，western and central areas along the long strike according to their morphological characteristics，especially noted that the iron deposit was thick at central section and thin at both sides，while the vanadium deposit distributed on the contrary.In engineering space，the double-layered deposits used a same exploiting，preparation and haulage system. In mining sequence，the scheme provided a flexible mining schedule of vanadium deposit when ensuring the iron capacity expansion.In mining methods，stage open stoping with subsequent slightly paste backfill was proposed at eastern and western areas， and stage open stoping and sublevel caving was proposed at central area.Moreover，regional stability was controlled in and after mining with roof and hanging wall rock caving at central area，and paste backfill at eastern and western areas.The study results show that designed iron mining reserve increased 10 647 kt after the introduction of synergetic mining scheme， solid wastes such as rocks and tailings consumed more than 0.86 Mt in paste backfill.The synergetic mining was advantageous for safety and economic benefits.

Study on Synergetic Mining Technology of Underground to Open Pit under High Risk Goaf Group

HE Bin-Quan, TANG Yong-Ping

2020, 50(05):  61-69. 

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The surface collapse of Shizhuyuan Mine has brought a series of problems to the underground production，such as the surface mud water mixed into the underground leads to ore dilution and affects mineral processing，the high steep cliffs in the north and northeast of the collapse area lead to the surface rolling stones and landslides，the large-span cantilever empty area in the south，the formation of high-risk goaf groups between unstable pillars and large goafs， and the ore bearing blocks block the ore roadway，etc..According to the field survey，field survey mapping and rock movement research，through 3Dmine software modeling，the collapse area，transition type goaf， high-risk open goaf and peripheral goaf are accurately divided.In order to solve the production problem of the mine，the technical scheme of synergetic mining of underground and open pit is put forward:firstly，the low-grade ore is used to fill the high-risk empty area around the collapse area；secondly，it is forbidden to mine ore underground in the south of the subsidence area， and the cantilever ore-rock is collapsed by the deep hole blasting technology on the surface； then the high steep cliffs in the north and northeast of the collapse area are stripped on the surface and the subsidence area is backfilled with low-grade ore；finally，the transition from underground mining to open-pit mining in 6~8 years， and tentative mining of large ore in the subsidence area.In order to reduce the investment in the early stage of stripping and ease the difficulty of road construction beyond the boundary of stripping，combing with the idea of arranging spiral step-by-step stripping steps around the mountain and embedding the road into the step of the hillside stripping boundary，the 720 stripping boundary is optimized and determined by using 3Dmine software modeling study.At the same time，through the technical measures such as marking the production plan on the map， updating the cooperative operation area in time，monitoring the underground mining area with real-time micro earthquake and monitoring the rock movement in the subsidence area with GPS，the synergetic mining operation of the mine has realized the dynamic monitoring and early warning. The study results show that the idea of optimizing stripping boundary and a series of technical schemes of open-pit and underground synergetic mining are put forward，which solve the current production problems of the mine，provide safety guarantee for the open-pit and underground synergetic operation of the mine，and provide useful reference for similar mines.

Non-explosive Machinery Continuous Synergetic Mining Technique for Underground Gold Mine

CHEN Wei, DU Kun, CHEN Wei

2020, 50(05):  70-75. 

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One of the final goals for mining industry is to realize non-explosive machinery continuous mining method and technology for hard rock mines. With the rapid development of materials and machinery subjects， and the in-depth understanding the theory of unloading rock mechanical properties and rock induced fracture technique， some mines start to practice non- explosive mechanical continuous mining and gain a lot of useful experience. However， the applying conditions for non-explosive machinery continuous mining are still unclear. In view of the detailed storage conditions of Jintang 3# orebody and Yangshanzhuang 202# orebody， a kind of non-explosive machinery continuous synergetic mining method is put forward， i.e. mining gold ore using an EBZ160.Z tunnel boring machine. According to ore body thickness， the cutting width and height of EBZ160.Z tunnel boring machine， and backfilling methods， the specific implementation techniques are given， i.e. horizontal layering and cemented waste rock filling method for thin veins， horizontal layering and cemented tailing filling method for thin veins ， horizontal layering and cemented waste rock filling method for thick veins， and horizontal layering and cemented tailing filling method for thick veins. In field practice， the “FRP anchor + high strength fiber mesh + wood” support methods， ore drawing by scraper or loader， and waste rock/tailings cemented backfilling all obtains good results.The study results show that the non-explosive machinery continuous synergetic mining method has the advantages of low mining cost，low labor intensity， high degree of mechanization，continuous operation and high efficiency， which greatly improves the intrinsic safety of the mine.

Study on Zoning Synergetic Mining Technology of the Orebody with Complex Occurrence in the Northwest Mining Area of Daxin Manganese Ore

XIAO Ti-Qun, CHEN Qing-Fa, LI Yong-Jie

2020, 50(05):  76-81. 

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The mining of complex and difficult orebody is a scientific and technological problem to be solved urgently in mining industry.In view of the prominent problems of low production efficiency，poor safety，high labor productivity and low resource recovery rate caused by the existing mining technology for the orebody with complex occurrence，the technical idea of zoning synergetic mining of the orebody with complex occurrence was put forward by combining the idea of engineering geological zoning with the concept of "synergetic mining".In view of the problem that there is no mature mining technology to ensure the safe and efficient mining of the U-shaped complex multi-layer thin orebody in the northwest mining area of Daxin Manganese Deposit，according to the technical idea of zoning synergetic mining of the orebody with complex occurrence，the geological occurrence conditions of orebody were comprehensively analyzed，and the strike and dip angle that affect the mining of orebody were selected as the basis of orebody zoning in combination with the 3D model of orebody，the orebody was divided into three zones，and a zoning technology of orebody guided by engineering geological conditions was proposed.According to the mining technical conditions in different zones，the mining method optimization or design was carried out in each zone，it is recommended that the shallow-hole shrinkage mining，the room and pillar method which uses electric scrapers to remove ore and the inclined room and pillar mining method that electic scrapers synergy with blast power to remove ore wee used in zone 1，zone 2 and zone 3 respectively，forming a mining method optimization and design technology for the orebody with complex occurrence.The results show that the proposed method can effectively solve the mining technical problem of the orebody with complex occurrence in the northwest mining area of Daxin Manganese Deposit，and provide a new idea for the efficient and synergistic mining of the orebody with complex occurrence.

Study on Synergetic Optimization of Cross-section Size of Access in Intensive Mining of Complex Polymetallic Mine

TIAN Xin, ZHONG Wen, LUO Jian-Lin, XIAO Chang-Bo, CHA Dao-Huan, 欧Yang-Jian , ZHU Wen-Tao

2020, 50(05):  82-88. 

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With the continuous improvement of the mechanization level of underground mining in mines， more and more large-scale metal mines are inclined to adopt intensive mining mode for small and medium-sized scattered ore bodies in the mining area. However， for complex polymetallic deposits with variable ore body shapes and occurrences， the optimal stope structure parameters recommended by the intensive mining mode generally suffer from singleness and exclusivity. Based on the synergetic mining theory， this article takes the section size (width and height) of cross-section size of backstopping access for intensive mining of a complex polymetallic mine as the key parameter for detailed optimization research. For different ore bodies ranging from thin to medium thick， dip angle from gentle to steep， complex and diverse occurrences， and complex and diverse symbiosis of useful elements， the order degree model of synergetic mining system was established to calculate and compare the economic， safety and under the mutual influence of multiple technical indicators， the order parameter component order degree， subsystem order order degree and synergy degree of the three benchmark synergetic mining schemes 1，2，and 3 under the mutual influence of technology. Based on the above analysis， the synergy is compared and evaluated to obtain the degree of synergy of the sequence parameter components in the subsystem under the influence of multiple indicators. The results show that the recommended joint mining section size of 3 m × 4 m and 4 m × 3 m recommended by scheme 2 with the optimal mining degree， which is consistent with the prior order of the selected mining section size scheme， which is verified to a certain extent. The adaptability of the composite system coordination model to the intensive mining of complex polymetallic mines is provided， which provides a new idea for the optimization of the structural parameters of similar mines.

Determination of Reasonable Width of Isolation Pillar between Caving Method and Filling Method in Same Level Mining Areas of Daye Iron Mine

WANG Liu-Bao, LIU Yan-Zhang, YIN Dong, JIANG Wei, ZHANG Guo-Quan, CAI Yuan-Tian

2020, 50(05):  89-94. 

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In order to ensure the smooth transition of mining from caving method to filling method in the same level， a vertical isolation pillar shall be set at the transition section. Taking the trapezoidal isolation pillar of -170 m in Longdong mining area of Daye Iron Mine as the study object， it is simplified as a fixed beam with variable moment of inertia， and the initial width of the upper end of the trapezoidal isolation pillar is preliminarily determined based on the allowable value of horizontal strain of the pillar. Based on the initial width of the upper end of the trapezoidal isolation pillar，numerical simulation method is used to calculate the settlement of roof surrounding rock of the filling stope under the synergistic effect of the different width of upper end of the trapezoidal isolation pillar and the different cement-sand ratio of backfill， and data fitting between the upper end width of the trapezoidal isolation pillar and the maximum settlement of the roof surrounding rock under the different cement-sand ratio is carried out. From the allowable settlement of roof surrounding rock， a reasonable width of the upper end of the trapezoidal isolation pillar was obtained， which was matched with the cement-sand ratio of the backfill. The numerical calculation results show that the reasonable width of the upper end of the trapezoid isolation pillar matching backfill with the cement-sand ratio of 1∶4，1∶6，1∶8，1∶10 and 1∶12 is 16 m，19 m，21 m，25 m and 29 m respectively. The above study results can provide a reference for the determination of reasonable width of the transition isolation pillar in the same horizontal caving method to filling method.

Study on the Mode and Technology for Wasteless Synergistic Mining of Hard Rock Uranium Deposits

XUE Xi-Long, DAI Yong, FAN Yong-Liang, ZHANG Xiao, LIU De-Qi, ZHANG Shu-Wen

2020, 50(05):  95-100. 

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Based on the problems of low efficiency，high loss ratio，as well as difficult disposal of heap leaching uranium tailings and radioactive waste rocks in hard rock uranium deposits，combined with the concept of “synergetic mining”，a wasteless synergetic mining mode is proposed.The basic principal of the synergetic mining model can be described as the mining and heap leaching，mining and backfilling，backfilling and cemented discharge operations in time and space are synergetic by adjusting the layouts of stoping engineering，backfilling and disposal of tailings and waste rocks processes，as well as the corresponding engineering measures，so as to exploit uranium deposits and dispose of solid wastes effectively.The characteristics of the present upward horizontal slicing dry filling mining method，heap leaching and waste discharge process in a uranium mine in Northern Guangdong were analyzed.The tests of backfilling and discharging based on heap leaching uranium tailings were carried out，and the mining method was optimized.Then，the synergetic process of mining， backfilling and discharging was designed and its engineering application effects were evaluated.The study results indicate that the backfill with a cement-sand ratio of 1∶10 and 1∶14 and a mass fraction of 76% can meet the requirements of mechanized upward horizontal slicing cemented filling mining method and solidified discharge.After adopting this model， the stope productivity of the mine up to 135 t/d，while the stoping rate 88.86%.By the application of the synergetic mining model proposed in this paper，there is no discharge of radioactive waste rocks，and heap leaching uranium tailings can be effectively disposed through backfilling and solidified discharge.The economic benefits and environmental quality of the mine are obviously improved.

Study on the Stratification Inducement Synergetic Mining Scheme for Coal-aluminum Symbiotic Gently Inclined Thin Deposit

WANG Chun, ZHAN Shuai-Fei, WANG Huai-Bin, HU Ya-Chao

2020, 50(05):  101-108. 

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The coal seam of a coal-aluminum symbiotic mine is almost parallel to the bauxite layer， and both of them are characterized by small dip angle and thin thickness. The difficulties in achieving safe and efficient mining of the coal-aluminum symbiotic gently thin deposit are mainly concentrated in gas treatment， mining technology coordinate and coal-rock stability control. In order to solve the above problems，four mining modes are put forward， i.e. mining coal seam firstly and then bauxite layer， mining aluminum layer firstly and then coal seam， alternate mining of coal seam and bauxite， and stratification inducement synergetic mining of coal seam and bauxite layer； then， according to the actual mining technical conditions of the coal-aluminum symbiotic deposit， the advantages and disadvantages of the above four mining modes are compared and analyzed from the aspects of gas treatment， ventilation ， drainage， etc..It is concluded that the most reasonable mining method is to adopt stratification inducement synergetic mining mode for the deposits when the coal seam is close to the bauxite layer. Based on the actual engineering geological conditions of the coal-aluminum symbiotic deposit， the mining scheme of cassis funnel ore for stratification inducement synergetic mining of the coal-aluminum symbiotic gently inclined thin deposit is proposed， besides that， the stope structure， recovery process， stope ventilation and synergetic mining sequence are designed. Taking the designed scheme as the carrier， further analysis of the four mining modes is carried out， which show that the stratification inducement synergetic mining scheme not only has the best economic benefit， but also can ensure the safety of personnel and equipment in the mining process.

Synergetic Mining Technology for Strip-filling Zone of Gently Inclined Phosphate Deposits under Complex Terrain

YAO Nan, LI Peng-Cheng, WANG Qi-Hu, YE Yi-Cheng, SUN Li-Jun, DENG Xing-Min, ZHANG Ying

2020, 50(05):  109-116. 

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How to realize the safe and efficient mining of gently inclined orebodies under complex terrain is the key problem that needs to be solved urgently.Taking a phosphate mine in Yichang City as the engineering background，a zoning stope structure was constructed based on the uneven distribution of in-situ stress.Based on the concept of "synergetic mining "，a strip mining and zoning synergetic mining technology was proposed to realize the coordinated mining and filling operations in the same area.Based on the physical similarity simulation test method ，the deformation and deformation characteristics of the roof and surrounding rock pillars during the synergetic mining process in the zone were studied，and the bearing mechanism of the mine pillars in the zone filling process was discussed.The results show that the mutual interference between the mining areas is weak，the degree of stress transfer of the surrounding rock is greatly affected by the depth of the burial and the mining steps；with the synergetic operation of mining and filling，the roofs above the strips in different mining areas are pulled and compressed staggered distribution；in the process of zonal synergetic mining，the surrounding rock and backfill ore pillars did not undergo significant damage，one-step backfill bodies and the surrounding rock ore pillars were the main bearing bodies in the stope，the bearing capacity of the two-step backfill bodies were relatively weak；asymmetric deformation occurred between the pillars of the panel and isolation pillars.In order to further reduce the filling cost，the mechanical strength of the two-step filling body was appropriately reduced based on the original synergetic filling mode，and the feasibility of the optimized stope filling mode was verified by numerical simulation methods.The strip-filled zone synergetic mining technology proposed in this paper could help for realizing the comprehensive objective of safety，efficiency and economy mining of the gently inclined deposits under complex terrain.

Theoretical Model of Synergetic Mining of Coal and Uranium in Uranium Bearing Coal Deposit

ZENG Sheng, YE Wen-Hao, XU Hua-Qing

2020, 50(05):  117-123. 

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As a kind of dual energy source，uranium bearing coal ore has been paid much attention in the world. It is of great significance for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources to mine coal and uranium simultaneously from uranium bearing coal ore. The concept of "synergetic mining" provides a new idea for the rational mining of uranium bearing coal ore resources.Based on the analysis of the basic characteristics of uranium bearing coal ore resources and the mining experience of mining in uranium bearing coal deposit，it is considered that the coal mining first affects the groundwater level， which is not conducive to the recovery of the uranium deposits. The formation of radioactivity in the uranium mining first directly affects whether the coal mining can continue， and it is feasible to realize the simultaneous mining of coal and uranium.Therefore， based on the idea of underground synergetic mining of metal deposits， the concept of "synergetic mining" in uranium bearing coal deposit is put forward. The discontinuous uranium bearing coal deposits are divided， segmented and stratified to share the exploration system. The problems of inadequate roof support and low recovery efficiency are solved by adopting the method of partition support.Radon concentration and gas emission are reduced by combined pressure-extraction ventilation. Some technical problems are involved， such as how to partition discontinuous uranium bearing coal deposit， how to merge scattered ore sections， how to set up special security measures in the areas with high uranium grade and high gas content in the stopping area， and how to integrate the whole deposit with drainage. In the future， it is still necessary to carry out study and practice on the innovation of synergetic mining in uranium bearing coal deposit method and engineering technology to further enrich the theory of synergetic mining in uranium bearing coal deposit.

Synergetic Mining Mode of Deep Mineral and Geothermal Resources

SONG Jian, TANG Chun-An, KANG Fang-Chao

2020, 50(05):  124-131. 

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In order to solve the high temperature problem faced by deep mineral resources mining and reduce the cost of deep geothermal mining，a synergetic mining mode of mineral and geothermal resources based on an enhanced geothermal system （EGS） based on excavation is proposed.This model takes the temperature of surrounding rock as a scale，and divides the geological resource model into low-temperature resources （below 50 ℃），medium-temperature resources （50~100 ℃） and high-temperature resources （above 100 ℃）.The corresponding mining modes are low-temperature mineral mining modes，medium temperature “co-mining” mode and high temperature geothermal mining mode.For the low-temperature resources， the traditional mineral mining mode is used， with mining resources as the mainstay.The medium-temperature resources adopts the “heat-mining co-mining” model of extracting heat first and then mining.While utilizing the medium-temperature geothermal resources，it also increases the reserves of mineable resources.High-temperature resources use an Enhanced Geothermal Systems based on Excavation technology （EGS-E）， and unique thermal storage fracturing and heat energy exchange technologies to achieve large-scale geothermal resource extraction.The study results show that the synergistic thermal mining mode combines traditional mining technology with an enhanced geothermal system，which can eliminate the impact of heat damage in the middle and high temperature areas and ensure the safe exploitation of mineral resources，and can also realize the goal of the utilization of geothermal resources in the middle temperature area and the large-scale exploitation of geothermal resources in high temperature area；in this model，the mining of medium-high temperature geothermal resources makes up for the soaring cost of mining mineral resources due to the rising temperature，besides that，the pressure of huge investment in the development of deep geothermal resources can be relieved by the exploitation of mineral resources in low temperature area.Therefore，the synergistic mining model proposed in this paper can provide a new scheme for safe and efficient exploitation of deep mineral and geothermal resources.

Synergic Influence of Mine Multi-attribute Environments on Rock Bolts Corrosion

WU Sai-Sai, ZHU Hao-Tian, ZHANG Wen, CHENG Ping, LIU Fei

2020, 50(05):  132-136. 

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The instability of the surrounding rock caused by the failure of anchoring material showed diversity， in which the failure of anchoring material caused by the corrosion at the mine multi-attribute corrosion environment was more and more serious. Rock bolts corrosion cracking occurred frequently in clay-rich areas， which indicated that the synergic influence of mine multi-attribute environments (oxygen content， groundwater and minerals) are the influencing factors. In order to study the law of corrosion under the synergic influence of the mine multi-attribute environments， the rock bolts service environment was simulated in laboratory with the application of “corrosive cell”. The study results showed that the presence of clay indirectly affected the corrosion of rock bolts by increasing the ion concentrations in aqueous solution through the ions exchanges of the minerals. Corrosion is a long-term process， after three months of testing， most of the corrosion products were formed at the end of screw and bolt as well as the part wrapped by clay and coal. The observations indicated that minerals could accelerate the corrosion of rock bolts. Compared with the tensile strength of bolt specimen corroded only by deionized water， the tensile strength of rock bolt specimen corroded by clay or coal decreased. The tensile strength of bolt was the smallest when coal and clay are used as corrosion medium， which indirectly shows that mineral materials can accelerate the corrosion of rock bolt. The study results further show that coal， clay and groundwater in the environment increased the corrosivity of the environment by increasing the total ion concentration of the solution. Therefore， in the area containing minerals and groundwater， the design and maintenance of the support system should be considered in terms of anti- corrosion.

Tailings Synergetic Filling Cleaner Production of Open Pit and Underground Goaf in Metal Mine

LU Hong-Jian, WANG Yi-Ren, LI Cheng-He, LI Sheng, LI Xiao-Dong, DU Ying-Nan

2020, 50(05):  137-143. 

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In order to solve the problem of geological disaster induced by open pits and underground goafs，dam break and regional environment damage exist in the tailings of the tailings reservoir.Regarding the metal mine of open pit to underground project as the study object，combining the sublevel open stope with subsequent filling technology， innovatively invented a device for making and sampling tailings with uneven tailings.Based on the fluid Froude criterion，combined with in-situ sampling mechanical tests on the spot， a strength calculation method that takes into account the uneven characteristics of tailings filling strength was proposed.With surveying and system engineering theory，three-dimensional information extraction of open pits and underground empty areas，and synergetic filling and drainage technology of tailings are proposed；by using fluid mechanics and finite element theory，a three-dimensional model of primary filling height and retaining wall construction parameters is optimized to form an efficient-material reuse-low-cost light retaining wall tailings filling and closing technology.The study results have been applied in the Shirengou Iron Mine and the demonstration project of the tailings filling and cleaning technology for the open pit to underground mining of 2 million tons per year of iron ore has been built，the main technical indicators are obtained as:the comprehensive utilization rate of tailings is 100%，the subsequent filling cost is 25 RMB /t，the one construction efficiency of retaining wall needs 0.016 man-hour，and the construction cost is 606 RMB /m2，which solved the bottleneck of tailings co-filling technology in open pits and underground goafs，improved the theory and technology of mine tailings disposal，achieved zero emissions from tailings， eliminated safety hazards in open pits and underground goaf， promoted the ecological civilization construction of metallurgical mines，speeded up the process of resource green mining.

Construction of Uranium Tailings Underground Filling Disposal System with Synergistic Effectof Paste and Geopolymer

WANG Fu-Lin, YUAN Zheng-Ping, CHEN Guo-Liang, YANG Shi-Jiao

2020, 50(05):  144-150. 

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The disposal of uranium tailings underground filling is an important technical support of the uranium "synergetic mining" concept. However， the complex physical and chemical properties of the uranium tailings affect the consolidation and solidification of the cemented backfill， and further restrict the application of the cemented backfill technology of the uranium tailings aggregate. Based on the synergistic effect of characteristics of paste and geopolymer， aiming at problems existing in the surface stacking of uranium tailings and the conventional underground filling disposal， a scientific idea of underground filling based on the fragmentation and wrapping of geopolymer and the stable and cooperative solidification of paste is put forward. The technical indexes of the cemented uranium tailings backfill include mechanical strength， chemical stability， leaching resistance， radon exhalation rate and compatibilization characteristics. The materials composition includes uranium tailings aggregate， geopolymer cementitious material， mineral binder， admixture and water， etc.. The key technologies in the preparation and filling process are particle grading reconstruction of uranium tailings， multiple compounding of filling materials， in-situ monitoring and dynamic adjustment of filling quality. Taking tailings of a uranium tailings pond and compound smelting slag as the study objects， the verification test was carried out. When the backfill with water-solid ratio of 0.25 and cement-sand ratio of 1:4 was cured at (20±1) ℃ and humidity ≥ 95% for 28 days， the maximum uniaxial compressive strength of the specimen was 17.65 MPa， which indicated that the preparation of uranium tailings paste filling system based on geopolymer is feasible. The construction of this system is of certain significance to promote the application of paste filling technology in the field of low or very low level solid waste disposal.

Synergetic Optimization Study of Open Pit Truck Shovel Based on Extended Summation Algorithm of Closed Queuing Network

ZHAO Jia-Zheng, LI Ning, YE Hai-Wang, WANG Li-Guan, WANG Qi-Zhou, LEI Tao

2020, 50(05):  151-157. 

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In order to solve the problem of long waiting time for truck loading caused by the unreasonable coordinated optimization of truck and shovel， the closed network model of mine is constructed by using queuing theory， and the production process is divided into multi-level service processes such as mining loading， heavy truck operation， weighing， unloading and empty truck operation. For the case of multiple shovels and normal distribution of loading time， the extended summary algorithm (ESUM) is introduced to solve the queuing index of all levels of service system in the closed network model. Based on the difference between the waiting queuing model and the mixed queuing model， the defect of large error in the early stage of ESUM is improved， and the accuracy of the improved results is higher. Taking an open pit mine as an example， according to the statistical analysis of the actual loading time of the mine， it is determined that the loading time of the mine obeys the rule of normal distribution. Secondly， the "single lane" queuing system is added to the closed network model according to the fact that only single lane is allowed to pass in a certain transportation section of the mine. By solving the model， the operation state of each production link of the mine is calculated under different truck numbers， and the mining and loading process is the key link to restrict the truck operation efficiency. Then， taking the minimum waiting time of trucks in the process of mining and loading as the goal and meeting the constraints of average shift production， the reasonable number of trucks in the open pit mine is determined to be 7. At this time ， the staying time of trucks in the process of mining and loading is 42.24% shorter than the original. Based on the above discussion results， the average queue length of mining and loading is simulated by MATLAB software platform， and the validity and accuracy of the synergetic optimization of open pit truck shovel by adopting ESUM is verified.

Study on the Rockburst Prevention and Control of Deep Phosphate Mine Based on the Concept of "Synergetic Mining"

LIN Man-Qing, KE Xiao-Su, ZHANG Dian-Ji, PENG Ya-Li, ZHOU Lei, YANG Min

2020, 50(05):  158-163. 

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With the gradual depletion of shallow phosphorus resources， phosphorus mining enterprises turn to deep mining gradually.However，the rockburst phenomenon in deep phosphorus mining is prominent，which causes serious security risks to underground personnel and equipment.In this paper，taking the rockburst characteristics in the deep mining of a phosphate mine as an example， combined with the engineering excavation environment and excavation conditions，the concept of "synergetic mining" is introduced to study the rockburst prevention and control of deep phosphate mine from the perspective of stress transfer， stress prevention and control and improvement of lithology. The results show that:①the rockburst in underground mainly includes the immediate rockburst near the face of the opening roadway， the lag rockburst at the intersection of the roadway and the middle and upper part of the pillar in the mining area； ②by adopting the method of "pin" shape dislocation arrangement and active protection of pressure relief hanging net near the face of cutting roadway in the stope， the intensity and frequency of rock burst can be effectively reduced， and the splash debris produced by rock burst can be blocked；③by optimizing the size of the mining area， choosing the method of interval dislocation mining， optimizing the mining technology， and filling the mining area， the stress concentration degree of the mining area caused by excavation can be effectively reduced， so as to reduce the potential safety hazard of the operation site while controlling the engineering cost. Based on the concept of "synergetic mining"，this study puts forward the idea of rock burst prevention and control of deep phosphate rock， which can provide certain reference for ensuring safe and efficient mining of deep phosphate mine.

Synergetic Preliminary Evaluation of Goaf Based on Relative Membership Model

WANG Li, ZHAO Kui, ZENG Peng, YU Xin-Jia

2020, 50(05):  164-170. 

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With the continuous development of mineral resources，goaf treatment has become the key to the prevention and control of goaf disasters，and the factors affecting its risk are many and complex，some of which are fuzzy. At present，many theoretical and technical achievements have been made in the evaluation of goaf safety， but most of the studies have not been carried out from the perspective of coordinated exploitation of resources.Therefore， under the principle of economy，safety and efficiency，aiming at the complexity and risk characteristics of goaf， based on the concept of “synergetic mining”，a relative membership model is established to evaluate the risk of goaf in the early stage，so as to provide reliable reference for synergetic management of goaf in the later stage.The burial depth of the mined-out area，span height ratio，groundwater，peripheral disturbance，gob span，structure of surrounding rock，RQD rock quality index，goaf area and ore pillar layout dimensions are selected as the characteristic parameters，and based on the theory of fuzzy mathematics，the relative membership degree matrix is built.Taking a mining area of Guangdong Province as the study background，the gob risk evaluation model is established.According to the theoretical calculaiton of the characteristics of the evaluation level，the goaf risk assessment is carried out.The evaluation results show that No.2，No.3，No.5 and No.6 goafs are the most dangerous ones，which is consistent with the actual situation of the mine.Based on the evaluaiton results，the synergetic preliminary prediction on the risk of goaf can be done effectively so as to reduce the management cost and safety risk degree of goaf.At the same time，the relative membership evaluation model is applied to make the evaluation factors have comparability，and the fuzzy recognition model has certain mathematical and physical significance.

Application of Microorganisms to Control Flotation Behavior of Minerals and Its Mechanisms: A Review

MAO Yu-Yu, DOU Pei-Qian, ZHANG Rui-Yang, ZHANG Xue-Jin, WANG Qing-Ping

2020, 50(05):  171-177. 

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Bioflotation， as a method to separate useful minerals from gangue minerals， uses microorganisms and their metabolites to selectively regulate the physical and chemical properties of mineral surfaces. Application of microorganisms to control flotation behavior research works both at home and abroad in recent years are reviewed on the aspects of the types of microorganisms relevant for flotation， the interaction mechanism between microorganism and minerals. The application of microorganism in flotations of nonferrous metal ore， iron ore and also the removal of sulfur from coal， especially， the mechanism of surface property control of minerals is discussed from the microorganism-minerals adsorption， chemical reactions on minerals surface and surface chemistry on microbial cell. It was pointed out that most of the published reports are based on experience， either focusing on specific biological aspects or focusing on flotation indicators. Although some accumulation has been made in the characterization of mineral surface properties， such as wettability， kinetic potential， infrared spectroscopy and calculation based on DLVO theory， the understanding of the interaction between biology， flotation agents and minerals is still unclear. In view of the diversity of microorganism and ore species， it will be the direction of future efforts to design and regulate the microbe-mineral interface behavior based on knowledge to solve the given problems in the flotation process.

Expansion Continuous Experimental of Suspension Magnetization Roasting for JISCO Tailings

CHEN Yi-Lin, TANG Xiao-Ling, LI Yan-Jun, LIU Jin-Chang, SUN Yong-Sheng

2020, 50(05):  178-184. 

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The iron grade of JISCO tailings from magnetic separation is about 21.50%. A large amount of tailings stockpilling in tailing dam not only occupied the lands and polluted the environment but also wasted iron resourses. In order to study the feasibility of the suspension magnetization roasting technology for the tailings utilization and relieve the pressure of shortage of raw material in JISCO， the pre-enrichment-suspension magnetization roasting-magnetic separation-reverse flotation expansion experiment research was conducted for the tailings. The test results showed that: ①The tailings are sorted by one-stage weak magnetic and two-stage strong magnetic pre-enrichment process to obtain a pre-enriched concentrate with iron grade of 26.01% and recovery rate of 82.71%. The main iron minerals in the pre-enriched concentrate are hemetite， magnetite and siderite. The major gangue minerals in the pre-enriched concentrate are quartz， dolomite and barite.②In the suitable process parameters condition of reduction temperature of 530 ℃， CO flow of 2.0 m3/h， N2 flow of 3.0 m3/h， treatment amount of 99 kg/h， the tests run stablely in 48 h and get the better technology indexes of average iron grade of 51.41% and average iron recovery rate of 72.39% after magnetic separation with magnetic tube. ③Iron concentrate could be obtained with iron grade of 58.67%， iron recovery rate of 57.82%， SiO2 content of 6.48%， and comprehensive tailing iron grade is of 12.00% in the whole process of pre-enrichment-suspension roasting-magnetic separation-reverse flotation， which provides technical basis for next stage recycling process of the tailings resources in JISCO.

Research on the Beneficiation-metallurgy Process of Ilmenite Roughing Concentrate Containing Refractory Hematite

YU Lian-Xiang, TANG You-You, LIU Jun, CHEN Xiong

2020, 50(05):  185-190. 

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The occupation rate of Ti-containing minerals in ilmenite rough concentrate of Malawi beach sand is more than 95%. But the content of TiO2 is only 42.71% due to the obvious hematitization alteration of some ilmenite. In order to determine the beneficiation and quality improvement process of ilmenite roughing concentrate， the ilmenite roughing concentrate obtained from the beach sand in this area after the treatment of gravity separation and magnetic separation process were regarded as research object. The process of beneficiation and smelting was optimized through detailed process mineralogy and condition tests. The best reduction conditions for the roasting test of ilmenite roughing concentrate were the reduction roasting temperature of 875 ℃， the reduction time of 12.5 min， and the dosage of reducing agent of 5%. One weak magnetic coarse separation and medium magnetic scavenging were adopted for roasted ores. Finally， the ilmenite concentrate with TiO2 content of 49.05% and TiO2 recovery rate of 77.16%， and iron concentrate with Fe content of 49.73% and Fe recovery rate of 34.61% were obtained. The TiO2 content increased from 42.71% to 49.05%， and the concentrate quality was greatly improved. The combined process is simple and free of agent pollution， which can provide a technical way for the effective utilization of the refractory ilmenite roughing concentrate resources.

Assisted Leaching Process of Weathered Crust Elution-Deposited Rare Earth Ore by Ammonium Carboxylate

CHEN Wen-Dou, ZHANG Zhen-Yue, CHI Ru-An

2020, 50(05):  191-196. 

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At present， the study of rare earth leaching only focuses on one aspect of inhibiting the impurity leaching or the swelling of clay minerals in the process of rare earth leaching. In order to comprehensively consider the synergistic effects of high effective aluminum inhibition and clay mineral swelling inhibition during rare earth leaching， leaching agents are composed of ammonium chloride and ammonium acetate， ammonium tartrate， ammonium citrate three ammonium carboxylate assist leaching agent to reduce the leaching efficiency of impurity aluminum and ensure the efficiency of rare earth， at the same time， the best swelling inhibition conditions were obtained. The effects of the assist leaching agent concentration ， leaching temperature and solution pH on the leaching process of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore and the swelling properties of clay minerals were also studied while 0.2 mol/L ammonium chloride mixed with the three carboxylic acid ammonium salts. The results showed that the optimal addition concentration of the three ammonium carboxylate were: 0.04 mol/L ammonium acetate， 0.07 mol/L ammonium tartrate， 0.005 mol/L ammonium citrate， the aluminum inhibition capacity was: ammonium acetate＞ammonium citrate＞ammonium tartrate， and the swelling ratio of clay minerals was: δacetate＜δtartrate＜δcitrate. At normal temperature， the mixed solution of 0.2 mol/L ammonium chloride and 0.04 mol/L ammonium acetate as the leaching agent had the best effect of aluminum inhibition and swelling inhibition. The optimal pH condition was 4， the leaching efficiency of rare earth was 90.08%， the leaching efficiency of aluminum was 26.37%， and the swelling ratio of clay mineral was 2.705%.

Beneficiation Tests of a Refractory High Sulfur Copper-zinc Sulfide Ore in Africa

JIA Kai-Kai

2020, 50(05):  197-204. 

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The grade of Cu and Zn in a high sulfur copper-zinc sulfide ore in Africa is 1.30% and 2.97%， respectively. The copper ore in the raw ore is of fine grain size， disseminated closely with the zinc ore， and the oxidization of secondary copper ore releases the copper ions to activate sphalerite， resulting in mixture of the concentrate and poor production indexes finally. A systematic process optimization test was carried out based on the characteristics of the ore. The results showed that:①The main copper ore in the ores is chalcopyrite with fine grain size， mainly distributed between 10 and 35 μm. The zinc mineral is marmatite with a particle size of 10~75 μm. The harmful element As mainly exists in the form of arsenopyrite， and a small amount exists in enargite. Other sulfides ore includes pyrite and the gangue minerals mainly include calcite， dolomite， siderite， quartz and so on. ②When the grinding fineness is -75 μm accounting for 80%， the ore was processed with a closed-circuit flowsheet including "regringding of roughing concentrate+one roughing three cleaning one scavenging" for the copper and zinc flotation. Finally， the copper concentrate with Cu grade of 26.03%， Zn content of 1.72%， Cu recovery rate of 84.02% and Zn loss rate of 3.29%， and the zinc concentrate with Zn grade of 44.16%， Cu content of 2.84%， Zn recovery of 90.63% and Cu loss rate of 9.80% were obtained， which well realized the separation and recovery of the copper and zinc resources. ③Sodium pyrosulfite was used as an effective inhibitor of zinc to reduce the activation of sphalerite caused by unavoidable ions.For some copper-zinc minerals with dense symbiosis and extremely fine grain size， the ultrafine grinding technology further promoted the monomer dissociation of copper and zinc minerals， which helps to realize the efficient separation of copper and zinc.

Application of the New Collector GC-I in Flotation of the Copper Slag

CHI Xiao-Peng, GUO Yun-杉, ZHONG Shui-Ping, 吕Xu-Long , LIU Chun, WU Jian-Hui

2020, 50(05):  205-209. 

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Copper smelting slag is the residual slag of copper concentrate after smelting and processing. It is rich in valuable copper and has comprehensive recycling value. Z-200 which is used as copper colloctor in a copper slag concentrator has good selectivity but high price. Therefore， a new cheaper flotation reagent GC-I was developed to replace Z-200. GC-I was synthesized by the reaction of sodium butyl xanthate with dichloroethane. Compared with Z-200， GC-I has lower cost and better selectivity. Under the condition of grinding fineness of - 0.045 mm accounting for 74%， lime consumption of 400 g/t， water glass consumption of 600 g/t and GC-I consumption of 105 g/t， the copper concentrate with copper grade of 23.84% and copper recovery rate of 82.37% was obtained by "one roughing three scavenging" process flow. Under the same condition with Z-200 as collector， the copper grade of the copper concentrate was 21.43%， and the copper recovery rate was 82.23%. According to the closed-circuit test index， the annual cost of new flotation reagent is 699 300 yuan. It is estimated that the cost of flotation reagent will be reduced by 199 800 yuan every year. The economic benefit of new flotation reagent is considerable， which possesses certain application and promotion value.

Study on Particle Size Characteristics of Grinding Products under Grinding

GUO Run-Nan, YANG Jin-Lin, MA Shao-Jian, SHUAI Zhi-Chao

2020, 50(05):  210-214. 

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Grinding is the result of the combined action of impact and abrasion， but the single abrasion effect wasn't systematically studied in the previous studies. Two common minerals pyrite and pyrrhotite were taken as research objects. The particle size distribution characteristics and rules of grinding products under the action of grinding were studied using the methods of relative grindability and grinding kinetics analysis， so as to preliminarily discuss the grinding characteristics of grinding machine in the falling state. The results showed that under the same conditions， the finer the particle size of mineral feeding， the more obvious the change of grinding product particle size with the grinding time. Pyrite will obtain a higher grinding fineness in a short time， but with the extension of the grinding time， the change of grinding fineness of pyrrhotite is more obvious， and the influence of grinding time on pyrrhotite is greater. The particle size distribution characteristics of the grinding products have a good fit for the first-order linear dynamic model of grinding. Based on the test results， it can provide a theoretical basis for the follow-up study of the motion law and grinding characteristics of the grinding media under the condition of abrasion.

NO2 Sensing Materials Based on W-doped ZnO Nanowires for Mining Safety

LI Hui-Xuan, TENG Fei, LIU Ming-Hao, LI Rui-Min, SHEN Yan-Bai

2020, 50(05):  215-220. 

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W-doped ZnO nanowires were synthesized by a hydrothermal method using zinc dichloride (ZnCl2·2H2O) and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as the precursor， as well as sodium tungstate (Na2WO4·2H2O) as the tungsten source. The microstructural characterization by means of X-ray diffraction microscopy (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the structure and morphology of ZnO nanowires were not affected by W doping. The obtained products with diameter of 50~80 nm and length of 2.0~5.2 μm were ZnO nanowires with hexagonal wurtzite structure ， which possessed smooth surface， high crystallinity， and good dispersion. NO2 sensing measurements indicated that 1% W-doped ZnO nanowires achieved the highest sensor response at an operating temperature of 200 ℃ and good selectivity， reversibility and reproducibility. The gas sensing mechanism was discussed in accordance with the electron depletion layer theory and reactive site.