Table of Content

15 November 2020, Volume 49 Issue 11

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Study on the Influence of Water-cement Ratio on the Physico-mechanical Properties of Rock-like Materials under Freeze-thaw

LIU Yanzhang, WANG Jin, HUANG Shibing, LU Zexin, LIU Yatian, GUO Yunlin

2020, 49(11):  1-10. 

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The rock mass of the mine slope in the alpine region will experience the freeze-thaw cycle， causing damage and weakening of the rock mass structure， which will pose a hazard to the stability of the mine slope. Cement mortar is a commonly used rock-like material to simulate fractured rock mass， and its mixing ratio has great influence on the frost resistance of this kind of rock material. In order to investigate the influence of water cement ratio on the physical and mechanical properties of rock-like materials under freeze-thaw， rock-like standard specimens with seven different water cement ratios were prepared. Freeze-thaw cycles and uniaxial compression tests after 0~50 cycles were carried out. The results show that: ① In the absence of freezing-thawing， increasing water cement ratio， the porosities and densities of the specimens increase while the P-wave velocities decrease. During freezing-thawing， the P-wave velocity decreases with the increase of freezing-thawing cycles， and it reduces faster as the water cement ratio increase. ② With the increase of water-cement ratio，the uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of rock-like materials increase firstly and then decrease. When water cement ratio is 0.325~0.35， the uniaxial compressive strength of rock-like materials is the highest and the frost resistance is the best. ③ With the increase of freeze-thaw cycles， the stress-strain curves of these specimens tend to be flat， which illustrates they transform from brittleness to ductility. Besides， a larger deformation of the pore compaction stage arises for higher water cement ratio. The study results can provide a reference in the proportion design of freeze-thaw damage experiment of mine slope and related rock mass engineering.

Deformation and Failure Law and Control Technology of Surrounding Rock in Deep Shaft

LI Huahua, WANG Xiaodong

2020, 49(11):  11-18. 

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With the depletion of shallow resources， more and more mines are gradually entering the deep mining stage. At the same time， the problem of deep mining surrounding rock control is becoming more and more prominent. It is urgent to carry out the research of deep shaft surrounding rock control technology to provide theoretical and technical support for the ground pressure control of deep mining. Taking the actual engineering situation of a deep shaft as the engineering background， numerical simulation test of surrounding rock deformation and failure of shaft in different geostress was carried out by using FLAC3D software. Through optimizing the control technology of surrounding rock of shaft with high geostress， the study on the support technology of surrounding rock in high geostress with different pressure relief holes was carried out， and the field test was carried out. Results show that plastic zone of the surrounding rock develops from the direction to minor principal stress gradually transition to “X”-shape with the increase of geostress； the implementation of pressure relief hole outside the shear plastic zone in the surrounding rock makes the concentrated stress of the surrounding rock transfer to the deep zone， and reduce convergence displacement of shaft wall and surrounding rock. Through engineering application， the total displacement of the shaft wall is less than 2 mm， and the displacement rate is far less than the warning threshold， and the shaft wall is in a healthy state， and there is a certain safety margin. The above study results further indicated that the flexible primary support and concrete shaft liner combined with borehole pressure relief technology can effectively maintain the safety and stability of the shaft liner under high stress conditions， and the application effect is good.

Study on the Control Technology for Wedge Ground Pressure at Hemushan Iron Mine in Anhui Province

LI Haiying, REN Fengyu, CHEN Xianlong, MING Xu

2020, 49(11):  19-24. 

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In the underground mining of the broken， irregular blocks ore body of the metal deposit，it is an important guarantee for the safe and efficient mining at the posits to study and recognize the ground pressure activity law of the stope and take effective measures to control the ground pressure activity.The Houhemushan mining area of Hemushan Iron Mine is a broken ，irregular blocks ore body mining by sublevel caving method without sill pillar.As the decline of working face and the change of stope structural parameters，large-scale ground pressure activities took place in the first sublevel of the -250 m middle section，and the footwall haulage roadway and the hanging wall drifts were seriously damaged，such as the two sides of the roadway are squeezed，broken or broken， the floor is bulging，and the roof is sinking etc.， which makes the roadway unable to be repaired，and seriously affects the safety production of the mine.Based on the analysis of the characteristics of ground pressure activity and the failure mechanism of stope，it is concluded that the ground pressure mainly comes from the wedge- shaped body pressure which is formed by the fracture and the delayed caving of rock surrounding the roof.At the same time，the mathematical model of additional stress on the wedge is established.According to the calculation results，the pressure stress at the tip of wedge is greater than the average value of the compressive strength of the ore body，which is the main reason for the rapid destruction of the hanging wall drifts，while the sliding of the fracture structural plane at the footwall of the ore body caused by the active pressure of wedge wing is the direct reason for the footwall haulage roadway destruction.According to above-mentioned analytical results，the method of controlling the slippage failure of footwall geological structural planes，depressurizing partial mining， increasing the drift interval and improving the stope support form is used to effectively control the ground pressure of wedge-shaped body and ensure the safe mining at -250 m middle section.

Effect of Pumping Agent on Fluidity of Filling Slurry and Mechanical Properties of Filling Body

XUE Zhenlin, ZHANG Youzhi, GAN Deqing, ZHANG Xin, HU Sheng

2020, 49(11):  25-30. 

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Pumping agent has been widely used in mines as an additive to improve the fluidity of slurry， but the effect of pumping agent on filling body mechanical properties is not clear. For this reason， the slurry slump and rheological of filling slurry， and the uniaxial compressive strength and microscopic structure of the filling body with different pumping agent dosage were tested. The results show that the pumping agent has a nonlinear gradient effect on the slump. With the increasing of pumping agent dosage， the influence of the same dosage on the slump is gradually weakened. Both the yield stress and the plastic viscosity decrease with the increasing of the pumping agent dosage. The drop of the yield stress is obviously slowed down after the pumping agent dosage exceeds 3%. For the plastic viscosity， when the dosage exceeds 2%， the decrease rate has begun to slow down significantly. The effect of pumping agent on the filling body strength at 3 d age is inconspicuous. For 7 d and 28 d age strength， the effect is positive when the dosage is 1% and 2%， but it is negative when more than 2%. When the dosage is 1%， the microstructure of the sample is the most compact. As the pumping agent dosage increases， the macro voids gradually increase.Considering the pumping agent cost， the slurry fluidity， and the filling body compressive strength， for the ratio of the slurry in the test， the recommended dosage of the pumping agent is 2%.

Mechanism of Deformation and Failure on Orepass Wall under Impact and Wear

YIN Yue, LU Zengxiang, MA Chi

2020, 49(11):  31-36. 

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During the process of using orepass in underground mines， the first collision of ore on the orepass wall when moving in the orepass has a great effect on the failure of the orepass wall. It is of great significance to study the movement trajectory of ore block in the orepass and determine the collision range between ore and orepass wall for the support of orepass wall. Taking an orepass in an underground mine of Liaoning as an example， the influence of the ore or rock blocks on the collision range under different initial motion conditions is analyzed， and the distribution range of the initial collision location is determined based on the kinematics theory. The results show that:①The initial collision position between the ore rock and the orepass wall is related to the speed， direction angle and movement time of the ore rock when it enters the orepass. When the structure parameters of the orepass are fixed ， the speed of the ore rock enters the pass is constant， and the velocity direction angle determines the impact range of the ore and rock on the shaft wall.②With the increasing of the initial movement direction angle of the ore or rock block， the distance of ore or rock block movement before the collision between the ore or rock block and the orepass wall of the orepass is gradually shortened， and the impact position is increasing higher，the impacted side of the orepass wall forms two symmetrical arc-shaped oblique impact zones 9.23 m below the pass.③The randomness of ore movement will affect the extent and scope of the orepass wall damage， and under the repeated impact of the rock flow， the position and range of the impact on the orepass wall tend to be concentrated，which is the result of cumulative damage.The above study results can provide theoretical support for orepass wall support.

Multi-level Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Model Based on EAHP for Dam Break Risk of Tailings Pond

KE Lihua, ZHANG Ying, LI Quanming, LI Zhentao, YE Yicheng, Wang Qihu, HUANG Changchang

2020, 49(11):  37-43. 

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Aiming at the subjective arbitrariness of group decision making and linguistic fuzzy uncertainties in the risk assessment of dam breakage of tailings pond， a multi-level fuzzy comprehensive assessment model of dam breakage risks of tailings pond based on the extension analytic hierarchy process （ EAHP） is established. The extension interval judgment matrices have been used to objectively and comprehensively describe the vague opinions and preferences of experts on the evaluation index weight of the tailings dam breach risk. The deviation between the opinions of each expert and the expert group has been used to calculate the importance coefficient of each expert. Then the index weight coefficients [ωj] have been determined after the consistency coefficient [α] and [θ] have been introduced to deal with extension interval judgment matrix R.Doing by this， the effects of all the experts in the group decision- making of the dam break risk about the tailings pond have been highlighted， the consistency test process of extension interval judgment matrices have been simplified and the reliability of index weight has been improved. The multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of the dam breaking risk about the tailings pond has been applied to analyze the dam break risk of the Yanjiawan tailings pond. The evaluation results show that the risk level of the tailings pond is safe， and the dam body instability and flood overtopping have a great impact on the safety of the tailings pond， which is consistent with the actual the daily management situation of Yangjiawan tailings pond. This method can be used to effectively solve the problem of weight group decision making in the risk analysis of tailings dam break， avoid the loss of expert opinions， reduce the adverse impact of the randomness of expert's subjective judgment on the evaluation results and improve the effect of the risk analysis of tailings dam break.

Analysis of Slope Failure Probability Based on Barton-bandis Nonlinear Failure Criterion

CHEN Huanhuan, YONG Rui, LIU Zihang

2020, 49(11):  44-52. 

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In view of the nonlinear characteristics of joints due to the influence of roughness and compressive strength of rock mass joints， the traditional limit equilibrium method uses mean to characterize the physical and mechanical indexes of rock mass， so that the evaluation conclusion can not fully take into account the discrete nature of the indexes. A slope failure probability analysis method based on Barton-Bandis nonlinear failure criterion is proposed. Through field geological survey， the contour curve and rebound value of rock mass joints are obtained. The multi-group sample data of roughness coefficient JRC， compressive strength JCS and basic friction angle [?]b of joints are obtained after processing and calculating， and the probability distribution of parameters' sample data is verified. Based on the Barton-Bandis criterion， the stability analysis model of Baiyangmiao Mine slope is established， the multi- group stability coefficients of the slope are calculated by Morgenstern-Price method， and its statistical analysis is carried out by Monte Carlo method to determine the failure probability of the slope， and compared with the calculation results of the traditional limit equilibrium method. The study results show that the method of slope failure probability analysis based on Barton-Bandis criterion fully takes into account the nonlinear characteristics of shear strength of rock mass joints and the dispersion of shear strength parameters in slope stability analysis， and is an effective method for stability analysis of rock slope.

Slope Stability Analysis Based on Dynamic Acceleration Explicit Integral Numerical Manifold Method

YU Rongchun, MO Minhua

2020, 49(11):  53-58. 

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In order to strengthen the accuracy of Numerical Manifold Method （NMM） for processing large-scale nonlinear dynamics problems， the Numerical Manifold Method with dynamic acceleration is proposed， which takes advantage of explicit integration algorithm for processing large-scale nonlinear problems and extends the characteristics of NMM for processing continuous and discontinuous problems under the same computational framework. The acceleration is defined to change linearly in a single time step， the explicit integration algorithm formula of dynamic acceleration is derived， and the stability test of dynamic acceleration explicit numerical manifold method is carried out. Finally， this method is applied to the stability analysis of an open-pit rock slope. The results show that when the total number of steps and the number of blocks are increased， the advantages of dynamic acceleration explicit numerical manifold method over traditional NMM become more obvious， which further proves the feasibility of this method in dealing with large-scale nonlinear dynamics problems. The slope instability mode of open-pit mine is the upper and middle slide. Considering the thickness of the slope is about 30 m and the actual situation of the slope， it is recommended to reinforce the slope and the instability surface by grouting， so as to enhance its self-bearing capacity to improve its stability and support the slope behind the slope.

A New Method for Deformation Monitoring of High Slope in Open-pit Mine

LIU Xiaoyang, LI Feng, SUN Guangtong, QIAN An, ZHU Hong, LI Jiale

2020, 49(11):  59-65. 

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Aiming at the problems of high slope monitoring accuracy of open-pit mines，high real-time performance，difficulty in comprehensive coverage，and difficulty in contacting，the technical characteristics of ground-based SAR measurement were analyzed，and the monitoring method of high slope deformation in open-pit mine based on ground-based radar and the key technologies of atmospheric disturbance correction and time sequence analysis were studied.Combined with the deformation monitoring experiment of Sanyou Mine slope，the processing flow of ground-based radar data and the method of radar data quality evaluation based on amplitude discrete index，estimated stability index，displacement accuracy and other parameters was given.For the atmospheric disturbance problem in long-term and long-range monitoring of open-pit mine slopes，explored the atmospheric correction method based on the PSC network，and achieved good atmospheric correction effects.The monitoring results were consistent with the monitoring results of the high-precision measuring robot，which verifies the effectiveness of the monitoring method.The study results show that the amplitude dispersion index is better than 0.1， the phase estimation stability index is greater than 10，and the displacement accuracy is better than 0.2 mm.PSC network atmospheric correction can effectively eliminate the phase change caused by temperature difference between day and night and humidity，and achieve sub- millimeter measurement accuracy.The micro deformation monitoring of high slope in open pit is realized based on time series analysis technology，which provides a new monitoring method for mine slope safety.

Study on Large Capacity Routing and Wavelength Assignment Algorithms for Wavelength Division Multiplexing Optical Networks for Information Transmitting in Underground Mines

ZHANG FengJie, DAI Bibo, YANG Xiaoming

2020, 49(11):  66-70. 

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In view of the complexity of underground mine network system，how to realize the low delay and high rate transmission of big data information collected，the underground mine network model was described mathematically by constructing the WDM optical network defined by underground mine software and based on the central master control network.Blocking probability of branch network service was reduced by minimizing the use of wavelength index， and the load capacity of branch network was optimized.Through numerical simulation analysis of the maximum capacity of priority，the shortest distance and maximum capacity/hop preference 3 kinds of routing and wavelength assignment algorithms of large capacity，numerical results show that the central control network of underground mines can improve the carrying capacity of big data information and the utilization efficiency of network spectrum resources.The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm for large capacity routing and wavelength assignment were verified.The study results show that compared with SDF and MCF algorithm，MCHF algorithm has a lower blocking probability.Therefore，the adoption of underground mine central master control network transmission can not only meet the carrying capacity of big data collected from underground mines and the utilization efficiency of network spectrum resources，but also ensure the low cost， low delay and high rate transmission of the collected big data information.

Advances in Bioleaching Critical Metals from Electronic Waste

TAN Xiaotong, WANG Zhiqing, REN Xiujun, HAN Tianfang, ZHAO Xin

2020, 49(11):  71-78. 

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With the rapid renewing of electronic products， the output of e-waste is increasing quickly. The recycling of e-waste is of major interest as its complicated components and a variety of recyclable critical metals. Bioleaching technology is commonly used in the recycling of critical metal in e-waste for its advantages of simple process， low energy consumption and environmental friendly. Through reviewing the researches in the field of e-waste bioleaching in recent years， the types and mechanism of functional microorganisms that realize the recycling of e-waste are summarized， especially the latest progress of leaching critical metals by acidophilic bacteria， fungus and cyanogenic microorganisms. Meanwhile， the improvement of metal leaching efficiency through pretreatment of e-waste， microbial culture and optimization of bioleaching methods is highlighted. At last， the prospects for the technological breakthrough in future bioleaching research and the recovery of critical metal in leaching solution are proposed.

Mineral Processing Optimization Test of Magnetite Ores in Anqian with Short Process

2020, 49(11):  79-83. 

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The grade of iron in Anqian magnetite is 29.25%， and the iron mainly exists in the form of magnetite with the distribution rate of iron in magnetite of 79.02%. The main gangue mineral is quartz. In order to develop and utilize the low-grade iron ore efficiently and enhance the magnetic separation efficiency， the short process optimization test was carried out. Analysis methods， such as chemical multi-elements analysis， iron phase test and XRD analysis were adpoted to study the ore properties for basis of the new process design. One-stage low- magnetic preconcentration， regrinding and reselection of concentrate from low-magnetic preconcentration and high-magnetic reselection of tailings from low-magnetic preconcentration were carried out with faction of -1 mm， -2 mm， -3 mm and -4 mm prepared from high pressure roller mill. The results showed that: ①The finer the particle size of the material is， the higher the grade and recovery rate of the concentrate of the low-magnetic preseparation is. Since the high pressure roller grinding equipment has poor effect on the fine particle size， -3 mm is determined as the best crushing size. At this time， the iron grade of the concentrate is 38.03%， and the iron recovery rate is 88.12%. ②The iron grade of low-magnetic separation increased and the iron operation recovery rate decreased with the increase of regrinding fineness in the regrinding test of preconcentration concentrate. The optimal grinding fineness is - 0.038 mm accounting for 94.30%， in which the total recovery rate of iron is 81.99%. ③The iron grade of the four particle sizes of the high-magnetic concentrate gradually decreased with the increase of magnetic field intensity in the high-magnetic exploration test. The iron recovery rate gradually increased and then became stable， while the tailings yield gradually decreased. ④The high-magnetic separation tests were carried out with low-intensity magnetic tailings of -3 mm under the conditions of the background magnetic induction intensity of 1.0 T， the feeding speed of 1.3 kg /min， the feeding water flow rate of 6.5 L/min， the rotating speed of 2.0 r/min and the fluctuation of 200 times/min. The high-magnetic concentrate with the iron grade of 16.54% and the iron recovery rate of 80.93% could be obtained finally. The recovery value was not high， thus the high-magnetic process was abandoned. Finally， the technological process of "high pressure roller crushing， weak magnetic pre concentration， fine grinding and weak magnetic separation" was determined to replace the original complex long process of "stage grinding， coarse and fine separation， gravity separation， strong magnetic and anion reverse flotation". The experiment has completed the optimization of the original process of Anqian Mining Company， which is of reference significance to the improvement of magnetite beneficiation process indexes in Anshan area and Anqian Mining Company.

Study on the Occurrence State and the Leaching of Rare Earth Elements in Sediments of the Indian Ocean Basin

PAN Bing, REN Guoxing, WANG Xiang, JIANG Chuling, MAI Xiaoyu, ZHONG Zhigang

2020, 49(11):  84-89. 

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As an important rare earth resource， sediments in the Indian Ocean basin have become an important way to guarantee the supply of rare earth in China. In order to explore the feasibility of the ultilization of the sediments in the Indian Ocean basin， the occurrence state of rare earth elements was characterized by means of MLA， chemical phase and SEM analysis ， and sulfuric acid was used as leaching reagent to investigate the effect of sulfuric acid concentration， ratio of liquid to solid， leaching temperature and time on the leaching rate of the rare elements. The purification of the leaching solution in the best condition was conducted by ammonia. The results showed that: ①sediment particles are extremely fine with a mean volumetric particle size of 4.47 μm， and mainly consist of clay， manganese oxide， quartz， feldspar， mica， chlorite and halite. Rare earth mainly occurs in apatite， accounting for 73.10%. ②The leaching efficiencies of La， Ce， Nd， Y， Gd， Dy and Er were 80.57%， 66.33%， 88.42%， 93.25%， 92.63%， 55.30% and 93.17%， respectively， under the best conditions of 2 mol/L H2SO4， ratio of liquid to solid of 7∶1， leaching temperature of 55 °C and leaching time of 120 min. ③The composition of rare earth leaching solution is complex， and the content of rare earth is low with only about 100 mg/L. Most of Al and Fe in the leaching solution was effectively removed when the pH of the leachate was controlled at 5.14 by adding ammonia water ， while the loss rate of rare earth was more than 30.85%. The research results is significant for the further development and ultilization of the deep-sea rare earth resources.

Experimental Study on Beneficiation of Arsenic/carbon-bearing Refractory of Low-grade Gold Ore Containing High Sulfur

DU Shuhua, PAN Banglong, XIA Liang, ZHU Guoqing

2020, 49(11):  90-94. 

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A low-grade gold ore contained Au of 1.68 g/t，As of 0.43%，C of 0.40% and S of 3.20%，respectively，and the gold was disseminated in arsenopyrite，pyrite and limonite in microscopic or submicroscopic form. The ore was a typical refractory ore containing arsenic and carbon with the characteristics of fine particle size，high arsenic and carbon，which seriously effected the recovery of the gold.In order to recover the gold from the ore， cyanide leaching，gravity separation and flotation were carried out respectively. The results showed that the gold cyanide leaching recovery rate was only 5%， and the recovery rate of gravity separation was less than 10%.The gold concentrate could be obtained with Au grade of 15.04 g/t and Au recovery rate of 77.13% by flotation. Because of the higher harmful elements such as arsenic， carbon and sulfur in the gold concentrate and the higher loss of gold （0.42 g/t） in the flotation tailings，roasting pretreatment was adopted to remove harmful elements in gold concentrate and tailings， and then cyanidation leaching of calcine was used to recover gold. Finally， the total gold recovery rate of 70.66% was obtained by using the combined process of flotation，concentrate roasting cyanidation leaching and tailing roasting cyanidation leaching scheme. The gold of the ore was recovered effectively.

Experimental Research on Low Alkalinity Flotation Process of Gold-bearing Complex Copper Sulfur Ore

LI Guodong, QIU Tingshen, GUO Haining, YAN Huashan

2020, 49(11):  95-99. 

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A complex gold bearing copper sulfide ore containing copper，gold and sulfur of 0.82%、1.20 g/t and 11.30%，respectively. The process mineralogy of the copper sulfur ore was studied in detail. According to the characteristics of the ore，the process flow of the principle of preferential flotation of copper and sulfur was applied under low alkalinity，the results of the closed-circuit test indicated that:under the condition of grinding fineness of -74 μm accounting for 85%，CaO as pyrite inhibitor with pulp pH value of 9~10，and Z-200 as copper mineral collector，the copper concentrate with the copper grade of 18.42%，copper recovery rate of 84.97%，gold content of 15.52 g/t and gold recovery rate of 48.78% could be obtained by one roughing，one scavenging and two cleaning copper flotation processes.Then the sulfur concentrate with sulfur grade of 45.42% and sulfur recovery rate of 65.33% could be obtained by the flotation process of one roughing，one scavenging and two cleaning with butyl xanthate as collector after adding pyrite activator QH to the copper tailings.The gold was enriched effectively in the copper concentrate and the comprehensive recovery of valuable metals was realized in the condition of low alkalinity.

Experimental Study on Cu-Pb Separation of a Copper-lead Mixed Concentrate by Flotation

JIANG Wanjun, WANG Hao, WANG Shan, YUAN Jingjie

2020, 49(11):  100-105. 

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Bulk flotation was usually utilized to deal with polymetallic sulphide ore bearing Cu，Pb and Zn. Then the obtained mixed concentrate was subjected to separate Cu from Pb by flotation. The separation between Cu and Zn was considered as the crucial step for this process. With respect to a mixed concentrate obtained from Cu-Pb-Zn polymetallic ore by flotation， in this paper， experimental study on Cu-Pb flotation separation was carried out. The effects of reagent removal as well as main parameters of flotation were investigated. The experimental results indicated that favorable separation results were obtained by using activated carbon as reagent removal medium. The optimized dosage of activated carbon was 200 g/t and the stirring time for reagent removal was 10 min. By using combined depressant to float copper-bearing mineral while restraining lead-bearing mineral， the suitable dosage of depressant and stirring time were 800 g/t and 10 min， respectively. After that， lime of 400 g/t， zinc sulfate of 400 g/t， sodium sulfite of 300 g/t， butyl xanthate with ammonium butyrate black drug of （5+5） g/t， and the second oil of 10 g/t were added successively. Under the optimized test conditions， the copper concentrate with the copper grade of 24.15%， the copper recovery rate of 80.57% ， and the lead concentrate with the lead grade of 31.63% and the lead recovery rate of 65.35% could be obtained respectively. The separation effect of copper and lead was fine， which laid an important theoretical basis and technical support for the efficient utilization of the studied resource.

Recovery of Ferromolybdenum Alloy from the Copper Slag by Carbothermic Reduction Method

YE Ziqing, HUANG Zili, SHI Jiali, YUAN Chenguang, LIU Chuyu, ZHU Chaobo

2020, 49(11):  106-112. 

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In a copper smelter in Hubei Province， the iron grade and molybdenum grade are 35.37% and 0.30% respectively. The iron mainly exists in the form of magnetite and forsterite， and the molybdenum mainly exists in the form of oxide，forming chemical bond with Si and Fe in the slag. If direct magnetic separation is used to recover iron and conventional flotation is used to recover molybdenum， neither iron nor molybdenum can be effectively recovered. In order to maximize the recovery and reuse of iron and molybdenum resources in copper slag， ferromolybdenum alloy was prepared by smelting direct reduction process with coal powder as reducing agent， calcium oxide and alumina as slag making agent， so as to recover iron and molybdenum from copper slag. The effects of reduction temperature， reduction time， amount of coal powder， amount of calcium oxide and amount of alumina on the recovery and grade of Fe and Mo in the alloy were discussed. The results showed that the recovery of Fe and Mo in the alloy is 89.03% and 98.44% respectively， and the grade is 91.70% and 0.86% respectively under the optimized conditions of reduction temperature of 1 400 ℃， reduction time of 60 min， coal powder consumption， calcium oxide consumption and alumina consumption respectively 20%， 20% and 10% of copper slag.

Experimental Study on Preparation of Microcrystalline Cast Stone by High Temperature Melting Modification with Titanium Bearing Blast Furnace Slag

LIU Wei, CHEN Tiejun, WANG Linjun, BI Sheng, WAN Junying, ZHANG Dawei

2020, 49(11):  113-117. 

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In order to promote the comprehensive utilization of large amount of waste and new-type waste and develop efficient recovery and resource utilization technology of hot slag waste heat， titanium bearing blast furnace slag and mine iron tailings were used as raw materials to prepare microcrystalline cast stone by melting at high temperature during slag discharge. The influence of different raw material ratio on the properties of microcrystalline cast stone was systematically studied. The results showed that when the ratio of titanium bearing blast furnace slag and iron tailings is 41.7% and 58.3%， the main crystalline phases are diopside and pyroxene. The titanium bearing blast furnace slag and iron tailings are prepared into microcrystalline cast stone products by using the waste heat of blast furnace slag discharging， which provides a new idea for the comprehensive utilization of mine iron tailings and blast furnace titanium slag.

Study on the Adsorption Mechanism of Quartz with Combined Anionic Collector

JIANG Yongliang, FU Yonghe, JIANG Xiaojun, SU Tuoyu

2020, 49(11):  118-123. 

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Aiming at the difficults in the separation of silicon-containing minerals with the iron ores， the adsorption mechanism of combined anion collector on quartz was studied in order to provide a high quality collector for low temperature flotation. The mechanism of action of vinyl branching surfactant and sodium oleate collector in flotation was studied by using contact angle measuring instrument， surface tensiometer， infrared spectrometer and quartz microbalance （QCM-D）. The results showed that ①the synergistic effect of multi-branched surfactant and fatty acid enhanced the hydrophobic properties of quartz and amphibole， making the increase of the contact angle. Amphibole in silicone-containing compounds was more difficult to be adsorbed and separate compared with quartz. ②With the increase of collector concentration and temperature， the surface tension of the combined collector decreased gradually， and the collection ability was enhanced and easy to produce a stable foam layer. ③FTIR detecting results indicated that the characteristic peak of carboxylic acid root decreased to 1 561 cm-1 and 1 416 cm-1 after dipping and coating the combined collector， and a significant red shift occurred which indicating that the C-O bond energy was weakened and chemical adsorbtion occurred in the quartz surface. ④QCM-D test results showed that the energy factor changed to 6.23×10-6 after the combined collector adsorbed on the quartz crystal surface. A closed-circuit flotation process test of one coarse， one cleaning and three scavenging for mixed magnetic concentrate was carried out with Qidashan concentrator at the temperature of 21 ℃， and good indexes of 68.16% of total iron grade and 89.93% of iron recovery were obtained eventually.

Study on Relationship between Surface Properties and Filtration Performance of Different Iron Ore Powders

YANG Tao, QING Gele, DONG Xiangjuan, HE Jinwen, TIAN Junqing, ZHANG Yan

2020, 49(11):  124-128. 

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The filtration performance of different sinters after fine grinding is obviously different， and most of them are difficult to filter after fine grinding. In order to study the influence factors on the filtration performance of different fine grinding sinter fines， five kinds of sinter powders， namely Roy Hill powder， Brazilian powder， Angora powder， Kenya powder and Mauritania powder， were finely ground to -0.074 mm accounting for 86.60%. The filtration test was carried out under the conditions of pulp concentration of 60%， pressure of 0.06 MPa and filtration time of 180 s， and the relationship between the surface morphology， specific surface area， surface water adsorption and filtration performance was studied. The results showed that after the fine grinding of the five kinds of sinter fines， the filter cake with rough surface and more adherent fine particles has higher moisture content and lower filtration rate. The specific surface area value of the mineral powder with higher moisture content and lower filtration rate is also higher， and the correponding surface roughness degree are high. The maximum molecular binding water adsorbed on the surface of ore powder and the capillary water that cannot be removed by filtration determine the moisture content of filter cake. The adsorption capacity of bound water on the surface of mineral powder with high water content of filter cake and capillary effect among these particles are stronger. Therefore， improving the surface properties of fine grinding sinter powder could be used as a way to improve the filtration performance of fine grinding sinter powder.

Study on the Settlement Characteristics of Iron Tailings by Combination of Inorganic and Organic Flocculants

LIANG Xiao, WANG Yonghai, WU Tianjiao, ZHAO Xiaoyi

2020, 49(11):  129-133. 

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An iron tailing in Shaanxi is difficult to settle，the tail water quality is poor， and the tail water has not been reused for a long time.This not only wastes water resources， but also has environmental pollution problems. In order to accelerate the settlement of tailings and improve the quality of tail water to promote the reuse of tail water，different kinds of inorganic and organic flocculants were selected to study the sedimentation of tailings slurry.The interaction of FeCl3 and new organic flocculant of AL9020 on flocculation sedimentation of tailings was also investigated.The results showed that the fine grain size of the iron tailings makes it difficult to settle naturally. When the inorganic flocculant is used alone， the sedimentation speed of the tailings is slow，but the turbidity of the clarification water is low.And when the organic flocculant is used alone， the sedimentation speed of the tailings is fast，but the turbidity of the clarification water is poor. The combination of FeCl3 and AL9020 flocculants can improve the settling speed of tailings and reduce the turbidity of clarification water，which can enhance the settlement effect of tailings.Under the optimal medicament system with the FeCl3 and AL9020 dosage of 200 g/m3 and 15 g/m3 respectively， the settling velocity of iron tailings is 301.68 m per day，and the turbidity of clarification water is 23NTU. The acceleration of the sedimentation rate and the decrease of the turbidity of the clarification water provide quality assurance for the reuse of tail water. And the combination of inorganic and organic flocculants produces a synergistic effect， which can significantly improve the settlement effect of tailings and provide a reference for the settlement of tailings， especially fine-grained tailings.

Enhanced Adsorption Study Test of Potassium Cation Using Kaolinite Modified by Phosphoric Acid with Activation of Antigorite

ZHU Wenxia, ZHANG Qiwu, LI Xuewei, KONG Ning, WU Lina, LEI Zhiwu

2020, 49(11):  134-140. 

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The phosphoric acid-modified kaolin material was used to take a chemical adsorption with K+ due to the active hydrogen groups on the surface， but the accumulation of H+ will affect the adsorption reaction. The hydroxyl groups of antigorite were activated to release OH- by milling. The OH- was dissolved to neutralize the accumulated H+ to promote the adsorption of K+. The effects of factors such as milling speed， mass ratio of phosphoric acid modified kaolin （KP） and activated serpentine （MAS）， adsorption time， and different initial concentrations were investigated. The results showed that the ball milling speed was 500 r/min， mass ratio of KP to MAS was 0.6∶0.4， the adsorption time was 120 min， and the initial concentration was 300 mg/L， the actual saturated adsorption amount of K+ was 30.25 mg/g， which reaches the level of industrial application. When K+ was adsorbed and saturated KP/MAS was tested in distilled water， only less than 5% K+ was dissolved out， and nearly all K+ was dissolved out after 8 h in citric acid solution with concentration of 2%， indicating that the product had low solubility in water， and had good slow-release characteristics under weak acid environment， which was conducive to the absorption of nutrients by plant roots.

Deep ore Characteristics of Luanchuan Ore Concentration Area and Resource Prediction in Henan Province

HAN Jiangwei, YUN Hui, HU Honglei, HE Yuliang, TAN Heyong, GUO Bo, ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Rongzhen, DU Baofeng, PEI Zhongchao

2020, 49(11):  141-151. 

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In order to evaluate W-Mo resources objectively and comprehensively in Luanchuan，which is known as the molybdenum capital of China，this study re-delineated the W-Mo ore bodies by using the previous exploration data and the data of deep boreholes constructed in the area in recent years in Lengshui-Chitudian area，which located in the core area of Luanchuan ore concentration area.Meanwhile，the buried depth of the top interface of the ore-forming rocks inferred based on the high-precision gravity and magnetic data is corrected according to the holes.Based on the correction，the distribution characteristics and prospecting criteria of the main tungsten molybdenum ore bodies are constructed，and the distribution range of the tungsten molybdenum ore bodies at the top interface of the rock body in the mineralization period is calculated. Based on the corrected top interface of the rock body related to the Mo-W mineralization，combined with the metallogenic model of the molybdenum polymetallic depsoits in the area，the three-dimensional quantitative prediction is carried out.The study results show that molybdenum polymetallic ore in this area belongs to magmatic hydrothermal metallogenic system.The Mo （W） orebodies distributed in the inner and outer contact zone of the ore-forming rock body are controlled by intrusive interface.The ore-forming geological body is connected at a depth of 2 000 m.The molybdenum resources in Luanchuan mining area are predicted to be 14.48 million tons and WO3 4.25 million tons.According to the above prediction results，the further deep exploration rang of the area is further discussed.

Geological Characteristics and Genesis of the Luotuoshan Copper-zinc Polymetallic Deposit in Luanchuan County

YUN Hui, GUO Bo, HU Honglei, ZHU Hongyun, HAN Jiangwei, YAN Haiqi, LI Wei

2020, 49(11):  152-161. 

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The Luotuoshan zinc-copper polymetallic deposit in Luanchuan County，Henan Province is located at the junction of the southern margin of the North China Block and the North Qinling Orogenic Belt， in the northwest of the Luanchuan mining area， mainly containing pyrite， zinc， copper， associating with few scheelite， molybdenite， fluorite and other minerals. In order to conduct reliable prediction evaluation on the overall situation of copper-zinc polymetallic resources， existing small scale terrain geological map， drilling data， geochemical data， gravity data， magnetic data and electric data are adopted to establish a 3D geological model of multivariate geological information.With quantitative prediction of favorable section and deep engineering verification， major breakthrough was made in deep prospecting work. According to the latest exploration achievements in Luotuoshan zinc-copper polymetallic deposit， four zinc-copper polymetallic ore bodies were found in the deep and periphery of the mine. New added lead， zinc， copper and silver resources are 39 700 tons， 569 700 tons， 36 100 tons and 30.68 tons respectively， and it belongs to a large-scale zinc-copper polymetallic. Comprehensive study suggests that the Luotuoshan zinc-copper polymetallic deposit located in the Luanchuan ore concentration area is similar to the surrounding molybdenum-tungsten-lead-zinc deposits. It belongs to the same magma-hydrothermal mineralization system and is a layered skarn deposit of magma-hydrothermal metasomatic. The metallogenic system shows obvious zoning from the deep to the periphery， and that is，the deep part is the Nannihu pluton， with Nannihu tungsten-molybdenum deposit at the outer contact zone of the pluton， and the middle-upper part （600~1 500 m range） is a skarn type copper-zinc polymetallic deposit （medium-high temperature）， and the upper part is a vein-shaped lead-zinc-silver deposit （1 500~2 500 m range）. The Luotuoshan deposit is located at the middle-upper transitional zone of the metallogenic system and it is only a small part. The prospecting potential is huge， and there is possible for mineralization along the anticline axis to the west and the north wing of the anticline，dsides that，these areas are expected to become a super-large zinc-copper polymetallic deposit with further exploration.

Geological Characteristics and Prospecting Prospects of East Niukutou Deposit in Qimantage Area， East Kunlun

BAI Hongxi, ZHOU Jin, WANG Jianye, LI Hua, LIU Bo

2020, 49(11):  162-171. 

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East Niukutou Deposit is located in the junction zone between the southwestern margin of Qaidam Basin and the northern foot of Qimantag Mountains.Its geotectonic location is in the Qinqikun orogenic system and the eastern Kunlun arc basin system.The third-order tectonic unit is the northern Kunlun magmatic arc.It belongs to the East Kunlun iron，lead，zinc，copper ，cobalt，gold，tungsten，tin and asbestos metallogenic belt with excellent metallogenic geological conditions.The Quaternary system covers a large area in the area，and there is no direct mineralization clue on the surface.In order to verify the 1∶50 000 high magnetic anomalies，firstly，the 1∶10 000 surface high-precision magnetic survey method is used to circle 13 magnetic anomalies.Secondly，combined with the characteristics of magnetic anomalies，drilling holes are laid and three-component magnetic survey is carried out in wells to preliminarily identify the anomaly source and the geological characteristics of blind ore bodies.The regional geological background，geological characteristics，ore quality and ore type are discussed in detail.At the same time，the genesis of the deposit is analyzed and the prospecting direction is discussed.The research shows that the ore bodies mainly occur in metamorphic sandstone and marble，and the ore deposit is of sedimentary metamorphic type.The magnetic characteristics of iron ore are effective and main prospecting information.The anomalies delineated in the magnetic survey results are intuitive and important prospecting indicators.Through drilling engineering verification of 1∶10 000 magnetic anomalies，it is found that all of the anomalies are direct and important prospecting indicators.There are 22 iron ore bodies and 3 ore belts，with a preliminary estimate of 4.402 million tons of iron ore.Most of the discovered ore bodies are controlled by single hole，while individual ore bodies are controlled by two boreholes.According to the discovered ore bodies and combined with the characteristics of magnetic anomalies ，boreholes are constructed beside the borehole three-component magnetic logging，which is expected to expand the scale of ore bodies and further increase the reserves of ore body resources in the area.internal resources；the intensity of some magnetic anomalies extending up to 100 m after △T-polarization becomes smaller，but their morphology basically unchanged， ndicating that the anomaly source is deep， construction of deep boreholes to verify these anomalies， there is potential for further discovery of deep orebodies.

Soil Geochemical Characteristics and Prospecting Prediction in Hejiaya Area of Southern Shaanxi

WANG Dong, LUO Xianrong, WEI Yanting, LIU Panfeng, OUYANG Fei, ZHANG Xiaoming, YOU Jun, QIU Wei

2020, 49(11):  172-182. 

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Hejiaya area (study area) in Southern Shaanxi is located in Mianluening triangle area，which is an important enrichment area of copper， nickel， iron， gold， manganese， zinc and other polymetallic deposits， and has good metallogenic potential. In order to clarify the prospecting direction and narrow the prospecting target area of the study area， 1∶10 000 soil geochemical surveys were carried out for Ti， V， Mn， Zn， Cu， Pb， Ni， Au and As 9 elements in the study area. Based on the statistics of the relevant parameters (average value， variation coefficient， enrichment coefficient) of the element content measured by soil geochemistry， and combined with the distribution characteristics of single element anomaly， the results show that the metallogenic potential of Ti， V， Mn， Cu， Ni， Au， As and Zn is larger than that of Pb. According to the distribution characteristics of element assemblage contrast anomaly， metallogenic geological background and metallogenic geological conditions， two prospecting targets areas are delineated in the study area. The abnormal intensity of Cu， Ni， Au， As，Mn and Zn in A prospecting target area is 137.1×10-6， 91.7×10-6， 2.45×10-9， 39.8×10-6 ， 1 512×10-6 and 128×10-6 respectively， the abnormal intensity of Ti and V in B prospecting target area is 9 810×10-6 and 259×10-6， respectively. The metallogenic potential of the prospecting target areas is analyzed by means of single element anomaly distribution characteristics，element combination contrast anomaly distribution characteristics，metallogenic geological background， metallogenic geological conditions and geophysical prospecting information. It is considered that the A prospecting target has the potential to search for magmatic molten copper-nickel and other polymetallic sulphide deposits， and the B prospecting target has the potential to search for hydrothermal altered ilmenite.

Study on the Prospecting Significance for Peripheral and Deep Parts of a Porphyry Lead-zinc Deposit in Chengde City of Hebei Province

ZHENG Lichao, ZHAI Daxing, LI Yanchen, LI Yutang, YANG Shuchen, ZHAO Bo

2020, 49(11):  183-190. 

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Prospecting for the peripheral and deep parts of old mines has been the focus for geological exploration at present and future.How to use the existing theories or combined with the actual results to achieve a breakthrough in the exploration for the peripheral and deep parts of old mines，which needs further study urgently.For a porphyry lead-zinc deposit in the Chengde City of Hebei Province，previous works focused on the porphyry body and its contact zone with carbonate rocks (skarn-type deposits)，ignoring study on ore bodies in structural fractures of outer zone or deep copper molybdenum ore bodies.Recently geological surveys indicate that the geochemical anomalies are developed in this area for lead，zinc，silver as well as other elements，and the polarization anomalies are consistent with the extension of controlled orebodies.Drilling results show that hydrothermal vein-type lead-zinc-silver rich ore bodies are distributed in quartz sandstones around the porphyry body， and copper-molybdenum ore bodies are present in the deep parts.Analysis results of core halo samples indicate that the deposit is characterized by vertical mineralization.In this paper，it is pointed that these characteristics are same as porphyry deposit series and show great prospecting potential through study on regional geology，mining area geology，alteration of surrounding rocks， and mineralization zoning as well as compared with typical mineralization zoning models of porphyry deposits.Thus，the prospecting directions are defined in this area that looking for lead-zinc-silver deposits in the periphery of the area，lead-zinc-silver deposits in the shallow parts of the rock body，and copper-molybdenum deposits in the deep parts.On this basis，two prospecting target areas were delineated in combination with geophysical and geochemical anomalies，which provided an important reference for predicting the prospects in peripheral and deep parts of porphyry-type lead-zinc polymetallic deposit as well as guiding future geological exploration work.

Construction of the Metallogenic Prediction System of a Gold Mining Area in Henan Province Based on ArcGIS

ZHAO Yabei, SHI Jianxin, SU Yankun

2020, 49(11):  191-196. 

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In order to further expand the resources of a gold mining area in Henan Province and improve the efficiency of resource metallogenic prediction，a new metallogenic prediction system was constructed.The system was developed based on ArcGIS software platform and C language.The system metallogenic prediction process was divided into four parts:data model establishment， prediction model construction，model information extraction and mineral resource prediction.By collecting the basic geological conditions and exploration data of the study area， the database was established and the correlation between sub-databases was established.Based on the characteristics of strata，lithology and magmatic rocks in a gold mining area in Henan Province，the new metallogenic prediction system was applied to the mining area，and the metallogenic target area was classified into A，B and C in the order from high quality to general through the extraction of predictive variables，calculation of weight coefficient and calculation of metallogenic favorability value.Among them，the target area of level A is the unit with the metallogenic favorability value from 1.19 to 2.51，the target area of level B is the unit with the metallogenic favorability value from 2.51 to 3.83，and the target area of level C is the unit with the metallogenic favorability value greater than 3.83.The location，area and other information of each target area were obtained through the mineralization prediction of the constructed system，and the comparison with the existing information showed that the delineated target area has higher reliability，which reflects that the mineralization prediction of the constructed system has certain reliability.

Prediction Model of Mining Area Subsidence Based on InSAR Technique and SA-SVR Algorithm

ZHANG Yudong, MA Chunyan

2020, 49(11):  197-202. 

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In order to solve the problems of low accuracy of the prediction model of the settlement of the mining area and the inconsistency between the prediction model and the actual mining，a new subsidence prediction model of mining area based on synthetic aperture radar interferometry （InSAR），support vector regression （SVR） and simulated annealing （SA） was proposed.Firstly，the mining subsidence monitoring data were obtained by InSAR technique，the accumulated subsidence data of the test point was obtained by processing the data.The accumulated subsidence data is basically consistent with the actual GPS monitoring results by comparing with them.Then，the subsidence prediction model of mining area was established，the static subsidence prediction model was obtained by SVR algorithm，the optimal parameters of the model was determined by SA algorithm.In order to make the prediction results conform to the actual mining situation，the embedded dimension formula is introduced to obtain the subsidence prediction model of mining area and accuracy evaluation indexes.Finally，the established model is applied to Daliuta mining area of Shaanxi Province，the maximum absolute error between the predicted value and the actual monitored value is 9 mm，and the maximum relative error is 3%， the calculation results of accuracy evaluation indexes of the model show that the maximum value of the average absolute error of the test area is 2.5%， and the minimum correlation index is 0.8，which indicate that the prediction accuracy of the model is high.

Design and Realization of Adaptive Control System for Jaw Crusher

ZHANG Wei, WAN Zhengdao, HE Xianghong

2020, 49(11):  203-210. 

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Taking Metso C140 jaw crusher as a case， the laser level detection technology is adopted to design a matching sensor system. Two laser level meters are installed in the proper position above the crusher， which solves the problem of material level detection in the crushing chamber and the lower ore bin. Taking the crusher current and the level crushing chamber as control variables， the automatic feeding operation of Metso C140 jaw crusher is realized by adjusting the feeding speed and start-stop set of the heavy plate feeder and using adaptive control algorithm. After the three jaw crushing systems are automated，the number of operators is reduced from the original 14 to 5， and the operation content is changed from the original mechanical repetitive operation to simple regular inspection， which achieves the purpose of personnel optimization and labor intensity reduction of operators.The system fills the blank of automatic control of jaw crusher in underground mine and has a good popularizing value.

On-Line Detection Principle of Pipeline Liquid Density Meter and Its Application in Tailings Filling

CHENG Xiaozhou

2020, 49(11):  211-214. 

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In view of the problems of existing radioactive or poor anti-interference performance of the pipeline slurry on-line detection densimeter，a new resonant pipeline slurry densimeter was developed. Based on the vibration mathematical model of fluid pipeline，this densimeter measured the difference between the vibration frequency of the instrument and the frequency of fluid flowing through the instrument to judge the concentration of the slurry liquid. The pulp densimeter is mainly composed of a vibrating tube with liquid，an inductance coil distributed around the inner wall of the vibrating tube cavity，a resistor and capacitor connected with the two lead-outs of the inductance coil， and a RLC series resonance circuit with inductance coil，resistor and capacitor, etc. The MIMR-XZ6 pipeline slurry densimeter can be used as on-line density detector of pulp materials, and its detection accuracy can meet the needs of industrial.

Simulation and Experimental Research on Separation of Manganese Ore by Three-Product Dense Medium Hydrocyclone

LIU Guoqing, ZHANG Yuekan, LIU Peikun, WANG Hui, GE Jiangbo

2020, 49(11):  215-220. 

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Aiming at the problems of separation difficulty caused by imperfect separation process and equipment for manganese ore of -8 mm+1 mm， a three-product dense medium hydrocyclone separation and recovery process is proposed. The internal flow field and separation performance of a three-product dense medium hydrocyclone were numerically simulated and experimentally studied by using computational fluid dynamics （CFD） software. The simulation results showed that the flow field of three-product dense medium hydrocyclone is relatively stable in a certain inlet velocity range， and the tangential velocity and axial velocity increase with the increase of inlet velocity. Therefore， properly increasing the inlet velocity is more conducive to the separation of manganese ore. By predicting the density field distribution of dense medium suspension， the flow characteristics of swirling flow field are obtained， which provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of flow field structure. The results of separation test showed that the effective separation of concentrate and gangue can be realized by using the non pressure feeding dense medium beneficiation process， and the separation efficiency is significantly improved. The yield of concentrate of 36.00% was obtained with the condition of the density of the slurry at the overflow port of the secondary cyclone of 2.6 g/cm3 and the pressure of 0.08 MPa. The grade of Mn in the concentrate is 44.58% and the recovery rate is 56.81% with the raw ore grade of 28.25%. This process recover the refractory manganese ore effectively.