Metal Mine

New Understanding of Gold Polymetallic Mineralization in Xiong'er Mountain Ore Concentration Area

YAN Changhai, LI Xiaolong, HAN Jiangwei, FENG Yantao MA Zhenbo, GUO Bo, SONG Yaowu,

2021, 50(05): 1-12.

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In the past， it was generally believed that the mineralization of gold polymetallic deposits in Xiong'er Mountain ore concentration area was mainly controlled by the regional Machaoying fault and its NE and NW trending secondary faults. And its NE trending secondary faults often have the characteristics of equidistant distribution. Under the guidance of this understanding， great achievements have been made in gold polymetallic deposits prospecting in this area. In recent years， although the Huaishuping，Shiyaogou and other gold and molybdenum deposits have been newly discovered， the overall prospecting progress is not great，and there is no great breakthrough in the understanding of mineralization. Through the geological survey projects of China Geological Survey， a series of new understandings have been obtained in gold polymetallic mineralization and prospecting in Xiong'er Mountain ore concentration area: ①The unconformity plane between the Xiong'er Group and the Taihua Group is the main controlling structure of gold polymetallic deposits in Xiong'er Mountain ore concentration area， which controls the spatial distribution of gold polymetallic ore fields （deposits） in the area； ②The palaeovolcanicities of the Xiongerian played an important role in controlling the gold polymetallic mineralization in the area. The deposits （or ore occurrence） in the volcanic strata of the Jidanping Formation are hosted in different levels of paleovolcanic structures， which should be volcanic rock type gold deposits； ③The formation of K-feldspar quartz vein type molybdenum deposits may also be related to paleovolcanism of the Xiongerian； ④The "lithoscaps" or "silicified zone" widely existing in the Xiong'er Mountain ore concentration area has indicative significance for deep mineralization. It is suggested that in-depth mineralogical， petrological and metallogenic studies should be carried out so as to achieve a major breakthrough in deep prospecting.It is holds that the next step of prospecting and exploration should mainly focus on these two ore controlling structures. There are a large number of silicified belts or silicon caps in the area， which may be the manifestation of alkali metasomatism in the shallow part. These silicified belts or silicon caps indicate the existence of large alkali metasomatic bodies in the deep， so they should be used as an indicator for the next exploration.

Status and Development Trend of Mine Shaft Sinking Technique in China

TAN Jie, LIU Zhiqiang, SONG Zhaoyang, LIU Quanhui LONG Zhiyang, NING Fangbo,

2021, 50(05): 13-24.

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Mine shaft construction projects play an essential role in mine construction. They are regarded as prioritizing key projects that ensures the safe and efficient development of resources at mines in the whole industry chain.At present， shaft sinking technology in China has overcome key technological issues including deep alluvium in Eastern China，water-rich and weakly cemented strata in Western China， and hard rock strata more than one thousand meters deep in metal deposits. The modification and stable control of surrounding rocks in wells that are more than one kilometer deep encountering in the shaft sinking process have been realized. In addition， key techniques of rapid excavation and lining in wells more than one thousand meters deep and a series of large-scale auxiliary equipment are developed. These technique and auxiliary equipment haven proven to be advanced， able to meet the demands of underground mineral resource development and large-scale mine construction in East， Central， West China.With increasing depth of China's underground mineral source excavation， the overall status of mine shaft sinking projects in China was reviewed and the key techniques， development process and recent progress of mine shaft sinking techniques and equipment involving explosive rockburst，deslagging， shaft sinking headframe，lift， shaft wall casting and modification of surrounding rocks were summarized. Additionally，the characteristics of mechanized rock breaking apparatuses including shaft drillers， anti-well drillers， the shaft boring machines，and relevant well drilling technologies and technological processes were investigated. Furthermore， it is pointed out that the challenges and developing trends from five aspects including precise geological exploration， rockburst prevention and control， high-temperature prevention and harnessing， deep well hoisting and intelligent drilling. China has achieved significant progress on the basic theories， key technologies， relevant apparatuses， and developed technological processes in mine shaft construction. In future， these are expected to provide important technological supports for deep underground resource exploration， shaft construction under complex geological conditions and non-coal mines， as well as construction and development of underground projects regarding water conservancy， transportation， railways， municipalities and electricity. As the development of these technologies will allow them to be unmanned， and have mechanization， informatization and intelligence， which will make significant contributions to development， utilization and progress in science and technology in underground space in China.

Stability Characteristics of the Ore-pillars of Layered Inclined Orebody and Optimization of Mine Room Parameters

YE Haiwang, LONG Guichuan WANG Qizhou, LEI Tao, LI Ning,

2021, 50(05): 25-35.

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湖北某磷矿开采过程中矿柱浅层岩体剥落破坏特征突出，严重影响了矿柱稳定性及采场围岩安全。采用极限强度理论和数值模拟方法，结合层状矿体倾斜赋存条件，研究了矿柱埋深、矿柱尺寸、矿柱间距等因素对矿柱安全系数和稳定性的影响规律，并给出了该矿房柱法开采的指导参数。研究表明：①对于埋深变化显著的层状倾斜磷矿床而言，当采深小于500 m时，选取5 m×5 m矿柱、9 m矿柱间距的采场布置参数，可保证矿柱和矿房顶板安全，当采深超过500 m后需进行参数优化。②矿柱尺寸是决定矿柱稳定性的主要因素，却是控制矿房顶板下沉的次要因素。当采用9 m矿柱间距时，将矿柱尺寸设计为6 m×6 m可有效减小矿柱变形量。③矿柱间距是决定矿房顶板围岩稳定性和矿柱变形程度的主要因素。工程实践表明，开采深度达到500 m后，采用5 m×5 m的矿柱尺寸，并且将矿柱间距减小至7 m，可显著减小矿柱和矿房围岩变形，有效降低矿柱荷载，使其处于稳定状态。

Study on Blasting Crater Model of the Equivalent Spherical Charge of Bunch-holes

CHEN He, WAN Chuanchuan, WANG Huxin,

2021, 50(05): 36-42.

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The bunch-holes equivalent spherical charge blasting belongs to a mass caving blasting technology. It can comprehensively combine the optimal charge depth of blasting crater with the bunch-holes blasting effect which can enhance blasting energy in the intermediate and far field from blasting point， so that the blasting efficiency can be increased sharply. It is applied in several mines and has achieved good technical and economic effects. In this paper， blasting crater tests of bunch-holes equivalent spherical charge with different charge depths were done and crater volumes were scanned precisely by 3D laser scanner. Then， the relationship between charge embedding depth and crater volume was established， based on which the best embedding depth was obtained. Analyzing the relationship between the embedding depth ratio and crater volume per unit explosive， the blasting crater curve was fitted by Gauss function， so the Gauss formula of blasting crater was gained. The influences of blasting releasing energy per unit explosive， rock tensile strength， charge depth and energy utilization ratio of explosive on bunch-holes equivalent spherical charge blasting were analyzed，which can offer a quantitative characterization method for blasting effect evaluation of bunch-holes.The bunch-holes blasting parameters composed by 4 and 5 holes were calculated respectively， and the optimal charge embedding depth of bunch-holes blasting was determined based on the fitted Gauss curve model and the results of blasting crater tests. The results of this paper can provide a technical reference for design of bunch-holes blasting.

Flow Characteristics of Slurry Conveying Pipe with Large Flow under High Temperature Environment

GAN Deqing, SUN Haikuan, XUE Zhenlin, YAN Zepeng, LIU Zhiyi,

2021, 50(05): 43-49.

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In order to explore the influence of temperature rise on slurry pipe flow characteristics in the process of large-flow pipeline transportation，parameters such as optimal slurry pipe diameter and initial flow rate were obtained in the high-temperature environment，and the filling slurry transportation L-pipe model was established.Based on the rheological test，the plastic viscosity and yield stress of slurry were obtained.The velocity field characteristics of different temperature， pipe diameter and initial velocity in high temperature environment were analyzed by using COMSOL numerical simulation software.The results showed that the yield stress and plastic viscosity of the slurry decreased with the increase of temperature.At the junction of the bend pipe and the horizontal pipe， the flow pattern is not stable， and the slurry velocity layer changes greatly. The advance of the plug flow is transformed into the flow mode of increasing the speed from top to bottom， which is easy to cause pipe blockage and burst.When the temperature is 40 ℃， 50 ℃ and 60 ℃， the radial length of the maximum flow core is 0.09 m， 0.07 m and 0.05 m， respectively， with a decrease rate of 22.2% and a corresponding increase in the maximum flow velocity. When the temperature is 40 ℃， the maximum radial flow velocity is 2.978 m/s， the temperature is increased to 60 ℃ and the maximum flow velocity is increased to 3.135 m/s.When the pipe diameter is 200 mm and 240 mm， the radial length of the maximum flow zone is 0.1 m and 0.12 m， respectively. The maximum flow rate decreases accordingly. The pipe diameter increases from 200 mm to 240 mm， and the maximum flow rate changes from 2.977 m/s to 2.876 m/s.With the increase of inlet velocity， the area of maximum velocity of slurry center increases， which has little influence on the area of plug flow.Based on the experimental research， in order to reduce the loss of conveying resistance and improve the benefits of the mine， it is suggested to select the parameters of conveying slurry in the mine: temperature 40~50 ℃， pipe diameter 200 mm， and initial flow rate 2.5 m/s.The above analysis results can provide certain theoretical basis for the actual mine filling design and further study on the flow pattern of pipeline transportation.

Analysis of Stability and Critical Roof Thickness of Goaf Based on CDEM

WANG Yongzeng WANG Xinquan, WANG Run FENG Chun, CAO Yang MENG Leilei WU Enze

2021, 50(05): 50-55.

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Underground concealed goafs is prone to surface collapse and other problems. The stability of goaf is related to the safety of opencast mining. It is of great significance to the safety assessment of goaf to determine the critical roof thickness of goaf. The critical roof thickness of goaf is associated with multi factors such as the geometric parameters of goaf and the physical and mechanical parameters of rock mass. Through dimensional analysis， a dimensionless expression was established， the dimensionless parameters affecting the critical roof thickness were obtained. Based on this theory， numerical models were established and analyzed by CDEM numerical method.A two-dimensional numerical model of the mining area was established，through changing the geometric parameters of the mining area and the physical and mechanical parameters of the rock mass， calculating the safety coefficient of the roof of the mining area，so as to study the influence law of the above factors on the stability of mining area， and identify the main influencing factors affecting the safety coefficient of the roof. Two-dimensional models and three-dimensional models were established， the relationship between the dimensionless critical height and dimensionless strength in the dimensionless expression was obtained， and the relationship expression of the response was obtained by fitting with exponential function. The study results showed that: elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio have little effect on critical roof thickness， and the height of the extraction zone has no effect on the critical roof thickness； cohesion has the greatest effect on the safety coefficient of the extraction zone， followed by the span of the extraction zone， the internal friction angle of the rock mass and the density of rock mass； there is an exponential decay relationship between the dimensionless height and the dimensionless strength of goaf.

Establishment of WebGIS system of Fushun West Open-pit Mine Based on B/S Framework

WANG Dongming YANG Tianhong XUE Pengzhan JI Yushi WANG Xuefeng GAO Yuan

2021, 50(05): 56-64.

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Fushun West Open-pit Mine is close to the stage of pit closure， and the treatment of high and steep slopes in the north and south sides is an urgent problem to be solved.Traditional mines often focus on two-dimensional GIS map，the shortcomings of low accuracy of modeling technology， single the data source， higher restrains of platform was existed，besides that，it is difficult to combine real-time，efficient and process-oriented three-dimensional spatial data for spatial analysis.Based on the B/S framework，the secondary development of SuperMap web end was done，and the WebGIS system of Fushun West Open-pit Mine was established.Based on "underground-surface-ground" multi-space true 3D fine modeling，the 3D GIS spatial computing ability was applied to the high-precision digital elevation model （DEM），so as to effectively solve the prediction calculation problems of the construction period and backfill volume of different treatment schemes.According to the volume analysis module of the system，the backfill volume，water filling volume，slope cutting volume and backfill period of the treatment scheme proposed by Fushun West Open-pit Mine were calculated.The results showed that the backfill volume is 178 million m3， the water filling volume is 690 million m3，the slope cutting volume is 23 million m3，and the backfill treatment period is 10.5 years.At the same time， based on the integration of the information of mine geological data， landslide area，mechanical calculation results，hydrogeological information and InSAR monitoring data，a multi-dimensional multivariate information integration platform was established， the problem of information island was effectively solved.

Study on the Formation Mechanism of Water Conducting Channel of Overburden Strata Crossing Fault Group in Fully Mechanized Caving Face

ZOU Guanghua ZHANG Chao TIAN Duo SHI Haoyu ZHAO Qifeng YAO Xin DENG Yi

2021, 50(05): 65-70.

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The formation of water conducting channel in overlying strata of stope is the result of comprehensive action including fault， bedding， plastic failure area， and so on. In this paper， based on the engineering background of 34201 fully mechanized top coal caving face passing through faults group in Pingshuo No.3 Coal Mine， FLAC3D numerical simulation software was used to calculate and analyze the plastic failure area， displacement and stress field distribution characteristics of surrounding rock before and after the working face passes through fault group. The results show that:under the geological conditions of bedding development，the tensile stress area of overlying strata is approximately S-shaped or Z-shaped；the larger maximum principal stress distribution is "arch ring" and the smaller minimum principal stress distribution is "tree crown".In the intersection area between "arch ring" and "tree crown type"，the rock mass is prone to shear failure.When the tensile failure zone， shear failure zone and separation zone are all connected with the fault， the water conducting channel of overlying strata can be formed.Therefore， the mining height should be reduced when the working face pushes through the fault group to avoid the connection of the water passage.The simulation results further show that when the 34201 working face pushes through the fault Fs27， the Fs27 and Fs28 faults have a certain range of dislocation and activation， and the goaf separation mainly occurs within 73 m above the roof. After adopting the measures to reduce the mining height， the 34201 working face has passed through the fault group safely.

Study on Rockburst Tendency Prediction Based on Combined Weighting-Improved Set Pair Analysis

ZHAO Haoyang SHI Guangbin, YANG Zhenhong ZHANG Wen

2021, 50(05): 71-77.

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Rockburst is one of the major geological hazards in underground engineering.It has strong damage，uncertaintyand suddenness.In order to accurately and effectively predict the tendency of rockburst in underground engineering，a combination weighting-improving set pair analysis prediction model was established.Firstly，predictive indicators were established from three aspects including lithology，stress and surrounding rocks.Secondly，the subjective weight，objective weightand combination weight were calculated by using the C-OWA operator weighting method，CRITIC weighting method and game theory，respectively.Finally，the ternary connection degree in the traditional set pair analysis theory was improved to a quaternary connection degree， and the improved set pair analysis theory was used to calculate the comprehensive connection degree to predict the rockburst level.The model was applied to the prediction of rockburst tendency of Jiama copper polymetallic deposit in Tibet. The calculated comprehensive connection degree （[μ1=-0.302 9] ） suggested the rockburst level of the mine was weak， which was consistent with the reality.The study results show that the established model is suitable for prediction of rockburst propensity.Compared with interactive multicritia decision makeing（TODIM）model and technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution（AHP-TOPSIS）model，it has better accuracy and reliability，which provides a new method for rockburst tendency prediction.

Comparison of Imaging Conditions for Seismic Reverse-time Migration and the Strategy of Low-frequency Noise Suppression in Roadway Environment

YANG Zhichao GAO Youchao WANG Jiansen MAO Shutin HAO Lei ZHANG Qingsong

2021, 50(05): 78-85.

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For the safety and efficiency of roadway or tunnel construction in complex geological conditions， effective and accurate forward-prospecting technologies are required to detect unexpected geological conditions in front of tunnel face. Seismic exploration is one of the most important methods among all forward-prospecting technologies because of its advantages in detection distance and the interface recognition effect. Reverse-time migration （RTM） is an imaging theory to accurately describe the geological structure based on seismic forward-prospecting data. It can greatly improve the accuracy of detection when RTM is used in tunnel-based seismic forward-prospecting technology. In RTM， especially in the complex environment such as tunnel or roadway， the selection of imaging conditions and the strategy to suppress the low-frequency noise are the key to ensure the quality of imaging results. Based on the seismic RTM method， three typical geological models are constructed to compare the efficiency of several RTM imaging conditions and low-frequency noise suppression methods. The results show that the cross-correlation imaging condition based on Poynting vector is the most suitable imaging condition for seismic reverse-time migration in roadway or tunnel environment. The above study results provides a basis for the real application of RTM in tunnel-based seismic forward-prospecting technology.

Effect of Microwave Irradiation on Grinding of Anshan-type Iron Ore

XU Hongda SUN Tichang MA Yiwen

2021, 50(05): 86-90.

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The energy consumption of crushing and grinding accounts for a large proportion of the total energy consumption in the concentrator， but only 1% of the energy is used for the generation of new surfaces， resulting in a great waste of resources. As an effective pretreatment method， microwave irradiation can significantly improve the grinding effect of ore. In order to research the influence of microwave irradiation on the grinding effect of Anshan-type hematite ore， the conditions tests of microwave irradiation power， microwave irradiation time， ore block size and cooling method were carried out， and the grinding effect of Anshan-type magnetite ore was compared. The results showed that : ① Microwave irradiation can significantly improve the grinding effect of Anshan-type hematite， and the best microwave irradiation conditions are as follows: ore fragmentation from 20 to 25 mm， microwave irradiation power of 3 kW， irradiation time of 45 s， water quenching and cooling. Under these conditions， the contents of -0.074 mm particle size in the grinding products is 65.80%， which is 5.57 percentage points higher than that of the ore samples without microwave treatment. ② Under the same microwave irradiation conditions， the grinding effect of hematite is significantly better than that of magnetite. Microwave irradiation can significantly reduce the maximum compressive strength of Anshan hematite and magnetite， and the reduction of hematite is greater than that of magnetite. ③ The SEM microstructure analysis results show that obvious cracks appear between hematite and quartz after microwave irradiation， which is helpful to improve the selective grinding effect. The temperature rise curves of hematite and quartz showed that the temperature at the top of the center of hematite can reach more than 600 °C when the microwave irradiation power is 3 kW and the microwave irradiation time is 60 s， while the temperature of quartz almost does not change with the microwave heating time， which is helpful to realize the effective separation of useful ores and gangue minerals.

Experimental Study on Preconcentration Followed by Magnetization Roasting and Low Intensity Magnetic Separation for Donganshan Flotation Tailings

CHENG Shaokai, LI Wenbo, HAN Yuexin,

2021, 50(05): 91-95.

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The iron grade of tailings from Donganshan Sintering Plant is 17.20%， mainly exists in hematite or limonite with a distribution rate of 70.17%， and the amount of magnetite is small. In order to provide a basis for the efficient recovery and utilizing the flotation tailings efficiently， a systematic experimental study was carried out using the process of pre-concentration followed by magnetization roasting and magnetic separation. XRD and iron phase analysis were performed on the iron ore before and after the magnetization roasting. The results showed that the pre-concentration concentrate obtained by magnetic separation was roasted under the conditions of roasting temperature of 560 ℃， roasting time of 12 min， total gas volume of 0.03 m3/h， CO concentration of 30%. Then， the roasted product was ground to bellow 0.025 mm accounting for 98%. The concentrate with iron contents of 63.02%， recovery of 81.39% was finally obtained by magnetic separation with a magnetic field strength of 104 kA/m. Through magnetization roasting， the distribution rate of hematite or limonite in the roasted product was reduced from 66.98% to 2.85%， and the distribution rate of magnetite was increased from 13.98% to 88.36%， which indicated that magnetization roasting can efficiently transform weakly magnetic iron ore into strong magnetic iron ore.The iron in the roasted production could be recovered efficiently with the magnetic separation.

Experimental Study on Optimizing Zinc Flotation Indexes of a Fine-grained Lead-Zinc Ore

LI Qiang CHANG Yongqiang WANG Rongsheng ZENG Fanseng

2021, 50(05): 96-102.

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The lead grade and zinc grade of a lead-zinc ore is 7.31% and 13.70%， respectively， with high sulfur contents and carbonaceous. The zinc minerals mainly exist in the form of sphalerite. The distribution particle of sphalerite is uneven and fine， which embedded with galena and pyrite closely， causing the difficulties in zinc separation. In order to improve the particle size distribution of zinc concentrate and optimize the zinc separation indexes， the process of "rapid branching floatation and middling regrinding cleaning" was adopted to treat the zinc flotation feeding. The condition test involving flotation time， reagent system and middling regrinding fineness were conducted. The results showed that the comprehensive zinc concentrate with zinc grade of 53.88% and zinc recovery of 91.57% could be obtained after the new process， which is 1.56 and 1.13 percentage points higher than the original process， respectively. Also， the particle size distribution of zinc concentrate was significantly improved. The contents above 38 μm increased from 5.93% to 22.50%， and the contents below 7 μm decreased from 47.54% to 29.41%. The new process solves the problems of low selectivity of zinc regrinding， overgrinding of some sphalerite and insufficient dissociation of some sphalerite intergrowth in the original process， and reduced the regrinding loading.

Experimental Study on Desulfurization and Tin Beneficiation of Tailing Generated from a Copper-Tin Mine in Yunnan Province

ZHENG Yongxing NING Jilai Lü Jinfang, HU Panjin BAO Lingyun HUANG Yusong

2021, 50(05): 103-108.

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A copper-tin tailings in Yunnan contains tin of 0.65% and iron of 43.58%， which has high recovery value.In order to realize the comprehensive utilization of the tailings resources， the desulfurization flotation of the tailings and cassiterite flotation of the desulfurization tailings was conducted based on the results of process mineralogy.The results showed that tin and iron are the main elements recovered from the tailings and the contents of impurity sulfur is 1.59%.Tin mainly exists in the form of cassiterite， which is closely associated with iron oxide minerals and basically dissociated from pyrite minerals.The distribution rate of tin with -0.074 mm is 69.48%， and the distribution rate of tin with -0.038 mm is also as high as 24.92%. The content of high fine particles will affect the subsequent flotation recovery of cassiterite.The total sulfur recovery of foam products obtained by pre-desulphurization flotation is 72.13% with the tin recovery rate of 6.88%， and the sulfur content in desulphurization tailings is only 0.51%， which achieves the purpose of pre-desulphurization of copper-tin tailings. A tin concentrate with tin grade of 1.63% and tin recovery rate of 63.96% were obtained by one roughing， two cleaning and two scavenging， which realized the effective recovery of tin resources in the tailings.

Optimizing Process Parameters of Bismuth Flotation for a Copper Tailings in Yunnan Based on Mixture Design and Response Surface Methods

NIE Wenlin, YANG Xiaoyong FANG Jianjun CHEN Jia

2021, 50(05): 109-114.

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The grade of bismuth in the tailings of a copper concentrator is 3.94%. Bismuth mainly exists in the form of natural bismuth， followed by that in chalcopyrite and galena. According to the characteristics of samples， the flotation process was adopted to recover bismuth from copper tailings. In order to further optimize the flotation indexes， a mixture model was established with the amount of ethylthionitrogen and butyl xanthate as independent variables and bismuth recovery as dependent variables to determine the optimal ratio of ethylthionitrogen and butyl xanthate firstly. On this basis， the central composite design was used to design the response surface， taking grinding fineness， sodium sulfide dosage， sodium carbonate dosage and combined collector dosage as independent variables and bismuth recovery as dependent variables， a four factors and five levels mathematical model was established. Then， a roughing flotation test was carried out according to the model designed test， and the test results were analyzed by variance analysis to verify the reliability of the model. Finally， according to the optimal flotation conditions determined by response surface method， the closed-circuit flotation test of "one roughing-three cleaning-two scavenging" was carried out. The results show that: ① under the conditions of grinding fineness of -0.074 mm accounting for 85%， calcium oxide dosage of 4 kg/t， sodium sulfide dosage of 150 g/t， sodium carbonate dosage of 900 g/t， No.25 dithiophosphate collector dosage of 100 g/t and total combined collector dosage of 200 g/t， the optimal ratio of combined collector was diethyldithiocarbamate with butyl xanthate for 4∶1. ② The P value of the variance analysis model is less than 0.05， and the grinding fineness and sodium sulfide dosage had significant influence on the recovery of bismuth. The optimum rough flotation conditions determined by response surface method were grinding fineness of -0.074 mm accounting for 86%， sodium sulfide dosage of 140 g/t， sodium carbonate dosage of 750 g/t， combined collector dosage of 250 g/t， the maximum predictive recovery rate of bismuth was 83.77% and the actual recovery rate of bismuth was 83.85%. ③ According to the optimum flotation conditions determined by response surface method， Bismuth concentrate with a bismuth grade of 24.47% and bismuth recovery rate of 79.25% was obtained by using the closed-circuit flotation test of “one roughing-three cleaning-two scavenging”， the recovery was nearly 2 percentage higher than that of the original closed-circuit flotation process. The results show that the mixture design and response surface method can be used to optimize the process parameters of bismuth flotation， and has high reliability.

Experimental Study on Mineral Processing of a Micro-fine Particle Refractory Gold Deposit Abroad Containing Serpentine and Chlorite

ZHU Guoqing DU Shuhua XIA Liang WU Lei YU Changjun

2021, 50(05): 115-119.

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The main valuable elements of a foreign gold deposit are gold and copper，and the contents of silver meets the comprehensive utilization standard. The contents of serpentine and chlorite in gangue minerals are high， which leads to the low gold grade of on-site flotation concentrate. The gold contents of tailings is between 1.8 and 2.0 g/t. In order to optimize the existing flotation process and reagents system， flotation and leaching process was adopted to study the gold ore purification based on the properties of the ore. The results showed that: ①In the condition of grinding fineness of -0.074 mm accounting for 90%， the dosage of sodium hexametaphosphate of 2 500 g/t， the dosage of collector 1801 and amyl xanthate of （40+70） g/t， the dosage of terpenic oil of 10 g/t， the gold concentrate of gold grade of 158.6 g/t， gold recovery rate of 73.40% was obtained after two roughing， three scavenging and one cleaning. The copper grade and recovery rate are 8.79% and 73.75%， respectively， and the silver grade and recovery rate are 321.8 g/t and 74.22%， respectively. ② The Shengdi was used as gold extraction agent with the flotation closed circuit tailings. The gold leaching rate was 80.00% when the dosage of pH adjusting agent lime of 2 000 g/t， the dosage of gold extraction agent of 3 000 g/t， and the leaching time of 24 h. Finally， the comprehensive recovery rate of gold is 94.68%. The research results provide reference for the effective recovery of this type of the gold resources.

Experimental Research on Improving Gold Leaching Rate of a Copper-contained Gold Ores by Magnetization Treatment

CHEN Xiang LIAO Dehua

2021, 50(05): 120-124.

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A copper-contained gold flotation concentrate in Guangdong has a gold grade of 8.312 g/t and a copper content of 5.18%. In industry， the technological process of full sludge cyanidation and leaching residue flotation to recover copper is adopted. The higher copper contents in the ores not only consumes a large amount of cyanide， but also affects the leaching effect of gold. In order to further improve the leaching rate of gold and reduce the dosage of cyanide， the copper and gold in the samples were recovered by oxidation at warming and ordinary pressure and cyanide leaching with copper slag. Under the condition of magnetic treatment， magnetic field intensity， magnetization time， initial concentration of sulfuric acid， NaCl concentration， leaching temperature and time on leaching rate of gold and copper were explored. The optimum conditions of magnetic treatment were determined as follows: magnetic field intensity of 150 kA/m， magnetization time of 50 min， grinding fineness of -200 mesh accounting for 88%， pre-oxidation temperature of 93 ℃， initial sulfuric acid concentration of 0.77 mol/L， NaCl concentration of 0.76 mol/L， pre-oxidation time of 27 h. Under the optimal conditions， the oxidation pretreatment leaching of copper and cyanide leaching of copper slag were carried out. The fixed stirring intensity was 760 r/min， the liquid-solid ratio was 3∶1， the oxygen flow rate was 160 mL/min， and the dosage of sodium cyanide was 7 kg/t. The leaching rates of copper and gold were 85.76% and 98.86%， respectively. Compared with the best index without magnetic treatment (the copper leaching rate of 71.28% and the gold leaching rate of 86.26%)， the copper leaching rate increased by 14.48 percentage points， the gold leaching rate increased by 12.60 percentage points. In addition， the pre-oxidation temperature decreased by 2 ℃， the pre-oxidation time decreased by 1 h， and the dosage of sodium cyanide decreased by 3 kg/t. The results showed that magnetic treatment can effectively improve the copper and gold leaching rate and reduce the amount of toxic cyanide in copper-contained gold ore.

Experimental Study on the Removal of Molybdenum from Manganese Sulfate Solution with Electrolytic Manganese Anode Slag

CHEN Xiaoliang, WANG Haifeng, WANG Jiawei,

2021, 50(05): 125-129.

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The main component in the solid waste electrolytic manganese anode slag is manganese dioxide，which has a large specific surface area and a good adsorption effect. In order to study the influence of electrolytic manganese anode slag on the removal of molybdenum in manganese sulfate solution， an electrolytic manganese anode slag in Tongren，Guizhou Province was used as an adsorbent to investigate the effects of pH， electrolytic manganese anode slag addition， reaction time and reaction temperature on molybdenum removal in manganese sulfate. The results showed that the most suitable conditions for removing molybdenum is pH of 3， electrolytic manganese anode slag addition amount of 2.0 g， reaction time of 30 min， reaction temperature of 60 ℃， in which the removal rate of molybdenum is 99.16%， and the residual amount of molybdenum in the solution is 0.27 mg/L， which meets the first-class requirements of Manganese sulfate for batteries （HG/T 4823—2015）. The use of electrolytic manganese anode slag to reduce the content of molybdenum in the manganese sulfate solution provides an effective idea for the large-scale use of solid waste of electrolytic manganese anode slag， which improves the economic benefits of the enterprise while protecting the ecological environment.

Geological Characteristics and Integrated Prospecting Model of Xinwusu Cu-Fe Deposit in Wulatezhong Banner， Inner Mongolia

DING Xinke, WANG Zhenchen ZHANG Yansheng CHEN Jie, ZHU Min, TONG Jiakun,

2021, 50(05): 130-139.

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The Xinwusu Mining Area is located on the northern continental margin of the North China Plate，the passive continental margin of Baoyintu-Xilinhot volcanic type and Chagancilao-Bayinhangai gold metallogenic belt （Ⅳ74），it is a favorable area to search for hydrothermal Cu-Fe ore related to the acidic magmatic activity of Yanshanian epoch，especially，the lower part of the secondary tectonic quartz veins of NEE trending large fault is favorable for mineralization.Bayinhanggai，Tugurige，Chagancilao Gold Mine and Dongkagan Iron Mine have been successively discovered in the ore belt.In order to determine resource reserves of the deposit and the geological characteristics of the ore body in detail， the geological characteristics and metallogenic theory of the adjacent Changxing Iron Deposit and Zagawusu Iron Deposit were compared.On the basis of summarizing and analyzing the existing achievements of general survey and detailed investigation，through 1∶2 000 geological surveys，mineral geological drilling，the geological characteristics of the mining area was studied comprehensively.The results showed that:①The mining area mainly exposes the dolomite， phyllite， carbonaceous slate and quartzite of Baoyintu Group of Lower Proterozoic，Silurian Xuniwusu Formation strata are exposed in the southeast of the mining area，Quaternary strata covers a large area in the exploration area and the magmatic rocks are not developed；②Orebodies are distributed in the Early Paleozoic Silurian Xuniwusu Formation， a total of 14 orebodies were delineated，including 4 Cu-Fe orebodies and 10 iron orebodies （7 are outcrop ores， others are concealed orebodieds）， the genetic type of the deposit is hydrothermal copper-iron ore；③The ore body is controlled by NEE-oriented geological structures， and most of them are distributed in EW and NEE-oriented belts or veins，the secondary structural belts with large faults are favorable locations for ore-controlling and storage.According to the comprehensive analysis of Xinwusu Cu-Fe Deposit，the integrated prospecting model of the mining area was established，and three prospecting target areas were delineated （numbered B1，B2 and B3）.The orebodies are mainly controlled by structures，and the large fault is 2.2 km long in the mining area.The orebody should have a certain scale of depth along the strike and inclination，and the mining area has good ore prospecting prospect.

Geological Characteristics and Metallogenic Regularity of Bauxite Deposits in Henan Province

JI Guo, LI Ning YANG Xiao PEI Zhongchao ZHANG Yu LI Zhongming ZHONG Jiangwen JI Qinghai

2021, 50(05): 140-148.

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The bauxite resources are abundant in Henan Province， and its identified resource reserves rank second in China. The metallogenic area is tectonically located in the middle and western sections of Mianchi-Queshan collapsed fold fault bundle in Huaxiong platform marginal depression， the southern section of Taihangshan arch fault bundle of Songji and Shanxi platform uplifts in the southern margin of the North China Block. It belongs to northern and western Henan bauxite metallogenic area （grade III area）， Mianchi-Lushan， Songji and South Taihang ore concentration areas （grade IV area）. Based on the project of China Mineral Resources Geology，the geological characteristics of bauxite deposits in Henan Province was studied，and its metallogenic regularities and discussed the genesis were summarized. The study showed that:①the ore-host stratum is Benxi Formation （C2b）， which contains 1~4 ore-bearing layers， among of which there is one main layer with simple structures of bedded， lenticular， or funnel-shaped， and less “non-ore skylight” or gangue. ②The natural types of the bauxite ore are clastic， bean oolitic and layered， indicating mechanical and colloidal chemical deposition. ③The ore mineral is diaspore and the clay minerals are mainly kaolinite and illite， with minor to trace other minerals.④ The ore is generally characterized by high-aluminum， high silicon， low iron and low sulfur， accompanied with Ga， Li and rare earth elements. ⑤ The metallogenic regularity of bauxite deposit can be described as that all the bauxite deposits are the marine facies deposits related with Late Carboniferous paleo-weathering crust， tectonically located on the southern margin of the North China continental block， distributing along the intertidal zone-beach or shallow sea belt of the paleo-continent （island）. Underlying strata are Cambrian or Ordovician carbonate rocks， and the well-developed karst funnel is conducive to the high quality bauxite mineralization. The coexistence of bauxite with refractory clay ore， Shanxi-style iron ore and pyrites is usually found， but their deposits scales are often negatively correlated.

Comparative Study on the Parameters of the Inversion Probability Integral Method with Different Intelligent Optimization Algorithms

MEI Han CHEN Bingqian, WANG Zhengshuai GAO Jian YU Hao

2021, 50(05): 149-159.

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Although the traditional probability integration method can invert the parameters more accurately， it has the disadvantages of high requirements for the type of working face and the layout of measuring station， large calculation workload and low efficiency.The intelligent algorithm provides a new method for accurately determining the optimal parameters of probabilistic integration model. In order to explore the performance of different intelligent optimization algorithms in the process of calculating the parameters of probabilistic integration method， operational procedures of the six models including modular vector method， genetic algorithm， culture-particle swarm algorithm， particle swarm algorithm， fruit fly algorithm and ant colony algorithm were written by using Matlab programming language. Through simulated tests，comparison and analysis of the above six algorithms are done from the aspects of algorithm inversion accuracy， stability， anti-error interference ability， global optimization ability and operating efficiency. The results show that when the initial value of the parameter is close to the true value， the inversion accuracy and efficiency of the modular vector method is the highest； when the initial value of the parameter differs greatly from the true value， the modular vector method will fall into a local optimal solution. The algorithm has the strongest inversion accuracy and stability. Considering the accuracy and efficiency of parameter inversion， when the parameter range is known， the optimal algorithm is the modular vector method； when the parameter range is unknown， the selection order of the optimal algorithm is culture-particle swarm algorithm， genetic algorithm， fruit fly algorithm， particle swarm algorithm， ant colony algorithm and modular vector method.

Research on Numerical Optimization of Hydrocyclone of Coarse and Fine Fractions Classification in Qidashan Iron Mine

HU Zhentao LU Zhanguo SUN Changsheng ZHANG Dong CUI Baoyu

2021, 50(05): 160-166.

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In order to improve the underflow yield of [?]660 mm hydrocyclone in Qidashan iron ore concentrator and increase the ore feed of subsequent gravity separation operation， the influence of hydrocyclone structure parameters on the separation performance of hydrocyclone was systematically investigated based on numerical simulation method. The results showed that the recovery of each particle size in the underflow can be increased by increasing the diameter of the spigot and the height of the column section， while increasing the diameter of the vortex finder and the cone angle presents the opposite trend. According to the results of numerical simulation， the industrial test of hydrocyclone used for coarse and fine classification was carried out. Compared with the original hydrocyclone， the underflow yield of the optimized hydrocyclone increased by 7.67 percentage， which can effectively increase the underflow yields under the premise of ensuring the separation efficiency. The ore feed of gravity separation operation can be increased by optimized hydrocyclone，which provides reference to the structural design of hydrocyclone in similar mines.

Development Process，Classification and High Efficiency Modification Status of the Thickener

XU Shuai ZHOU Xinglong LIU Xiaochu JIN Rui CHEN Yan LONG Zeyi

2021, 50(05): 167-176.

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The main proldems including overflow "runs muddy"， subpar underflow concentration， pressure rake and low degree of automation causes the poor grading effect， which directly affects the safe and efficient production of enterprises. In addition to the macro factors from the thickener's own structural parameters， the basic reason for the thickener's classification effect depends on the feed characteristics and reagent action parameters such as mud layer thickness， dosage， overflow solid content， underflow concentration and so on. So the development history， classification and characteristics， existing problems and improvement of thickeners at home and abroad are summarized. The application of automatic rake lifting technology， new feed well structure， automatic dosing technology and integrated control system are systematically analyzed in the aspect of traditional thickeners. The measures of deep cone thickener and inclined plate or tube thickener for stabilization of the bottom flow concentration， improving the material stacking and bonding in the board surface， reducing settlement channel blockage were summarized. The technical characteristics and application of vibration type inclined plate thickening classifier and vibration type inclined plate box thickening classifier are introduced， and the latest technologies and solutions to eliminate the problems of material adhesion and blockage on the inclined plate surface of inclined plate thickener are mainly discussed. The research shows that the thickener will be characterized by high underflow concentration， high treatment capacity， low breakdown rate， low energy consumption and intelligent control in the future. With the help of new materials， automation level， pharmaceutical technology and other technological progress， the main development direction is to continuously optimize the equipment structure， rationalize the specifications and perfect the types based on the traditional thickener and in the direction of high-efficiency thickener. Systematic study on thickener and its high efficiency application provides important ideas for the research and development of general equipment in solid-liquid separation industry in China. It also provides important theoretical and technical support for the realization of efficient dewatering， dry dumping and comprehensive utilization of tailings， and speeding up the process of green mine construction.

Design and Simulation of Anti-wind Air Scheme for Complex Multi-station Ventilation System

YANG Tiejiang, LI Ming MA Hongwei WANG Zhongli

2021, 50(05): 177-181.

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In order to solve the problem of disorderly diffusion of flue gas in the Lingnan Gold Mine， a regional mine reversal technology was proposed，based on Ventsim software，three-dimensional equally-proportional ventilation network and mine anti-wind model were established，and mine air volume distribution and fire smoke CO distribution under taking anti-wind measures were calculated.The on-site anti-wind test was designed to verify the implementation effects of anti-wind technical scheme.The study results showed that:①The air inlet route of Lingnan Gold Mine -610 m 2# blind shaft wellhead cable short-circuit fire occurred，after taking the measures of -370 m return fan station fan reversing of east air shaft，stopping the 8# pulse through skip well -770 m return air lane fan and -690 m 10# pulse through lane fan，through Ventsim software calculation，the reverse air volume of the -370 m main return fan station was 63.3 m3/s， and the fan reverse wind efficiency 60.2%.Main inlet and return air area wind reverse，fire smoke CO was discharged along 1# shaft， and fire smoke flowed in the expected direction.②CO detection points were set in the stope near stone door at the bottom of 1# shaft and the main return fan station of -370 m east air shaft.After the fire happened， the peak value of CO in the main return fan station of -370 m east air shaft is 2 830.4×10-6 without anti-wind measures；after taking anti-wind measures， there was no CO on the operating surface of the fire outlet.At the bottom of 1# shaft， the CO concentration reached a peak of 2 914 ×10-6 at 2 500 s， and decreased to 18×10-6 at 7 500 s.After anti-wind measures were taken，CO was discharged along the shortest path.③Field reverse wind test results showed that the total positive return air volume of the -370 m fan in the middle section was 106.5 m3/s，it took 4 minutes for the fan to transition from positive to reverse.Ten minutes later， the back air volume was 74 m3/s， accounting for 69.48% of the normal ventilation volume，which met the requirements of related specifications，the ability of mine ventilation system to resist fire catastrophe was significantly improved.

Study on the Ecological Disturbance Monitoring in Mining Area Based on Remote Sensing Information:Taking Qian'an City as an Example

CHENG Shaoping GU Haihong, SONG Wen AI Yanjun ZHANG Yixuan LU Sai

2021, 50(05): 182-189.

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The development of mineral resources caused a series of environmental problems and has restricted the sustainable development of mining cities. The monitoring of environmental disturbances in mining areas has become an important part of the construction of urban ecological civilization in mining areas. In order to study the impact of mining activities and ecological restoration of the mining area on the ecological environment of Qian'an City， this paper uses the Landsat series of remote sensing data from 2000 to 2018 to monitor the ecological disturbance in the mining area of Qian'an City. Random forest （RF） algorithm was used to extract and study the evolution of mining areas in Qian'an City from 2000 to 2018， and a remote sensing ecological index （RSEI） was constructed to quantitatively analyze the ecological environment quality and change characteristics of the study area. Studies show that from 2000 to 2018， the scope of the mining area in Qian'an has changed significantly， the total area of the mining area is significantly less and there are completely restored mining areas； the ecological environment quality of Qian'an City has a fluctuating downward trend， and the changes have a strong correlation with mining activities and ecological restoration in mining areas； combined with the spatial and temporal distribution of RSEI and ecological restoration activities in the mining area， the ecological environment changes in Qian'an City can be divided into two stages:① from 2000 to 2008， the ecological environment quality mainly changed from excellent， good to medium and poor， the areas with improved and deteriorated ecological quality accounted for 20.19% and 34.31% respectively.；② from 2008 to 2018， the overall ecological environment quality has increased， and the area of ecological quality improvement has reached 43.11%， and the changes are obviously regional.During the study period （from 2008 to 2018）， the ecological environment of Qian'an City experienced a process of first deterioration and then gradual recovery. It shows that Qian’an City has implemented functional zoning， perfected mineral resource planning and mining area zoning governance policies， the ecological environment has been improved， and the effect of ecological restoration is significant， providing a scientific basis for urban ecological governance in mining areas.

Technical Scheme of the Integrated Treatment for the Weakness Zone of the Existing Water Plugging Curtain in Zhangmatun Iron Mining Area

CHEN Xin ZHANG Qingsong WANG Fenggang LIU Yanan, LIU Yankai GUO Yanxu JIANG Qichen

2021, 50(05): 190-196.

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Taking Zhangmatun Iron Mine as the study example，the integrated treatment study was carried out for the thin and soft structural links such as water gushing from cracks and broken strata in the curtain weakness zone of the mining area.Through the analysis of resuls of curtain，geology，water gushing and drilling engineering，the integrated geological analysis was done based on geophysical exploration，subsurface exploration and drilling exploration，and regional hydraulic recharge level，weak section position of curtain，bad structure shape and water-rich spatial distribution were determined.Combined with the construction elements，the precise treatment idea was determined.The integrated treatment technical scheme for the weak zone of grouting curtain was proposed based on the thought of "geophysical exploration first，drilling follow-up".The study results showed that:① the curtain supplementary grouting method had a positive effect on the curtain stability control，and the water blocking effect was very significant；②the comprehensive analysis method based on geophysical exploration and drilling for weak sections of curtain grouting could be used to make accurate and reliable evaluation for the curtain weakness and provide a scientific basis for grouting treatment by means of material selection.After integration treatment of the existing weak curtain area in Zhangmatun Iron Mine，the water blocking effect was remarkable，the compressive strength of broken rock mass was increased，and the water gushing was decreased，therefore，the treatment effect was obvious.The integrated technical scheme proposed in this paper can provide reliable reference for similar engineering practice.

Study on the Integrated Treatment of Exploration and Water-discharge in a Water-rich Area of Iron Mine Based on TEM

SUN Yuxue ZHANG Qingsong WANG Fenggang LIU Yankai LI Zhuang ZHOU Zheng

2021, 50(05): 197-204.

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An iron mine is a typical skarn deposit formed by magmatic rock erosion. The formation fractures form a water-rich area with a large amount of water，which seriously threatens the safe production of the mining area.In view of the problems of large water volume，wide range，large threat，difficult detection and complicated water exploration and drainage in the water-rich area of the mine， a set of integrated exploration and water-discharge technology suitable for water drainage in metal mine water-rich areas is proposed.The equivalent parameter method is applied to high-power transient electromagnetic detection to distinguish between metal and water that are difficult to distinguish by conventional transient electromagnetic methods.According to the detection results of high-power transient electromagnetic method，and through the mutual verification and supplement of the geological data and actual drilling data，so as to determine the spatial position and size of the water-rich area in the mining area， and then carry out the design of exploration and release water to determine the exploration and release water scheme.Before releasing water， in order to find out the hydraulic connection between different water accumulation areas， optimize the exploration and drainage water design plan， improve the controllability of the exploration and release water treatment， and ensure the safe production of the production area of the mining area，the connectivity test is carried out in different water accumulation areas，and the areas with potential safety hazards are treated in time to ensure the smooth progress of the water.It guarantees the safe production of mines and provides beneficial reference for the integrated exploration and release of water in similar metal mines.

BeneficiationTechnology Study on a Smelting Slag from Copper Bearing Sludge in Guangdong

RAO Jinshan, Lü Haozi, CHEN Zhiqiang, HU Hongxi, LIU Yong, JIANG Ying,

2021, 50(05): 205-210.

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A smelting slag from containing copper sludge (referred to as copper slag in the following) contains 3.50% copper， which mainly exists in the form of the metal copper and Cu-Ni-Sn alloy. The dissemination particle size of copper material is not uniform， of which the refractory particle size of -0.01mm accounts for about 55%.The flotation process of copper slag was studied， and the effects of grinding fineness，roughing pH and butyl xanthate dosage on flotation indexes were investigated. The open-circuit comparison tests between whole-grain flotation and sieving and flotation processes were also carried out.The results showed that under the condition of grinding fineness of 85.76% accounting for -0.075 mm with butyl xanthate as collector and terpenol oil as foaming agent， the copper concentrate with copper grade of 20.56% and copper recovery of 65.98% can be obtained by full-grain open-circuit flotation.The copper concentrate with copper grade of 15.65% and copper recovery of 56.52% and +0.15 mm product with copper grade of 22.56% and copper recovery of 18.63% were finally obtained by sieving and flotation. The comprehensive recovery of copper reached 75.15%， and the copper grade of tailings was reduced to 0.49%.The middles of the whole-grain closed circuit flotation are easy to accumulate， and the sieving and flotation closed circuit test process is stable. The final +0.15 mm product and flotation concentrate have a comprehensive copper recovery of 85.15% and a copper grade of 11.90%， which meet the smelting requirements of the furnace.

Physical and Chemical Properties of Gold Tailing Sand as Concrete Aggregate and Its Modification Test

LIU Jingyi, SUN Zhihua WEN Jiuran LIU Kaiping GUAN Bowen HU Yong

2021, 50(05): 211-220.

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Gold tailing sand is a solid waste discharged from gold ore dressing operation. Its open storage not only occupies land， pollutes the environment， but also causes great safety hidden danger. Using gold tailing sand instead of natural sand as aggregate for concrete can not only reduce the exploitation of natural sand， but also realize the utilization of solid waste resources. The basic physicochemical properties of tailing sand and its physicochemical properties as concrete aggregate are analyzed regarding the tailing sand of a gold mine in Shaanxi Province as the research object. On the basis of this research， the surface of gold tailing sand was modified by modifier， and the modified gold tailing sand replaced part of river sand as the total aggregate to carry out the test of concrete mix. The results showed that the gold tailings sand is of fine particle size with excessive content of clay， sharp edges and corners， which is harmful for the the performance of concrete. Coating with modifier can effectively reduce the cohesion and internal friction angle between gold tailing sand particles. When the coating amount of SA is 0.015 times of sand dosage， the cohesion between gold tailings particles decreases by about 56%， and the internal friction angle decreases by about 13%. Under the condition of replacing 30% river sand， the water consumption of the concrete sample without coarse aggregate prepared by the surface modified gold tailing sand is lower， but the expansion and strength are obviously higher. When the sand-cement ratio is 1.5， the strength of concrete mixed with modified gold tailing sand is more than 20% higher than that without modification. By adjusting the ratio of sand to cement， water consumption and dosage of water reduction， the concrete materials without coarse aggregate with different strength grades and fluidity can be prepared by replacing some fine aggregates with modified gold tailing sand， so as to meet the requirements of different construction projects.

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