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Table of Content

    15 September 2021, Volume 50 Issue 09
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    Study on the Movement Law of the Deep Mining Subsidence Pit in Chengchao Iron Mine
    XU Mengguo, ZHANG Weiwei, WANG Ping, CHENG Aiping, HU Yan, HU Changrui,
    2021, 50(09):  1-7. 
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    Chengchao Iron Mine enters the deep mining environment with complex and changeable surrounding rock properties， and the movement and change patterns of the collapse pits are different from those in the shallow ones， so that，it is impossible to accurately predict the stability of important surrounding structures on the ground.In order to ensure the safety of the new auxiliary shaft and the important surface structures around the subsidence area， based on the indoor similar simulation test and numerical simulation method，the movement regularity of the collapse pit in the deep mining below -500 m is studied， and the variation regularity of the movement angle of collapse pit and the surrounding rock of far and near surface with mining depth is analyzed.The study results show that:① the surface collapse and deformation caused by the mining of ore bodies below -500 m gradually transfer to the hanging wall，the moving angle of the hanging wall shows an increasing trend， and the range of surface movement does not exceed the initial design value；②In the early stage of mining， the bottom plate was greatly affected， and as the mining progressed， the impact gradually weakened；③Throughout the mining stage， the surrounding rock strains in the near and far surface regions show different patterns of change；④At the end of mining， the inclination value of the new auxiliary well on the surface reached 0.017 mm/m， exceeding the critical impact standard value， indicating that mining will have a certain degree of impact on the new auxiliary well.According to the degree of influence of different mining stages on the new auxiliary shaft， the stability control measures of the new auxiliary shaft are proposed. The study results have certain guiding significance for the deep safety mining project of Chengchao Iron Mine.
    Study on Synergistic Effect of Blasting Effect and Backfill Stability in Post-filling Stope
    ZHANG Jin, JIN Aibing, CHEN Shuaijun
    2021, 50(09):  8-17. 
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    Taking into account the effect of blasting crushing and the stability of filling body in the subsequent two-step mining of filling stope is of great significance for efficient and safe mining of mines. The dynamic parameters of ore and backfill were obtained through the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar （SHPB） test. Based on these properties， the finite element software ANSYS/LS-DYNA was used to simulate the blasting effect and backfill response of various solutions such as different hole bottom distances， row spacings and protective layer thicknesses of backfill. According to the on-site blasting monitoring data on Jinding Iron Mine in Shandong Province， the Sadovsky formula of particle vibration velocity was fitted， and combined with the numerical simulation results， the feasibility of applying numerical simulation was analyzed. The results show that: ① The dynamic compressive strength of 50.3% grade magnetite is 53.8 MPa， the dynamic elastic modulus is 21.6 GPa， the dynamic tensile strength is 11.7 MPa， and the average dynamic compressive strength of filling body is about 6.19 MPa.② Numerical simulation of blasting effect shows that the blasting scheme of hole bottom distance of 2.9~ 3.1 m， row spacing of 1.8 m， and protective layer thickness of 1.5 m or more can efficiently use the explosives and get the best blasting effect. And the maximum vibration speed of the filling body is less than 12 cm/s， which meets the requirements of blasting safety regulations， and can ensure backfill stability.③ The result of the fitting formula is consistent with the numerical simulation result， which proves that ANSYS/LS-DYNA software can be used to study the blasting effect.
    Study on the Mechanical Properties of Multi-angle Coupled Backfill under One-dimensional Dynamic and Static Combined Loading
    CHEN Chao, YANG Zhibin, MA Jiaoyang, LI Hongbao, ZHANG Zhen
    2021, 50(09):  18-26. 
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    In order to explore the instability failure mode and dynamic characteristics of the backfill pillar under the effect of blasting disturbance， taking the tailings cemented backfill as the research object， and three axial pressure levels are selected to carry out SHPB impact test under different strain rate and different transmission paths. The research result shows that: ① under coaxial compression， the dynamic compressive strength of the backfill sample increases with the strain rate. At a similar strain rate， the dynamic compressive strength of the backfill sample shows a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with the increase of the applied axial pressure gradient， the maximum dynamic compressive strength is reached when the axial load is 40% of the static load strength. ②Under dynamic and static combination loading， the backfill sample stress-strain curve is mainly divided into elastic stage，yield stage and failure stage，and the elastic modulus increases first and then decreases with the increase of axial load. ③ The failure mode of backfill under axial compression is shear failure. When the shock wave is transmitted to the backfill by different transfer paths or angles， the failure mode is still shear failure. When there is no axial compression， the failure mode of backfill is split tensile failure. ④Using ANSYS/LS-DYNA to simulate the impact process of the backfill and the coupling body under combined dynamic and static loading， when the shock wave acts on the backfill directly or indirectly through granite， the maximum stress peak appears at the same time，and the stress varies greatly.The attenuation of the stress wave in the backfill is 20%， and the attenuation of the stress wave in the backfill indirectly through the granite is 29%.
    Study on the Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Granite in Relative Calm Period Based on GBM Model of Particle Flow Code
    ZHAO Kui, LIU Yongguang, ZENG Peng, WU Wenkai, WANG Jinjian
    2021, 50(09):  27-36. 
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    In order to study the influence of different crystal particle sizes on the acoustic emission calm period of rocks，a granite equivalent crystal model GBM （Grain-based model，GBM） numerical calculation model was constructed based on the particle flow code PFC2D. The microscopic parameters were calibrated through laboratory test results， which simulates the uniaxial compression acoustic emission test of granite specimens. The influence law of different crystal particle sizes on stress-strain and peak strength of specimens was analyzed. And the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of cracks， acoustic emission events and the generation of relative quiet period during the failure process of specimens were emphatically analyzed. At the same time， the energy variation characteristics of before and after acoustic emission quiet period of specimens and the relationship between the energy variation and the crystal particle size were studied. The results show that: ①With the increase of crystal size， the uniaxial compressive strength of specimens increases. The failure forms of the specimens were mainly X-shear and V-columnar splitting. At the same time， the specimens with different crystal particle sizes were mainly damaged by tension， and the intergranular microcracks first occurred， and the transgranular microcracks began to occur at the starting point of acoustic emission quiet period.② In the uniaxial compression process of specimens， acoustic emission appears relative calm periods of varying degrees before the stress peak. In addition， the location of acoustic emission generation before the quiet period is along the crystal boundary， and after the beginning point of the quiet period， acoustic emission located in the crystal interior and the crystal boundary will be generated simultaneously.③ The variation of slip energy and damping energy decreases with the increase of crystal particle size in the acoustic emission quiet period.Among them，due to the significant decrease of acoustic emission during the quiet period of acoustic emission，the activity inside the rock is in a relatively calm state，so the released kinetic energy is reduced.
    Test Study on the Effect of Digital Detonator High Precision Delay Time on Blasting Vibration
    LIU Wensheng, CHEN Nengge, ZHU Molin, YI Haibao, LI Wei, XIE Liangbo, DENG Guoping
    2021, 50(09):  37-43. 
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    Taking the national key promotion of digital detonators as an opportunity， field blasting tests with different high-precision delays were carried out in Heshangqiao Iron Mine. The influence of delay intervals on blasting vibration was compared and analyzed， and the distribution characteristics of blasting fragmentation were analyzed. The results showed that :①the influence of the millisecond time on blasting vibration in the near zone was greater than that on the far zone， and the closer the distance between the measuring point and the explosion zone， the more significant the influence of the millisecond time. ②In the near zone， as the millisecond time increases， the vibration velocity presents a fluctuating change law of "first increase， then decrease， then increase". In the far area， the amplitude of vibration fluctuations was significantly reduced. ③In order to weaken the impact of blasting vibration on the building， different millisecond times should be selected according to the distance between the building and the explosion zone. The suitable millisecond time in the near zone is 16 ms， and it is 40 ms in the far zone.④ The millisecond time has little effect on the distribution of blasting fragmentation，the overall blasting fragmentation presented a positive skew distribution，50% of the blasting fragmentation could be controlled within 70 mm， and 80% of the fragmentation could be controlled within 130 mm.
    Variation Characteristics of Ore-rock Movement Velocity During Ore-drawing in the Storage Section of Vertical Orepass
    CAO Peng, LU Zengxiang, MA Chi, WU Xiaoxu
    2021, 50(09):  44-50. 
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    In order to study the velocity variation characteristics of the ore particles in the ore-drawing process of the orepass storage section，the discrete element numerical simulation method is used to carry out the ore-drawing test of the vertical orepass storage section. The overall ore velocity during the ore-drawing process of the orepass storage section is analyzed.Combined with the time-homogenization analysis method，the variatioin characteristics of time-homogenization velocity of ore rock passing through silo and drawing funnel are discussed.The study results show that the instantaneous velocity of ore and rock particles is always in a state of fluctuation during the ore-drawing process of the chute storage section，which is characterized by large amplitude and clear peak and trough in the early stage of 0~4.0 s，and small amplitude and periodic change in the middle period of 4.0~16.5 s.When approaching the ore-drawing funnel in the later period of 16.5~20.0 s， the initial amplitude is small and the peak and trough is large，the average value increases with time and fluctuates violently，and then shows an obvious increasing trend.The time-homogenization velocity of the ore particles in the part of silo is close to constant，and does not change ore-dressing time.The closer to the centerline of the silo， the higher the time-homogenization speed of the ore rock， and the less time it takes to reach the ore-drawing hopper.The time-homogenization velocity of particles increases with the increase of ore-dressing time.At the same time， the closer to the shaft wall， the lower the time-homogenization speed.The time-homogenization velocity of the particles passing through the ore-drawing funnel is greater than that of the silo.
    Study on the Mechanical Response Law of Mine High and Steep Slope under Engineering Disturbance
    JIA Xinkun LU Bangfei
    2021, 50(09):  51-59. 
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    A large number of high and steep slopes and sunken open-pit pits are formed in open-pit mining. Affected by the regional environment， various production disturbances during the mining process may cause landslides， rolling rocks and other phenomena， threatening production safety.Based on the related theories of high and steep slope stability analysis， the geological conditions of the engineering is comprehensively analyzed， and a numerical model is established for slope stability analysis.Combined with the explicit-implicit calculation method， the LS-DYNA software is used to simulate the high slope blasting layout of the open-pit mine， and the unique solvability， unconditional stability and convergence of the calculation results are realized.The combined effect of static force field stress migration and dynamic disturbance is analyzed through the time-varying mode， and the dynamic and static coupling mechanics response law analysis is carried out for the influence of disturbance.The study results show that: ①The unloading mechanical behavior occurs when the overlying rock layer is peeled off on the slope surface and steps of the slope. The vibration speed of the slope top area is high， which will cause the gravel to roll off the slope top during production， which needs to be carefully monitored.②In engineering blasting， the greater the amount of explosives， the plastic range will increase proportionally. The deformation of the unit with larger blasting center distance is obviously affected by in-situ stress，and the initial disturbance effect is triggered by the blasting power.③According to the analysis of the dynamic strength of blasting with different charge， in order to reduce the shock and disaster， the optimal charge blasting should be maintained as much as possible， or the pre-split blasting method should be adopted to weaken the impact of blasting vibration on the surrounding environment.By completing the optimization study on the stability of high and steep slopes in open-pit mines， the time-history analysis of slope stability based on dynamic and static load reduction is realized， which can provide a reference for the prediction of mining disturbances in open-pit mines.
    Estimation of Continuous Deformation Volume of Slope Using Machine Vision Technique
    YE Chunyang, XU Chuanhua, SUN Guoquan, NIE Wen
    2021, 50(09):  60-64. 
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    "Automation" is a key step to realize the digitization and intelligence of mines， and it is also an important guarantee for mine production safety. Due to the complex environment of the mining area， there are differences in the causes and duration of the slope deformation， which makes it extremely difficult to accurately extract the information of the slope continuous deformation. Therefore， in order to improve the accuracy of these information extraction， a method for extracting slope continuous deformation information based on depth information is proposed. Firstly， the mine slope is simulated through experiments， and the depth camera is used to record the failure process of the slope under rainfall conditions to obtain image data and three-dimensional point cloud data. Then， the camera calibration is used to establish the relationship between the image data and the 3D point cloud data， and the missing value of the point cloud is supplemented based on coordinate transformation and nearest neighbor interpolation technology.Finally， the background difference algorithm and denoising algorithm are used to identify the slope deformation area， and according to the coordinate changes of the point cloud before and after the slope deformation, the volume generated by the slope deformation is estimated. Research shows that this method can accurately identify the slope deformation area， with an average recognition accuracy of 92.39%. Machine vision technology can realize automatic identification of slope deformation area and extraction of slope deformation volume information with high accuracy， reducing manual participation.
    Analysis and Engineering Application of the Occurrence of the Failure Surface of Rock Mass Seismic Source Based on PCA Method
    LIU Yinchi LI Shulin ZHOU Mengjin TANG Chao
    2021, 50(09):  65-71. 
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    Principal component analysis （PCA） is used to quickly obtain information on the occurrence of damaged surfaces caused by microseismic activities. The method consists of two parts of the spatial principal component analysis and the spatial-temporal principal component analysis. Firstly，based on the location of microseismic events， an ellipsoid through PCA to describe the shape and aggregation direction of the location event clusterand the occurrence of the fracture surface according to the geometric characteristics of the ellipsoid are obtained. Secondly， sliding a time window covered with a fixed number of events on the event group， the ellipsoid represented by each window can be obtained， and further more， separating the ellipsoids with different directions， the occurrence of the failure surface at different times can be obtained， and then the evolution trend of failure surface can be obtained . According to the mentioned method，using the received microseismic positioning data of a tipical landsliding case of overlying rock mass in goaf induced by a large blasting in Shizhuyuan Tungsten Mine，the analysing results are obtained that the dip of the failure surface is NW319.26°，and the dip angle is 81.62°. It shows the results are similar with the actual occurrence of the sliding surface. The study results show that PCA can be better applied to studying the occurrence of microseismic sources， and can promote the actual applications of microseismic monitoring technology in engineering.
    Experimental Study on Beneficiation of a Low Grade Refractory Iron-tin Ore in Yunnan Province
    YANG Kaizhi, WANG Tai, HU Zhen, LI Hangwen
    2021, 50(09):  72-78. 
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    The grade of iron and tin in a low grade refractory iron-tin ore in Yunnan is 30.91% and 0.23%， respectively. The main recovered minerals are magnetite and cassiterite. In order to fully recover the valuable components in the ore， according to the properties of the raw ore， the process of iron selection with magnetic separation， sulfur selection with flotation， desliming， and cassiterite separation (gravity separation + flotation) was determined to carry out the beneficiation test research. A low intensity magnetic concentrate with iron grade of 60.69% and iron recovery rate of 78.63% could be obtained from the raw ore through a two-stage magnetic separation with one roughing and one cleaning. After one roughing， one cleaning and two scavenging， the sulfur grade of floating sulfur tailings is reduced to 0.46%， and the tin operation recovery rate of sulfur concentrate is only 6.88%. The floating sulfur tailings were screened into +0.043 mm and -0.043 mm samples. The shaker concentrate with tin grade of 6.48% and recovery rate of 52.54% was obtained by shaker using the +0.043 mm samples. After the sliming of -0.01 mm fine sludge by water purification， tin concentrate with tin grade of 5.69% and operation recovery rate of 70.23% could be obtained in closed-circuit flotation with salicylic hydroxamic acid and GZ as cassiterite collector and No.2 oil as frothing agent. The tin grade in the tailings is reduced to 0.12%. The magnetite concentrate with iron grade of 60.69% and iron recovery rate of 78.63% and tin concentrate with tin grade of 5.92% and tin recovery rate of 31.93% were obtained in the whole process. The tin grade in the tailings was reduced to 0.14%， which realized the comprehensive recovery of the iron and tin ore resources.
    Optimization Test of Beneficiation Process for a Certain Fine-grained Iron Ore in Shanxi
    WU Hong, WANG Xiaoyu, LIU Jun, ZHANG Yong
    2021, 50(09):  79-84. 
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    The process flow of stage grinding， low intensity magnetic separation， high intensity magnetic separation and anion reverse flotation was originally adopted in a certain fine-grained iron ore concentrator in Shanxi. However， problems existed in the practical production， such as high iron grade of tailings from high intensity magnetic separation and unsatisfactory flotation indexes.Therefore， the technological process was optimized by optimizing the magnetic field intensity of the first stage of high intensity magnetic separation， replacing flocculation and desliming with low intensity magnetic separation and high intensity magnetic separation.The results showed that:① For the sample with the iron grade of 30.60%， under the condition of grinding fineness of -0.076 mm accounting for 85%， using the first stage of low intensity magnetic separation (143 kA/m) and high intensity magnetic separation (1 114 kA/m) process flow， the iron grade of tailings from high intensity magnetic separation can be reduced to 6.18%.At this time， the loss of iron recovery rate is only 4.82%.② The second-stage low intensity magnetic separation and high intensity magnetic separation process is used to replace the original flocculation desliming process. Under the condition of the second-stage grinding fineness of -0.038 mm accounting for 85%， the magnetic field intensity of the second-stage low intensity magnetic separation and high intensity magnetic separation are 143 kA/m and 637 kA/m， respectively， the particle size contents of the second-stage of high intensity magnetic separation concentrate which below 10 μm decreases from 27.22% to 22.19%. The particle size contents below 20 μm decreased from 48.79% to 44.21%， and the iron grade of flotation feeding increased from 39.90% to 48.36%.③ The closed-circuit flotation process of "one roughing， one cleaning and three scavging" was adopted for the second stage low intensity magnetic separation and high intensity magnetic separation combined concentrate . Under the condition of one roughing flotation concentration of 25% and the temperature of 30 ℃，NaOH dosage of 1 200 g/t， starch dosage of 1 000 g/t and CaO dosage of 500 g/t were successively added.The roughing and cleaning dosage of RA-915 were 900 g/t and 150 g/t， respectively. The flotation iron concentrate with iron grade of 66.13% and iron recovery rate of 88.44% was finally obtained， and the iron grade of flotation tailings was 15.83%.The optimized test process can reduce the iron grade of tailings from high intensity magnetic separation， improve the iron grade of flotation feeding ore， and reduce the difficulty of flotation quality improvement and impurity reduction. It has a reference significance for the development and utilization of the same type of iron ore.
    Separation Test Study on the Combined Process of Magnetic Separation and Flotation for Copper and Molybdenum Mixed Concentrate
    LU Tao, YUAN Zhitao, SONG Kun, TONG Jiacheng, ZHANG Honghua
    2021, 50(09):  85-90. 
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    In order to solve the problems of large consumption of sodium sulfide， high COD contents in alkaline wastewater and high cost of wastewater treatment in Dexing Copper Mine， combined with the characteristics of fine particle size， simple component of minerals contained copper or molybdenum and high degree of monomer dissociation， the tests combined process of magnetic separation and flotation was carried out to bulk concentrate of copper and molybdenum. Through condition test， the better magnetic separation process parameters were determined. The magnetic separation extended test was carried out， and the magnetic separation results showed that the yield， copper grade and molybdenum loss rate of the concentrate were 39.16%， 29.27% and 6.08% respectively. The flotation separation test on magnetic separation tailings was carried out， and the flotation results showed that the molybdenum grade and molybdenum operation recovery rate were 46.54% and 93.97% respectively. The comprehensive calculation showed that the bulk concentrate containing 25.56% Cu and 1.04% Mo was treated by magnetic and flotation combined process，copper concentrate with Cu grade of 26.02% and recovery rate of 99.79% and molybdenum concentrate with Mo grade of 46.54% and recovery rate of 88.30% were obtained. The separation indexes of copper and molybdenum was very ideal. In addition， due to a yield of nearly 40% copper concentrate was separated by magnetic separation， the flotation amount was greatly reduced， the dosage of sodium sulfide and other flotation agents were reduced by more than 40%， the COD content of alkaline wastewater and the cost of water treatment were significantly reduced， which had significant economic and environmental benefits.
    Study on the Action Mechanism of Novel Surfur Inhibitor of Lead-zinc Sulphide
    ZHANG Hao, XU Baojin, WANG Mingli, CHEN Bo
    2021, 50(09):  91-95. 
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    In the flotation process of lead-zinc sulfide ore， a large amount of lime is used to inhibit pyrite， resulting in problems such as high pH of pulp and pipe blockage. The new inhibitor HS-1 could replace part of lime to achieve efficient separation of lead， zinc and sulfur. In order to further improve the interaction mechanism of HS-1 with galena， sphalerite and pyrite， the inhibition mechanism of HS-1 was studied based on the flotation test results of pure minerals. The results showed that: ① When the pH value of pulp is 10， the combination of ethylthio-nitrogen and ammonium butanyl (molar ratio of 2∶1) as collector and HS-1 as inhibitor can effectively inhibit pyrite and partially inhibit sphalerite， while the flotation behavior of galena has little effect. ② The inhibitor HS-1 has little effect on the adsorption of collector on galena surface， and reduces the adsorption amount of ethylthio-nitrogen and ammonium butadiene black drug on sphalerite surface， and effectively inhibits the adsorption amount of combined collector on pyrite surface. ③ When the pH is of 10， HS-1 and composite collector successively react with three kinds of pure mineral， the surface of the minerals occurred the HS-1 infrared characteristic absorption peak， and the characteristic absorption peaks of the collector in the surface of galena has no obvious change， the collector absorption characteristic peaks in the surface of sphalerite and pyrite disappear， illustrating the HS-1 effectively inhibiton of the adsorption of collector on pyrite， and a certain inhibitory effect on sphalerite.
    Experimental Study on Vanadium Extraction from a Refractory Vanadium-bearing Stone Coal in Xinjiang with Roasting and Acid Leaching Process
    JIN Yongpeng, LI Yanjun, YUAN Shuai, LIU Jie
    2021, 50(09):  96-101. 
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    The vanadium in a refractory vanadium-bearing stone coal in Xinjiang is distributed in sericite with very fine particles. The traditional roasting system was used for blank roasting to extract vanadium， but there were some problems such as low oxygen concentration and difficult temperature control， and the final leaching rate of vanadium was only about 20%. Therefore， on the basis of fully analyzing the properties of raw ore， a self-designed gas-based roasting system was used to carry out blank roasting test of the stone coal ores. The optimum roasting temperature， roasting time，gas flow and oxygen concentration were determined to be 800 ℃， 20 min， 400 mL/min and 20% by condition test. The roasted samples were obtained under the appropriate condition. Finally， the leaching rate of vanadium can reach 46.51% by acid leaching with fixed concentration of sulfuric acid at 30%， liquid-solid ratio of 1.25∶1， leaching time of 3 h and leaching temperature of 90 ℃. The results showed that the new device has the advantages of low roasting temperature， short roasting time， low selectivity to ore， precise and adjustable roasting atmosphere， which can effectively reduce the production cost and improve the production efficiency.
    Experimental Study on Vanadium Extraction from Stone Coal Enhanced by Electric Field
    HU Yang, HE Dongsheng, ZHANG Qi, ZHANG Kecheng, ZHU Zhiwei
    2021, 50(09):  102-106. 
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    In order to explore the electric field reinforcement on the vanadium leaching extraction from stone coal， the condition tests were conducted regarding vanadium-contained stone coal in Shaanxi province as the research object， sulfuric acid as acid infusions. The electric field intensity on the leaching effection were investigated for the samples before and after roasting， and strengthening mechanism were analyzed through the open circuit potential and cycle volt-ampere curve test for the leaching liquid. Under the conditions of sulfuric acid concentration of 20%， leaching temperature of 90 ℃， leaching time of 4 h and liquid-solid ratio of 7∶1， the leaching rate of vanadium from raw stone coal was 62.50%， and the leaching rate increased to 67.32% when the electric field was applied at 1 000 mA. For the roasted samples roasted at 600 ℃ for 3 h， the leaching rate of vanadium was 68.96% without the application of electric field， and increased to 71.31% when the electric field was applied at 1 000 mA. After the electric field is applied， the leaching solution changes from light green to blue， and the vanadium is oxidized to a higher valence state. The results of mechanism study showed that there were vanadium ions with different valence states of VO2+ and VO2+ in the leach solution， and VO2+ was reduced in the leaching system under the action of electric field， and two pairs of REDOX characteristic peaks appeared.
    High-efficient Recovery Test of Lithium in a Certain Pegmatite-type Spodumene
    DAI Yanping WANG Quanliang ZHAO Jianxiang ZHOU Huqiang WEI Dangsheng LE Yi LIU Wang
    2021, 50(09):  107-112. 
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    The Li2O grade of a pegmatite-type spodumene deposit in Hunan province is 1.35%. The main gangue minerals are quartz and feldspar， following with easily sliming minerals like chlorite and kaolinite. The traditional spodumene flotation process "three alkali and two soap" method has the disadvantages of large dosage of flotation reagents， long flotation time， poor flotation indexes， and the backwater is difficult to directly recycle. In order to realize the high-efficient recovery and utilization of lithium in the ores， the beneficiation experiments were carried out based on the characteristics of the raw ore and the process flow of desliming， magnetic separation and flotation was finally determined for the treatment of the ores. Under the condition of the grinding fineness of -0.074 mm accounting for 66.55%， ZT as the neutral regulator and ZB as the combined collector， the final lithium concentrate with Li2O grade of 6.05%， Li2O recovery rate of 79.77% and Fe2O3 content of 0.83% was obtained after "one roughing， two cleaning and two scavenging" in the flotation stage. The high efficiency recovery of lithium from spodumene was effectively realized， and the product reached the the first grade chemical product standard.
    Experimental Study on Preparation of High Activity MgO by Fluidized Calcination with Magnesite Flotation Concentrate
    ZHI Hui, DONG Zhenhai, YANG Xiaofeng, FU Yafeng
    2021, 50(09):  113-119. 
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    Light burned MgO is an important chemical raw material. With the increase of the requirements for high-efficient utilization of resources， the process of preparing MgO by calcination of powdered magnesite gradually received attention. Fluidized bed with high efficiency heat and mass transfer is one of the most ideal reactors for powder calcination. Magnesite flotation concentrate in Liaoning were regarded as the research object， and the basic experimental study of fluidized calcination was carried out. Through XRD phase analysis， citric acid activity test and SEM analysis， the phase change， microscopic morphology and MgO activity of two kinds of samples (120~200 mesh and 200~300 mesh) under different calcined temperature and time were discussed. The results showed that: ① With the increase of calcination temperature and the extension of calcined time， the contents of MgO increases and the diffraction peak of MgO becomes narrower and stronger. The phase transition law of samples with granularity between 200 and 300 mesh is basically the same as that of the samples with granularity between 120 and 200 mesh. The particle size has little effect on the decomposition process. ② The suitable calcination conditions of samples with granularity between 120 and 200 mesh， and 200 and 300 mesh are calcined at 800 ℃ for 10 min and 850 ℃ for 5 min， respectively. At this time， the calcined product MgO activity is the highest， and the citric acid color development time is 38 s and 21.5 s， respectively. There is a great difference between the two kinds for suitable calcination processes. In the industry， the residence time of calcined materials with different particle sizes should be controlled to avoid overburning and underburning. ③ Particle size has little effect on the decomposition process， but has a great effect on the grain growth， thus affects the MgO activity. Compared with the samples with granularity between 120 and 200 mesh， the samples with granularity between 200 and 300 mesh has finer particle size， higher heat and mass transfer efficiency， stronger CO2 adsorption capacity on the surface， less lattice defects， and relatively fast grain growth rate， so the turning point of activity appeared earlier.
    Research on Technology of Scrubbing Replacing Regrinding in Fine-flaky Graphite Flotation
    DING Dafa, QIU Yangshuai, ZHANG Lingyan, WEI Shaowei
    2021, 50(09):  120-126. 
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    Taking the fine flake graphite with fixed carbon contents of 12.71% in Jiangxi Province as raw material， according to the chemical composition， XRD phase analysis， microscopic analysis and dissemination characteristics of the ores， the suitable flotation process was determined. And the feasibility of scrubbing instead of regrinding and the best position were analyzed. The optimal scrubbing conditions were determined as scrubbing speed of 2 000 r/min， scrubbing concentration of 20%， scrubbing time of 30 min by scrubbing condition test. On this basis， a series of whole process tests were carried out. The results showed that scrubbing can replace the regrinding in the process of multi-stage regrinding and multi stage flotation. The fixed carbon contents of final graphite concentrate obtained by scrubbing is 94.53%， which is higher than 93.16% of regrinding concentrate. It is proved that the function of regrinding is the same as that of scrubbing， which is to disperse and “clean”， not to grind. The chemical absorption test and concentrate SEM test further proved that scrubbing can “clean” the graphite surface.
    Study on Process Mineralogy of a Copper Mine in Jingtieshan Mine Area
    ZHAO Xi LIU Dongquan ZHOU Libo LI Wenbo
    2021, 50(09):  127-131. 
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    In order to fully understand the process mineralogical properties of a copper mine in Jingtieshan mining area， and provide basic data for the development of reasonable separation technology. The chemical composition， mineral composition， mineral particle size characteristics and the distribution characteristics of main minerals of a copper ore in Jingtiesshan mining area were studied in detail through chemical analysis， X-ray diffraction， screening analysis and microscope examination. The results showed that the ore species of the copper deposit are complex， the gangue composition is more， the main mineral distribution relationship is complex， and the grain size of the dissemination is uneven. Chalcopyrite in the ore is mainly distributed in medium and fine grains， the particle size is not uniform， showing the characteristics of polarization. The best grinding conditions needs to be determined combined with the beneficiation test. This study has a certain guiding significance for the rational exploitation and utilization of copper ore in Jingtieshan mining area.
    Genetic Types，Metallogenic Geological Conditions and Prospecting Directions of Fe-polymetallic Deposits in Aershan Area of China-Mongolia Border
    XIE Hui, SHEN Kun, ZHANG Hui, WU Liwen, TIAN Jingchun, ZHU Yingtang, YANG Chenyu, GU Wangjiu
    2021, 50(09):  132-142. 
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    Aershan area is located on Fe-polymetallic mineralization belt of southern Mongolia-Dong Ujimqin Banner-Aershanon China-Mongolia border，which prospecting potential is huge.However，due to the low level of geological exploration and the forested area of Great Khingan， the prospecting has not made great progress for a long time.Combined with the 1∶50 000 ore survey working results of the area，the polymetallic iron deposits in the area is divided into three types according to their genetic types. The skarn type and sedimentary metamorphic type iron polymetallic deposits with great economic value are emphatically analyzed，besides that，the comparative study with the typical ore deposits in Southern Mongolia and Dongwuqi Area of Inner Mongolia， China is done.The results show that:The skarn type iron polymetallic deposits in the Southern Mongolia-East Wuqi-Aershan iron polymetallic metallogenic belt are mainly controlled by the NE-trending faults and their derived sub-faults，skarn is calcium skarn related to acid magmatic rocks，the ore-bearing surrounding rock contains carbonate rock which is conducive to the mineralization of skarn deposit，the surrounding rock alteration mainly includes skarn， silication， carbonation and epidotization.The sedimentary metamorphic iron polymetallic deposits in the iron polymetallic metallogenic belt are mainly controlled by NE-trending folds，all of them are BIF type iron ores related to large scale early Yanshanian acid intrusive rocks，all of them have the characteristics of metamorphic superimposed transformation of mineralization in the later stage of primitive Marine deposition，all of them are low grade ores， and the main host rocks are middle and low grade metamorphic rocks such as SLATE， schist and phyllite.On this basis， the metallogenic geological conditions and prospecting direction of iron polymetallic deposits in the Arshan area are preliminarily summarized， and the metallogenic prospective areas of different genetic deposits are divided.With the further strengthening of geological exploration，it is expected to find large skarn type iron polymetallic ore， large and medium-sized sedimentary metamorphic iron polymetallic ore and small and medium-sized hydrothermal vein type iron polymetallic ore in the area.
    Characteristics of Vertical Zoning and Exploration Practice in Limu Granites
    DONG Yecai LIANG Lei XU Wenjie ZHANG Guolin
    2021, 50(09):  143-151. 
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    Searching for the deposit associated with concealed granite is the goal and difficulty of prospecting in the deep and periphery of Limu mining area. Previous prospecting and exploration mainly focused on the third stage granite with shallow emplacement， while the understanding of the second stage granite with deep emplacement is limited to its upper vein-type orebody， which restricts further prospecting breakthrough.According to geological characteristics of granite type deposits，the characteristics of vertical zoning are resummarized in the ore-bearing granite in Limu Orefield.The vertical zoning includes the inner zone and outer zone of granite body，and contains three genetic types and five industrial deposit types.This paper reveals the influence of tectonic activity on the vertical zoning and mineralization of Limu granite.When the second stage of granite intrudes into the deeper part， deposits are often composed of multi-layer ore bodies and dikes or vein orebodies are mostly located in the far upper part of granites.However， when the third stage of granite intrudes into the superficial part，dikes or vein orebodies are mostly located in the proximal upper part of granite and even connected with granites.According to vertical zoning in the Limu granite，the altered granite type W-Sn deposits are discovered in the second stage granite for the first time，such as Yucai Deposit and Sangehuangniu Deposit.The scale of Yucai Deposit is medium-sized and Sangehuangniu Deposit is small-sized，in addition，new understanding of vein type deposits in the outer zone of granite is obtained.It is a breakthrough in prospecting that Sn-W veins with industrial significance are discovered in the periphery of Limu mining area.The above practice shows that Limu Orefield still has great potential and two prospecting targets for the next step are proposed.One is relative protrusion of low-lying places within shape of concealed granites in deep edge of old mining area，in addition，southeast of Shuiximiao，the other is the deep of the sections of Xiangfenchang，Huangtongjie-Gougualei in the west of mining area.
    Geological Characteristics and Prospecting Potential for Kafang Molybdenum Deposit in Luanchuan County，Henan Province
    TAN Heyong, YE Ping, SUN Dan, PENG Jiangtao, SU Yongfeng
    2021, 50(09):  152-160. 
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    The Kafang Molybdenum mining area is located in the joint part of the North Qinling tectonic belt and the southern margin of the North China continental block and belongs to the polymetallic metallogenic belt of the East Qinling-Dabei Metallogenic Province.Based on the geological， mineral， geophysical and geochemical data in the mining area， the geological characteristics and prospecting potential of the mining area are studied.The results show that there is an anomalous combination of high-temperature elements （W， Mo， Bi） - medium and low temperature elements （Cu， Pb， Zn） - low temperature elements （Au， As， Ag） in the vicinity of the Laojunshan rock mass in the Kafang area.The high magnetic outliers in the mining area ranged from -300 to 120 nT， and there is a gradient zone with positive and negative anomalies in the south of the mining area.The resistivity logarithm of the surface in Luogou area of the mining area is measured as 0.8 ~ 1.2 at a depth of 500 m by magnetotelluric sounding （EH4）， which is inferred to be caused by mineralization， and the ore-bearing rock mass is found through the verification of drilling.Through systematic geological and mineral work， five molybdenum ore bodies in marble and quartz schist are found in the mining area.On this basis， two tungsten and molybdenum prospecting target areas are delineated in the Karfang area and metallogenic prediction is carried out.It is considered that the target areas have great prospecting potential and are worth further work.The above analysis results can provide certain reference for studying the metallogenic of Laojunshan rock mass and molybdenum deposit.
    Study on Extraction of Rock Joint Information Based on Multi-rotor Flight Control Platform
    LEI Yongshun, LI Fei, WANG Wenjun, WU Jin, XU Shuai
    2021, 50(09):  161-168. 
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    The stability of engineering rock mass is mainly controlled by the characteristics of joints.The extraction and analysis of rock mass joint information are of great significance to engineering design， geological engineering evaluation and construction safety. Aiming at the problems of a large workload， high labor intensity， high operational risk， and low efficiency in current rock joint information extraction， a technique for extracting regional rock joint information based on multi-rotor flight control platforms is proposed. The software and hardware components of the system are analyzed，the data processing flows of UAV aerial survey， three-dimensional virtual reconstruction of regional rock mass environment， and joint information extraction are discussed，besides that，three key technologies of multi-rotor UAV for joint rock mass data acquisition， virtual reconstruction of joint rock mass model based on aerial video， and extraction and analysis of joint information are analyzed and summarized.At the same time， the accuracy of the system is verified.Based on the investigation of joint and fissure of slope in Heigou mining area， the technical verification is carried out.The field test results show that the method of extracting joint information proposed in this paper has the advantages of simple operation and high accuracy， which provides a reference for rapid extraction of rock mass joint information.
    Development Practice of 3D Collaboration Platform of Geology， Survey and Mining on Zijinshan Gold & Copper Mine
    LI Haiquan, XIA Lin, HUANG Kun, LIU Peng
    2021, 50(09):  169-176. 
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    With the rise of 3D visualization，big data，artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies， China's mines are actively promoting mine digitization and intelligence.More and more mines begin to apply 3D mining software， realizing the transformation of mine geology， surveying and mining technology from 2D to 3D. Surpac is a 3D mining software broadly used in domestic and foreign countries.Through human-computer interaction，Surpac can finish all kinds of mining tasks.The construction of intelligent mine is restricted to some extent by the disadvantages of complex operation， low efficiency and easy formation of information island.Based on the analysis of Surpac software application status and mine production technology， a collaborative office solution combining Surpac software and its secondary development technology is proposed.By developing the collaborative office platform system and adopting the communication technology between software containers and software processes， Surpac 3D mining software is seamlessly integrated with the collaborative office platform.The function modules of geology， surveying and mining are developed on Surpac software by using TCL/SCL script technology.The results show that the platform system realizes process management and authority management of geological， surveying and mining professional technical work， and professional data sharing.All operation files and results data are stored in the server and database， and various production reports of geology， surveying and mining are formed from the platform.The development and application of the platform system has certain significance for promoting the construction of intelligent mine.
    Reliability Analysis of Damper Seat of Mining Truck Based on Monte Carlo Method
    ZHAO Haibin ZHANG Ning
    2021, 50(09):  177-183. 
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    The rigid connection of the shock absorber support and the piston rod in the mining vehicle makes the reliability of the shock absorber prone to failure and damage.In order to study the reliability of the shock absorber support for mining vehicles，firstly，Chinese self-owned brand mining truck（CMT96） was used to test on different standard roads，the vibration displacement data of the shock absorber was collected， and processed for a load spectrum used for bench experiments.Then，the mechanical model was established， and the theoretical analysis was carried out through the stress-strength interference model based on the processed load spectrum.Finally， 200 road spectrum samples were selected for bench durability test， and comparative verification and analysis were conducted.The study results showed that the reliability value of the shock absorber of the mining vehicle within 16 000 km is 1，and after one complete road spectrum cycle， which was slightly lower than the simulated result of 0.95.The large number of training samples reflects the deformation law of the shock absorber bearing on the whole.The Monte Carlo method based on the stress-strength interference model of road spectrum load was used to analyze the reliability of the shock absorber bearing of mining vehicles， which has a certain reference significance for the reliability design of the damper seat of mining vehicles.
    Permeability Characteristics and Pollution Control of a Tailings Considering the Chemical Factors
    YANG Jun, HE Yong, LI Bingbing, HU Guang
    2021, 50(09):  184-191. 
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    As an inevitable solid waste during the mining process， the permeability/leaching property of tailings is normally considered as one of the most critical factors for environmental pollution. In this study， a self-designed infiltration/leaching device was designed to conduct the permeability tests of tailings from a copper mine. And the influences of chemical factors，dry density and pH on the permeability property of tailings were investigated. In order to study the environmental pollution caused by tailings leaching， the visual Moldflow software was applied to simulate the migration process of Cu2+ in tailings pond. Moreover，based on the retention concept of engineered barrier，a contaminant transport model was established to simulate and assess the control effects of heavy metal pollution.Test results revealed that:①The permeability coefficient of tailings gradually increased with the decrease of pH value，and the maximum permeability coefficient can increase 1~2 orders of magnitude.②Under the environment of saline solution，as the NaCl concentration increased， the permeability coefficient firstly increased and then decreased. ③The simulation results implied that the engineered barrier could chronically and effectively retain the pollution source， and could be considered as an important preventing and repairing method for the mine environment pollution. Based on the above analysis results， the engineering measures were proposed for the prevention of heavy metal pollution in mines， and these measures could provide imported guidance for relative engineering practices.
    Adsorption Behaivior Study of Cr (VI) in Wastewater with Macadamia Nut Charcoal after Modification
    XU Bingbing, JIANG Linlin, ZHANG Jianhua, ZHANG Tian, HUANG Gang, XU Kai
    2021, 50(09):  192-198. 
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    Modificated macadamin nut charcoal was prepared from macadamia nut and potassium oxalate. The microstructure， pore structure， functional group and graphitization degree of the product were characterized by SEM， SAP， FTIR and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The adsorption law of Cr（VI） on macadamia nut charcoal was investigated by adsorption test， kinetic simulation and adsorption isotherm fitting. The results showed that: ①The surface pore structure of macadamia nut charcoal is relatively small and smooth before modification. The surface of macadamia nut charcoal is obviously rugged and roughness and porosity increase after modification. The modification greatly increased the specific surface area and pore volume of macadamia nut charcoal， and reduced the pore size， which was beneficial to improve the adsorption performance of macadamia nut charcoal. ② The structure of macadamia nut charcoal remained relatively intact before and after modification， and the peak strength ratio ID/IG increased and the graphitization degree decreased after modification. ③The adsorption rate of Cr（VI） on modified macadamia nut charcoal is always higher than that on unmodified macadamia nut charcoal. Acidic conditions are favorable for Cr(VI) removal. The adsorption rate of Cr（VI） increases with the increase of adsorbent dosage and adsorption time， and then reaches saturation. The adsorption rate of Cr（VI） decreases with the increase of initial Cr（VI） concentration. ④ The adsorption kinetics was described and predicted by quasi-second-order kinetic model. The isothermal adsorption process of Cr（VI） on macadamia nut charcoal conforms to Langmuir equation， and the electrostatic attraction and reduction complexation of Cr（VI） are the main adsorption mechanisms.
    Study on Classification and Detection Technology of River Floating Garbage Based on UAV Vision
    LI Dexin YAN Zhigang SUN Jiuyun
    2021, 50(09):  199-205. 
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    The traditional manual inspection of river floating garbage is time-consuming and labor-consuming. UAVs and unmanned boats have become the main methods of river inspections. At present， it is limited to manual interpretation of river floating garbage images or simple computer target detection， and there is a lack of automatic classification and detection of floating garbage. In this paper， a dataset of floating garbage in the river channel of the study area is constructed based on drone aerial images， and a deep learning method is used to classify and recognize garbage. Taking into account the unbalanced types of floating garbage in the river and the relatively small proportion in UAV images， the YOLOv5s target detection algorithm has been improved in terms of multi-scale detection and data enhancement. The experimental results show that the improved algorithm improves the mean average precision by 3.47% compared with the original algorithm. The study results show that the combination of deep learning methods and drone technology can efficiently and accurately identify and classify garbage， and provide a basis for decision-making in the treatment of floating garbage in the river.
    Preparation and Properties Study of High-strength Sintered Permeable Brick with Multiple Solid Waste
    WANG Shaoxi, ZHANG Kaifan, ZHANG Suhua, YE Pengfei, WANG Yongbo, ZHAI Yuxin, WANG Changlong, WANG Linjun, FAN Yingjie, REN Zhenzhen
    2021, 50(09):  206-215. 
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    In order to make full use of tailings resources， multiple solid waste (vanadium-titanium iron tailings， gold tailings， shale and reservoir sediment) were used as raw material to the preparation of high strength sintered porous brick. XRF， XRD and SEM were obtained to study the physical and chemical properties of the raw materials， and sintering properties were analyzed through the vanadium-titanium iron tailings sintered products indicators. The effect of grains gradation of vanadium-titanium iron tailings and binder proportion on the properties of permeable brick were discussed and the suitable technological parameters for the preparation of permeable bricks were determined. The results showed that: ① The main chemical composition of vanadium-titanium iron tailings is SiO2， CaO and MgO， which is conducive to the formation of pyroxene system， promotion of structure compactness， indicating ideal materials for sintering materials. The grain surface is rough， and it can form skeleton structure and form certain pores between the grains when used as the aggregate of permeable brick， which is beneficial to the permeability of brick body. ② The color of vanadium-titanium iron tailings changes greatly at different sintering temperatures. With the increase of sintering temperature， the color changes from yellow to brown gradually， the linear expansion rate decreases continuously，the mass loss rate increases gradually， and the stacking density increases continuously.③ The suitable gradation of vanadium-titanium iron tailings is 1.18~4.75 mm accounting for 20%， 0.60~1.18 mm accounting for 50%， 0.15~0.60 mm accounting for 30%， and the suitable mixing amount is 78%. The suitable binder mass ratio of gold tailings， shale and reservoir sediment is 2∶1∶1. ④ The suitable forming pressure， sintering temperature and holding time are 25 MPa， 1 080 ℃ and 90 min， respectivly. At this time， the compressive strength of the permeable brick is 64 MPa， the permeability coefficient is 0.062 cm/s and the water retention is 0.62 g/cm2， which meet the requirements of Permeable Pavement Brick and Permeable Pavement Slab （GB/T 25993—2010） and Permeable Brick （JCT 945—2005）.
    Effect of Sintering Additives Addition on Foamed Ceramics Prepared with a Gold Tailings
    DONG Shuo, SUN Xiaogang, TONG Haiwei, QIU Jingping, XING Jun, MA Zhengyu
    2021, 50(09):  216-220. 
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    The preparation of foamed ceramics with gold tailings has a broad application prospect， but the sintering temperature is too high. The addition of sintering additives can effectively reduce the sintering temperature of foamed ceramics. Using the mixture of sodium fluosilicate and albite as sintering agents， the gold tailings foamed ceramics were prepared by non-pressing powder sintering method. The effects of the addition ratio of sodium fluosilicate and albite on the micromorphology， compressive strength， bulk density and apparent porosity of the gold tailings foamed ceramics were studied. The results showed that with the increase of sodium fluosilicate proportion， the compressive strength and bulk density of the samples firstly increase and then decrease， the apparent porosity firstly decrease and then increase， and the uniformity of pore size and distribution becomes better. When the addition ratio of sodium fluosilicate and albite is 5∶3 and the sintering temperature is 1 050 ℃， the gold tailings foamed ceramics with bulk density of 455 kg/m3， compressive strength of 4.7 MPa， apparent porosity of 21% and uniform porosity distribution can be successfully prepared. Appropriate addition of albite can increase the number of pores， but excessive addition will lead to the collapse of pore structure due to the high content of low viscosity liquid at high temperature. Sodium fluosilicate should be the main sintering agent and albite should be added according to different requirements to improve the apparent porosity.