Table of Content

15 November 2025, Volume 54 Issue 11

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 Research Status and Development Trend of Novel Crushing and Grinding Technology and Equipment

LI Lixia　LI Nan　LIU Feifei　WANG Jiaqi　CHEN Jiakuan　FENG Quan, 　ZHANG Qiang, BERN Klein　WANG Chengtie

2025, 54(11):  1-16. 

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As a key energy-consuming link in the mineral processing process,the energy efficiency optimization of miner al crushing and grinding is of great significance to the sustainable development of the mining industry.This paper systematically summarizes the progress and industrialization prospects of new crushing and grinding technology and equipment in the links of ore pretreatment,crushing and grinding.In the field of pretreatment,supercritical CO2 comminution technology promotes miner al dissociation through phase change energy release;High-pressure slurry ablation comminution technology achieves selective crushing by making particles collide using high-pressure slurry jets;Microwave-assisted comminution induces microcracks based on dielectric differences;And high-voltage electrical pulse comminution realizes efficient dissociation of coarse particles through the electrical difference of ores.In terms of high-efficiency crushing equipment,the VeRo Liberator achieves selective crushing of ores through high-speed impact;The conjugate anvil hammer mill combines the advantages of impact and laminar comminution to achieve energy conservation and consumption reduction;The HPGR significantly improves the crushing efficiency by using laminar comminution technology,and the industrial application of the direct connection configuration between the high-pressure grinding roll and the tower mill provides a new idea for efficient crushing and grinding of materials;The GRolls achieves efficient crushing through the meshing movement of the "V"-shaped main rotating drive roller and the opposite rotating roller,with the synergistic effect of pulse forces and shear forces;The EDS multi-shaft mill improves comminution effec tiveness via high-frequency impact energy transfer.For grinding equipment,The vertical roller mill realizes energy efficiency optimization through the extrusion grinding of the grinding roller and grinding disc as well as air classification;The vertical stirred mill (VPMTM/HIG mill) extends application boundaries via structural innovation,enabling not only ultrafine grinding but also the processing of -6 mm coarse feed,thereby supporting combined coarse grinding and high-efficiency crushing configura tions.Such innovative technology and equipment not only achieves a significant reduction in energy consumption,but also creates ideal conditions for the subsequent separation process by optimizing mineral dissociation characteristics.Although some equipment is still in the conceptual or experimental stage,it has shown good energy efficiency advantages and application potential.

Research and Innovations on Mineral Stirred Mills and Their Development Prospects

ZHANG Guowang, 　LONG Yuan, 　SHI Li, 　LIU Yu, 　ZHAO Xiang,

2025, 54(11):  17-30. 

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The stirred mill is a high-efficiency ultra-fine grinding equipment,which is widely applied in the field of fine and ultra-fine mineral grinding.This paper elaborates on the innovation course and application status of research on stirred mill equipment.It focuses on introducing the characteristics of various mineral-processing stirred mills,including vertical screw stirred mills (tower mills and vertical mills),horizontal stirred mills,vertical bar stirred mills,vertical high-intensity stirred mills,large-scale double-tank high-intensity stirred mills and large-scale ultra-fine stirred mills,as well as their application in metal mines.Besides,a comprehensive review and development prospects are presented.It is pointed out that the future devel opment directions of mineral-processing stirred mills lie in equipment maximization and integration,intellectualization,green and low-carbon development,as well as precise mineral liberation and mineral micronization.

 Research on the Application of Ceramic Ball Grinding in Metal Mines

WU Caibin, 　FANG Xin　LIAO Ningning, 　YUAN Chengfang　TONG Jiaqi　CHEN Zhilong

2025, 54(11):  31-39. 

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　The high energy consumption issue in the grinding process has emerged as a critical bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of the mineral processing industry.To address this challenge,a systematic study was conducted on the energy-saving mechanisms and industrial application potential of nano-ceramic balls as a novel grinding medium.Research findings indicate that:in the production phase,the full-life cycle carbon emission intensity of nano-ceramic balls is reduced by over 40% compared to traditional steel balls;In terms of grinding kinetics,their expanded motion trajectory range enhances ki netic energy conversion efficiency by 150%,while the high-frequency low-impact collision mode effectively mitigates over crushing,reducing specific grinding energy consumption between 35% to 70%.With their superior properties of high hardness, high strength,and low wear,ceramic balls achieve comprehensive energy and medium cost reductions exceeding 50% in both ferrous and non-ferrous metal mines.However,current ceramic ball grinding technology still faces limitations such as insuffi cient density,poor compatibility with mill structures,and inadequate process chain coordination.By developing high-density ce ramic balls (3.8~5.7 g/cm3),designing next-generation lightweight energy-saving mills,and establishing a new low-carbon comminution process,ceramic ball grinding could become the core of next-generation low-carbon crushing technology,doubling energy efficiency and significantly reducing crushing costs.

 A Review of the Application and Development Prospects of Typical High-Efficiency Energy-Saving Crushing and Grinding Equipment in Metal Mineral Processing

HONG Kai　MA Zhimin　SHI Xinzhang　TIAN Jia,

2025, 54(11):  40-48. 

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Developing highly efficient and energy-saving crushing and grinding technologies is essential for improving the utilization of metal mineral resources and achieving sustainable mining operations.This paper provides a systematic review of the structural principles,operational characteristics,and technical advantages of representative energy-efficient comminution e quipment,including high-pressure grinding rolls (HPGR),tower mills,and Isa mills,with particular emphasis on their per formance in fine and ultrafine grinding of metal ores.Results demonstrate that HPGR effectively reduces feed size through in terparticle compression;Tower mills enhance grinding efficiency and minimize overgrinding by means of stirred milling and in ternal classification;While Isa mills ensure uniform product size and eliminate metallic contamination via high-shear grinding and non-metallic liner design.Compared to conventional grinding circuits,these advanced systems significantly lower specific energy and media consumption while improving subsequent separation performance.Future efforts should prioritize key areas such as equipment scale-up,wear-resistant materials,process integration,and intelligent control to further advance comminution technology toward high efficiency and low carbon footprint.

Simulation Analysis of the Crushing Process of Double Toothed Roller Crusher for Laterite Nickel Ore

HUANG Zhongsheng　CHEN Yaolin　YUAN Jianming　ZHENG Qingsong　LIN Xi YE Fangping　DONG Yufan

2025, 54(11):  49-57. 

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The raw material characteristics of laterite nickel ore,such as high viscosity and inclusion of large ore lumps, lead to low crushing efficiency.To improve the crushing efficiency of the double-tooth roller crusher for this ore,the crushing process of laterite nickel ore in the double-tooth roller crusher was studied through simulation analysis.First,the discrete ele ment parameters of the ore in laterite nickel ore were calibrated via uniaxial compression tests.Then,combined with the dis crete element method (DEM) and the Tavares crushing model,the influence laws of parameters such as the number of crusher teeth,tooth height of the roller teeth,and rotation speed of the roller teeth on the processing capacity of laterite nickel ore and the particle size distribution of products were analyzed.The results showed that:the more the number of crusher teeth,the high er the tooth height,and the lower the rotation speed of the roller teeth,the more serious the material adhesion.When the num ber of teeth is 3,the tooth height of the roller teeth is 40 mm,and the rotation speed of the crusher is 70 r/min,the crushing processing capacity and particle size control of laterite nickel ore reach the optimal balance,and the discharge particle size can meet the process requirements of subsequent separation or smelting.After installing comb plates on both sides of the roller teeth in the crushing chamber,the material processing capacity is increased to 91.5 kg,which is 13% higher than that without comb plates,significantly improving the crushing operation effect;In the crushing of high-viscosity laterite nickel ore,the shape of the roller teeth has a limited effect on improving the processing capacity.The research results can provide theoretical and technical support for the crushing conditions of viscous materials.

 DEM-MBD Coupled Simulation Study on Roll Skewing in High-Pressure Grinding Rolls

REN Yunpeng　FAN Chenhe　YANG Qianghui　LÜ Mengfei　ZHANG Yue

2025, 54(11):  58-65. 

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In order to study the influence of moving roll deflection on the force distribution and operation stability of the roll surface of the high-pressure roller mill,based on the coupled simulation technology of discrete element method (DEM) and multi-body dynamics (MBD),the analysis model of roll deflection and support structure of high-pressure roller mill was con structed,the parameter calibration test of Tavares crushing model was carried out with vanadium titanomagnetite ore from Chengde,Hebei Province as the object,the physical and contact parameters of the particles were determined by uniaxial com pression and collision experiments,and the lognormal distribution model of fracture energy was established.Combined with the typical non-uniform feeding conditions,the dynamic changes of roll clearance,axial pressure distribution and bearing load in the allowable and prohibited deflection states of the moving roller were simulated and analyzed.The results show that,compared with the condition of prohibiting deflection,the moving roller deflection has good adaptive adjustment ability,which significantly improves the uniformity of axial load distribution on the roller surface,alleviates the local peak pressure and impact load,and significantly reduces the fluctuation amplitude of bearing load,which helps to reduce the fatigue risk of the supporting struc ture,improves the operation stability of the system,and provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the dynamic simu lation and engineering application of complex crushing equipment.

 Study on the Liberation Characteristics of Pyrite in Zijinshan Copper Ores with High Voltage Pulse Breakage

LI Ming　HUANG Wei, 　ZENG Jiquan　WANG Daqian　ZUO Weiran

2025, 54(11):  66-73. 

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The study aims to reveal the internal relationship between the particle size and the degree of dissociation of high-voltage electro-pulsed crushing products and construct a dissociation model that conforms to its crushing mechanism.Tak ing the Zijinshan copper ore as the research object,two crushing methods,namely high-voltage electro-pulsed crushing and cen trifugal impact crushing,were used to crush the ore to a similar particle size distribution.The Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLA) was employed to test and analyze the distribution of pyrite,the main metallic mineral,and quartz,the main gangue mineral,in the crushed products.With the aid of the extended Gaudin model,the dissociation distributions of the two crushing methods were fitted,and the selective dissociation capabilities of the two methods for pyrite were quantitatively compared through the grain boundary fracture factor P value.The MLA test results show that within the particle size range of 0.075 to 1.7 mm,the proportion of completely dissociated pyrite in the products of high-voltage electro-pulsed crushing is significantly higher than that in the products of centrifugal impact crushing.In contrast,there is no significant difference in the proportion of completely dissociated quartz between the two crushing methods.The extended Gaudin model exhibits a good fitting effect on the particle size distribution of completely dissociated pyrite in the products of both crushing methods,with the coefficient of determination (R²) ranging from 0.95 to 0.99.Further analysis of the fitted P values shows that the P value of high-voltage e lectro-pulsed crushing is 0.42,while that of centrifugal impact crushing is 0.24,indicating that high-voltage electro-pulsed crushing has a more prominent advantage in selective dissociation.The extended Gaudin model can well fit the dissociation distribution of pyrite under the two crushing methods,providing an effective model tool for studying the crushing mechanism of high-voltage electro-pulsed crushing and optimizing mineral processing techniques.

 Impact of Ball Mill Operating Parameters on Breakage Rate and Neural Network Prediction Model

SONG Weiwei　ZHANG Yong　ZHANG Xinglong　TANG Lihao　ZUO Weiran

2025, 54(11):  74-82. 

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The population balance model is the most commonly used framework for simulating the operation of ball mills. However,accurately characterizing the variation of breakage rate parameters with operational conditions remains challenging. Based on the framework of the population balance model,mathematical modeling was conducted on the ball milling test results of a tungsten ore to explore the effects of feed rate,feed particle size,media distribution,and ball filling rate on the breakage rate.A neural network-based nonlinear model was established using experimental data to map the relationship between breakage rate and these key parameters.The results indicate that the breakage rate increases with rising mill rotation speeds but decrea sing with increasing feed rates.Larger steel balls enhance the breakage rate of coarse particles,while smaller steel balls improve the breakage rate of fine particles.Three feed samples with coarse,medium,and fine particle size distributions were prepared. Under the same grinding conditions,different feed size distributions exhibited varying breakage rates.However,as grinding pro gressed,the coarse particle size distribution converged toward that of the standard feed.An increase in fine particle content was found to enhance the breakage rate of coarse particles.The predictive model based on neural networks shows strong consistency with experimental validation data,the coefficient of determination R²=0.961,confirming its reliable forecasting capability.

 Optimization Research on Grinding Medium System for ϕ7.32 m×11.28 m Large Ball Mill in Luming Molybdenum Industry

FENG Yun　XIAO Qingfei　JIN Saizhen,

2025, 54(11):  83-89. 

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Aiming at the problems of low new efficiency of grinding products of ϕ7.32 m× 11.28 m large ball mill in Lu ming Molybdenum Industry,such as low new addition efficiency of -0.074 mm and +0.20 mm,low content of 0.20~0.023 mm and 0.15~0.038 mm,based on the mechanical properties of ore and the distribution of particle size composition,the maxi mum medium size is obtained by using the semi-theoretical formula of ball diameter.The optimum medium is determined as steel section by laboratory research,and the initial installation scheme is recommended as mass ratio of ϕ50 mm×60 mm、ϕ40 mm×50 mm、ϕ30 mm×40 mm、ϕ20 mm×30 mm of 15%∶40%∶30%∶15%.The laboratory test results show that compared with the on-site scheme,the yield of -0.074 mm,the intermediate optional grain size and the intermediate easy-to-select grain size are improved when the recommended steel section initial assembly ratio scheme is adopted.The results of laboratory scale test show that compared with the field scheme,the yield of -0.074 mm increases by 6.92 percentage points,the yield of the inter mediate optional grain size and the intermediate easy-to-select grain size increases by 4.47 and 5.37 percentage points respec tively when the recommended steel section initial assembly ratio scheme is adopted.The discrete element simulation shows that the initial assembly ratio of the recommended steel section is significantly improved compared with the total energy and effec tive collision energy of the field initial assembly ratio,and the medium-ore collision energy is increased by 6.22 percentage points,which further confirms that the optimization effect of the scheme is obvious.

 Study on Synergistic Technology of Security Hazard Treatment and Residual Ore Recovery in Collapsed Goaf Areas

HU Shili, 　ZHANG Chenyang, 　SUN Xiaogang　LIU Qingbo　QIU Jingping

2025, 54(11):  90-97. 

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Collapsed goaf poses a serious threat to deep mining safety,and the induced progressive instability of overlying strata,surface subsidence,and residual ore retention urgently require breakthrough solutions.To address this challenge,this study proposes a coupled "artificial key stratum-backfilling and mining synergy" control system based on the key stratum theo ry and synergistic mining technology,which reconstructs a structurally stable load-bearing roof to simultaneously resolve the technical challenges of collapsed goaf hazard mitigation and efficient residual ore recovery.The failure mechanism of overlying strata in collapsed goaf is analyzed based on the key stratum theory.Taking a fluorite mine in Inner Mongolia as a case study, an innovative multi-parameter-constrained pillarless mining-backfilling replacement scheme is proposed by integrating the syn ergistic mining concept,achieving full coupling of material flow and spatial flow to ensure stope stability.The competitive and unstable factors of the collapsed goaf system and their control parameters are systematically investigated.According to different overlying strata instability and pillar failure conditions,hazard control measures and 4 types of pillarless mining-backfilling re placement schemes are proposed.The results show that the "artificial key stratum" as a regenerated roof can effectively control surface subsidence and ensure deep mining safety,while the application of backfilling and mining synergy technology enables safe and efficient recovery of fragmented ore.This study provides scientific guidance and technical support for goaf treatment and residual ore recovery in similar mines.

 Study on Particle Size Optimization of Coal Gangue Grouting Materials Based on Flow Performance

WANG Jiangang　LIU Lang, 　YANG Junjun, 　WANG Ruofan, 　WEI Baoning

2025, 54(11):  98-105. 

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In view of the problems of land occupation and water and soil pollution caused by a large amount of coal gangue,combining with the actual conditions of Weiqiang Coal Mine,the coal gangue is considered to be crushed and screened as the basic aggregate for goaf grouting,so as to realize large-scale consumption of coal gangue.In this study,the fluidity differ ence between the slurry made from full-graded coal gangue slurry and the traditional loess slurry after particle size optimization and the flow effect of aggregate in the slurry with the slurry expansion were compared to explore whether the fluidity of the new coal gangue based slurry meets the requirements of grouting from two aspects.The results show that the particle size of tradi tional coal mine grouting loess material is mainly 20 mesh to 60 mesh (0.25 mm to 0.8 mm),accounting for 41%.After parti cle size optimization,the particle size distribution of crushed coal gangue is mainly 30 mesh to 50 mesh (0.3 mm to 0.6 mm), and the particle size distribution of the two materials is similar.The fluidity of slurry prepared by using 30 mesh to 50 mesh coal gangue powder as the basic aggregate and the solid-liquid ratio of 1∶2 is 70 cm,which is basically close to that of tradi tional loess slurry,and the flow effect of aggregate with slurry in the new coal gangue based slurry is better.It was found that the slurry fluidity of coal gangue increased with the increase of grinding mesh number below 50 mesh,and the slurry flow per formance decreased with the further increase of grinding mesh number.Based on the flow performance,the optimal particle size range of coal gangue to prepare goaf grouting materials was 30 mesh to 50 mesh (0.3 mm to 0.6 mm).The study results providesreferenceforpreparingnewcoal ganguegroutingmaterials inWeiqiangCoalMineandothermineswithsimilargrouting conditions.

 Influence of Water Content and Powder Content in Ore Rock on Ore Drawing Effect

WANG Yongqiang　ZHANG Zhiqiang, 　WU Xiaoran　SUN Heyang　MA Xuxiao　WANG Xinrong

2025, 54(11):  106-112. 

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Non-pillar sublevel caving method is one of the main mining methods for many metal mines in China,which is safe,efficient and has low production cost.The medium-deep hole blasting method used in this method,the uneven crushing of ore and rock and the process of ore drawing will produce a large amount of powder ore.The powder ore in the ore rock bulk is easily affected by water,which will produce cohesive force and affect the ore drawing effect.In order to analyze the influence of water content and fine ore content in ore rock on the ore drawing effect of pillarless sublevel caving method,the physical simi larity test method was used for research.The results show that:① The water content has a great influence on the ore recovery rate,the amount of ore rock and the dilution rate,while the powder content has little effect on the ore recovery rate and the a mount of ore rock,and has a great influence on the dilution rate.Through the comparative analysis of effect quantity index,the influence of water content on ore drawing effect is generally greater than that of powder content.② The interaction between wa ter content and powder content has a significant effect on the ore drawing effect.When the water content is 0% and the powder content is 11%,the ore recovery rate is the highest.When the water content is 9% and the powder content is 13%,the dilution rate is the highest.When the water content is 15% and the powder content is 17%,the amount of ore rock is the most.Through the analysis of slope change and color gradient degree of smooth surface,the influence degree of powder content is less than that of water content,which is consistent with the conclusion in variance analysis.③ The waste rock funnel decreases first and then increases with the increase of water content.

Study on Optimization of Key Parameters of Hydraulic Fracturing Roof Cutting and Roadway Protection in Strong Dynamic Pressure Stope

WANG Mengcheng　SUN Lihui, 　CHU Fengjiao　CAI Zhenyu　HE Baolong　ZHANG Zhongyuan CHU Jutao　JI Quancai　HU Xiaodong

2025, 54(11):  113-121. 

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The lateral abutment pressure generated by the mining of the working face disturbs the stability of the sur rounding rock of the adjacent roadway,which leads to the failure of the supporting structure,floor heave and other phenomena in the roadway in the dynamic pressure zone,and even the risk of roof fall.The roadway often needs reinforcement and repair, which increases the support cost and has certain production safety hazards.Hydraulic fracturing roof cutting and pressure relief can eliminate or weaken the disturbance of mining pressure to adjacent roadways.Based on the background of multiple prepara tion roadways parallel to the air duct in the mining protection dynamic pressure area of 2120 W working face of Qianjiaying Mine,the short cantilever beam structure model of hydraulic fracturing roof cutting and pressure relief is constructed by means of theoretical calculation,numerical simulation and field test.The compression effect of short cantilever beam structure and ma sonry beam structure on section coal pillar is compared and analyzed.The feasibility of roof cutting and pressure relief roadway protection is analyzed.The deformation and stress distribution of surrounding rock and the development law of roof cracks under different regional conditions of non-roof cutting and fracturing are studied.The key technical parameters of advanced roof cut ting and pressure relief are given.The results show that the average stress of the section coal pillar of the roof cutting and pres sure relief short cantilever beam structure is 49.32% lower than that of the masonry beam structure without roof cutting.When fracturing the edge of coal pillar,the middle and deep part of coal pillar and the deep part of coal pillar in goaf respectively, compared with the condition of no roof cutting,the deformation of protected roadway is reduced by 66.87%,79.38% and 73.24% respectively,and the peak value of vertical stress of coal pillar is reduced by 8.99%,13.62% and 13.89% respec tively.The middle and deep part of fracturing coal pillar is the optimal scheme.It is determined that the fine sandstone of the o verburden rock is the sub-key layer,the vertical height of the fracturing is 13.1 m,the inclination angle of the borehole is 60°, the depth of the borehole is 16.4 m,the spacing of the borehole is 10 m,and the initiation pressure is 12 MPa to 48 MPa (the oretical value is 28 MPa).The industrial test was carried out on site,the results show that the deformation of the surrounding rock of the protected roadway was within the controllable range,which provided a basis for roadway protection under similar conditions.

 Deformation and Failure Characteristics of Surrounding Rock in Roadways Along Small Coal Pillars and Associated Control Techniques

LIU Xin　LI Zhuang　MAO Jinliang

2025, 54(11):  122-128. 

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With the increase of coal mining intensity,the problem of tight mining succession caused by the imbalance of mining proportion has become increasingly prominent.Frequent mining activities have caused serious damage to the surround ing rock of the roadway.As a pre mining excavation roadway,the stability of small coal pillar goaf roadway directly affects the safety of underground operations and the control effect of surrounding rock.In order to improve the safety and stability of under ground mining operations,a deformation control technology for surrounding rock of small coal pillar goaf based on top cutting and pressure relief is proposed.By analyzing the deformation and failure characteristics of the surrounding rock along the small coal pillar goaf,the roof of the small coal pillar goaf is controlled.Research has shown that the deformation control technology of small coal pillars along the empty roadway using top cutting and pressure relief has shown good performance.When there is no top cutting and pressure relief,the maximum stress on the roof is 25.7 MPa.The stress on the roof after top cutting and pres sure relief is 9.6 MPa,and the roof stress is reduced by 62.6%;When the maximum stress of the coal pillar without top cutting and pressure relief is 19.9 MPa,the stress of the coal pillar with top cutting and pressure relief is 4.4 MPa,and the stress of the coal pillar is reduced by 77.9%.The research reflects that the proposed top cutting and pressure relief control method can effectively reduce the stress on the roof and coal pillar support,thereby minimizing the damage range of the surrounding rock, which is of great significance for ensuring the safety of small coal pillar goaf operations.

 Study on the Influence of the Thickness of Anchoring Agent on the Mechanical Characteristics of Anchor Rods Based on Interface Bond-slip Model

LIU Kai　YU Qinglei　PU Jiangyong　CAO Yongsheng　LE Zhihua

2025, 54(11):  129-137. 

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In order to study the pull-out bearing characteristics and interfacial stress distribution of anchorage system un der different anchorage agent thicknesses,the interface tri-linear bond-slip model was introduced to improve the constitutive re lation of interface in FLAC3D,and the effectiveness of the improved model was verified by pull-out test.By using the improved model,numerical simulation tests of bolt pulling under different thickness of mortar anchor are carried out,and the mechanical properties of bolt anchoring under different thickness of mortar anchor are analyzed.The results show that the thickness of an chorage agent has a significant effect on the shear stress distribution at the anchorage interface and the ultimate bearing capaci ty of the anchorage system,and appropriately increasing the thickness of anchorage agent can improve the ultimate bearing ca pacity of the anchorage system.With the increase of the thickness of anchoring agent,the shear stress of the interface between anchoring agent and surrounding rock increases gradually,and the shear stress of the interface between anchoring agent and surrounding rock decreases gradually.The increase of the thickness of anchoring agent leads to the transformation of the failure mode of the anchoring system from the interface failure of anchoring agent and surrounding rock to the interface failure of an choring agent.Under pull-out load,the shear stress of interface between bolt and anchorage agent and interface between anchor age agent and surrounding rock is non-uniform.The study results can provide useful reference for the design of bolt parameters.

 Landslide Displacement Prediction Model Based on Optimal Variational Modal Decomposition and Deep Learning

ZHANG Yan, 　YE Yulong　WANG Genwei　JING Haoran

2025, 54(11):  138-145. 

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Addressing the issues of low accuracy and insufficient generalization in traditional landslide displacement pre diction methods,this paper proposes a novel model that integrates Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) and deep learning based on the concept of "decomposition-prediction-reconstruction".The model identifies the influential features of landslide displacement through grey relational analysis and optimizes VMD using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, thereby decomposing landslide displacement into components with distinct physical meanings.To predict these components,the model employs polynomial curve fitting,Long Short-term Memory (LSTM) networks,and Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCN),depending on the time series characteristics of each component.The predictions of these components are then recon structed and aggregated to achieve an accurate prediction of landslide displacement.Using the data from the Bazimen landslide in Three Gorges Reservoir Region as an example,the model is quantitatively evaluated using metrics such as R2,MAE,and RMSE.The results demonstrate that the proposed landslide displacement prediction model achieves an accuracy of 98.6%,ef fectively extracting hidden information features from landslide displacement data,and has certain reference significance for get ting landslide displacement.The prediction outcomes vary significantly when different models are used for each component,in dicating that establishing specific prediction models based on the characteristics of each component can effectively improve the accuracy of landslide displacement predictions.Parameter sensitivity analysis reveals that the model achieves optimal accuracy when the input sequence length is 12.The model proposed in this article has good prediction accuracy and can provide a refer ence for the practical application of landslide disaster prevention and reduction projects.

 Flotation Kinetic Study of Coarse Grinding Products of Molybdenite in a Fluidized Bed

LUO Lang, 　CHEN Chuanfu, 　HE Qi, 　YIN Qinglin, 　DING Shihao, XING Yaowen, 　GUI Xiahui,

2025, 54(11):  146-151. 

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流化床浮选　粗粒辉钼矿　单因素试验　动力学模型

 Experimental on Strengthened Desliming and Recovery of Tin from High Mud and Poor Tin Tailings in Inner Mongolia

YAO Yanqing, 　ZHANG Guoxin　LI Hanwen, 　XU Jiafei　LÜ Haozi, 　HUH Narisu LI Peilun, 　WU Yi

2025, 54(11):  152-157. 

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A certain tin tailings in Inner Mongolia contains Sn of 0.10% and Fe of 13.83%.Cassiterite and iron minerals are densely intergrown,with high weathering and severe argillitization.The proportion of -0.005 mm particles is 69.77%,mak ing it a refractory lean tin ore with high mud and iron content.To reduce the impact of slime and iron-bearing minerals on the separation of cassiterite,based on the study of ore properties,the experiment focused on comparing the desliming effects of cen trifuges and cyclones.The deslimed material was then subjected to high-intensity magnetic separation to remove iron,and the high-intensity magnetic concentrate were further processed by gravity separation to recover cassiterite.Ultimately,a process flow consisting of agitation scrubbing,centrifuge desliming,high-intensity magnetic separation for iron removal,centrifuge cleaning was developed,resulting in a centrifuge concentrate with a tin grade of 4.25% and a comprehensive tin recovery rate of 45.50%.Through table shaking,high-grade tin concentrate with a Sn grade of 22.58% and a recovery rate of 13.30% can be obtained,as well as tin-rich middlings with a Sn grade of 3.23% and a recovery rate of 34.28%.The efficient recovery of tin in high-mud and low-grade iron-containing intractable tin tailings is achieved,laying a basis for the development and utilization of similar tin tailings resources.

Short Circuit Semi-industrial Experiment Research on a Gold Mine in Shandong by High Efficiency Flotation Cell

YAO Shujian　LI Guandong　JIANG Ping　YU Baoqiang　LIU Jun　CAO Jun

2025, 54(11):  158-163. 

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Based on high efficient flotation performance of combine flotation cell,expanded continuous short circuit ex periment of the flotation cell on a gold mine in Shandong was conducted,exploring the feasibility of the mine utilizing high effi cient flotation cell to realize short circuit flotation and improve technical and economic indexes.The results indicate that gold concentrate with gold grade of 45.66 g/t and recovery of 95.29% could be obtained by utilizing high efficient flotation cell un der the process of one rougher and two scavengers.Comparing to production tailings,gold grade of experiment tailings decreased by 0.02 g/t,and gold recovery increased by 1.11 percentage points.Final gold concentrate could be obtained with only one rougher,and gold recovery of rougher stage was twenty percentage points higher comparing to regular flotation cell.One rougher flotation of high efficient flotation cell was equal to one differential flotation,one rougher flotation and one cleaner flotation of traditional flotation cell,which will realize short circuit flotation.Based on flow field numerical simulation results high efficient flotation cell have distinct mineralization zone,transportation and separation zone,bubble enrichment zone.The turbulence in the mineralization area is higher,which is in favor of mineralization.The turbulence in bubble enrichment zone is lower,which can decrease the probability of target mineral desorption from bubble.In addition,almost no dead zone is existed in the high ef ficient flotation cell,which significantly improved the sorting efficiency of the equipment.

 Study on the Application of Modified Flaxseed Oil in the Flotation Desilication of High-silicon Bauxite at Room Temperature

Study on the Application of Modified Flaxseed Oil in the Flotation Desilication of High-silicon Bauxite at Room Temperature

2025, 54(11):  164-169. 

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Aiming at the technical problems of high energy consumption and poor separation effect in the flotation process of diasporic bauxite with high silicon content and low Al/Si ratio,a new anionic collector,linseed oil-based citrate (NMZ),was synthesized by citric acid esterification modification using linseed oil as raw material.On this basis,with NMZ as the collector, single-factor experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of grinding fineness,collector dosage,depressant dosage and pulp pH on the desilication effect of direct flotation at room temperature.The results showed that under the conditions of grind ing fineness (-0.038 mm accounting for 80%),pulp pH of 10,depressant Na2 SiO3 dosage of 600 g/t and NMZ dosage of 1 000 g/t,the flotation index of concentrate with Al2 O3 grade of 57.75%,recovery rate of 64.65% and Al/Si ratio of 4.44 was obtained by adopting the closed-circuit flotation process of "one roughing,two cleaning and one scavenging".The Al/Si ratio of the flotation concentrate meets the requirements of DLK4-45 industrial standard.Mechanism analysis showed that NMZ was se lectively attached to the surface of diaspore through chemical adsorption,which significantly improved its hydrophobicity;while its adsorption capacity on the surface of kaolinite was extremely weak,thus realizing the separation of aluminum and silicon.

 Effect of Feed Velocity on the Internal Flow Field Characteristics and Flocculation Thickening Performance in a Thickener

WANG Xuetao　LIU Yangyang　JIANG Yisheng　MAO Zhiran　SHAO Yuchen CUI Baoyu　ZHAO Haizhou

2025, 54(11):  170-177. 

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Aiming at the problems of the poor flocculation and sedimentation effect of fine mineral particles in a thicken er,based on the validation of physical experiments,the flocculation and sedimentation behavior was simulated in a ϕ1.2 m lab scale thickener by CFD-PBM coupling method,where the Euler-Euler method and the RNG k-ε model were used to describe solid-liquid interaction and turbulence pulsation,respectively.The results show that the velocity characteristics of both liquid and solid phases within the feedwell of the thickener exhibit essentially consistent distributions and the velocity achieves the highest at the feed inlet.The feed velocity significantly affects the internal flow field and particle flocculation characteristics in the thickener.With the increase of feed velocity,the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate increases gradually,while the mean size of flocs firstly increases and then decreases;When the feed velocity is 1.5 m/s,the particles flocculation effect is better than that of other conditions,corresponding to the underflow concentration of about 55% for the thickener,which meets the production needs.The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the optimization of feed ve locity for the thickener.

Development and Application of Laboratory Model Teaching Experiment System for Tunnel Excavation Cutting Blasting

ZHANG Xiantang　JIAO Xiangtuan　YU Hui　WANG Hongli　LI Zhaobin　ZHOU Hongmin

2025, 54(11):  178-184. 

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Cuttting blasting is the most critical technology for tunnel blasting excavation.At present,it is difficult to accu rately consider the action of in-situ stress field in the calculation and design of blasting parameters for deep tunnel excavation. This limitation directly compromises the effect of cutting blasting,leading to issues such as low utilization rate of blast holes, slow excavation progress,and poor quality of formed tunnels.Laboratory blasting model experiment is one of the effective meth ods to solve the above problems,and it is also an effective way to apply students understand the theoretical knowledge of cutting blasting and cultivate students′ blasting design and practical ability.In response to the existing challenges in blasting experi ment education,particularly the difficulties in conducting laboratory blasting experiment and the limited applicability of current experiment methods,this paper developed an innovative laboratory model test system for cutting blasting combined with the ac tual situation of the laboratory.The system consists of a three-dimensional electro-hydraulic servo loading system,a self-de signed large-scale composite loading steel frame,a high-speed camera testing system,a blasting effect experiment and analysis system,and a blasting model experiment module.This system can study and reproduce the rock breaking process and mecha nism of cutting blasting under various working conditions,and analyze cutting blasting rock breaking effects.The experiment system fully considers the characteristics of blasting engineering experiment,and analyzes the feasibility and safety of the exper iment system from the aspects of experiment process,experiment techniques,experiment hazards,and safety protection meas ures.The study results show that the implementation of this system has enhanced students′ intuitive understanding of rock blasting processes.Furthermore,it has effectively improved their operational competencies in handling complex experiment sys tems,fostered teamwork skills,and facilitated innovative research capabilities,thereby cultivating students′ overall innovative potential.The system not only provide scientific foundation for the study and optimization design of blasting mechanism in deep high stress tunnel excavation,but also meet the experiment teaching needs of undergraduate students and provide a platform for teachers and graduate students to conduct scientific research.

 Optimization of Vibration Reduction Delay Time in Open-pit Mines Based on Single-hole Test

LI Hongwei, 　XU Bo　LIANG Hao, 　CHU Yakun　SU Hong　SONG Baolu　HU Zijie

2025, 54(11):  185-193. 

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In response to the practical problem of selecting the vibration delay time for a certain sand and gravel quarry, a small-diameter borehole single-hole blasting vibration test was designed.Based on the Matlab software,the waveform data of single-hole blasting were superimposed and analyzed to study the variation characteristics of blasting vibration intensity and fre quency under different delay times.Through the blasting test with precise control of industrial electronic detonators,the peak vi bration velocity and frequency characteristics under different delay times were verified and analyzed.The study results showed that:① The blasting vibration in the single-hole test with small-diameter boreholes has a main vibration period of 13 ms to 18 ms and 18 ms to 26 ms at the blast center distances of 35 m and 55 m respectively.The superimposition of single-hole vibration waves indicates that the optimal vibration reduction delay is not within the main vibration period range,but is within the range of T/3 to 2T/3 (T is the period);② Under different delay times and different hole numbers,there are always delay intervals that are conducive to vibration reduction.By considering the peak vibration velocity and main frequency factors,the optimal vi bration reduction delay time for the test mine was determined to be 7 ms to 10 ms;③ A field test was designed and carried out with the mine slope as the protected object.Through multi-angle analysis such as peak vibration velocity,main frequency,and wavelet energy,40 ms was determined to have better vibration reduction characteristics.The study results have certain reference significance for seeking an economically reasonable and less harmful effect multi-hole vibration reduction blasting method from the perspective of protecting the protected object′s safety.

 Transportation Route Planning for Mine Vehicle Based on Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm

LIAN Tao　CHEN Qinglai　WU Jingjian　GUO Can　GUO Yubao

2025, 54(11):  194-199. 

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During the planning process of the mine vehicle transportation route,the consumption of running time directly affects the transportation efficiency.To address the time optimization problem in the mine vehicle transportation route planning, an improved whale optimization algorithm for mine vehicle transportation route planning is proposed.The population of the whale optimization algorithm is initialized using the chaotic mapping method,and adaptive weights and an improved conver gence factor are designed to enhance the algorithm′s solution accuracy,convergence speed,and global search ability.Firstly,the kinematic model of the mine vehicle is constructed based on the D-H parameter method;then,the 3-5-3 polynomial interpola tion function is used to plan the path points that the mine vehicle passes through in the trajectory space,and the improved whale optimization algorithm is used to optimize the running time;finally,the algorithm simulation analysis is carried out using MATLAB software.Compared with classic algorithms such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO),Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA),the proposed algorithm has significant advantages in terms of solution accuracy and convergence speed.


Review of Researches on the Forms and Bearing Capacities of Steel Supports for Tunnels and Roadways#br#

YAO Ye　LI Xue　CHEN Meng　ZHANG Tong　ZHU Wancheng

2025, 54(11):  200-212. 

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With the rapid development of underground engineering,the construction scale of tunnels and roadways in Chi na is constantly expanding.The excavation depth has been increasing,which leads to the engineering support facing a more complex environment with high stress,extremely soft rock,strong mining,etc.As a commonly used form of reinforcing support in soft rock roadways and tunnels,the high bearing capacity of steel supports will directly and effectively control the deformation of the surrounding rock.Firstly,this paper summarized the form and mechanism of several common steel supports,such as sec tion steel support,grille steel frame and concrete-filled steel tubular support.Then,the current research status of steel support bearing capacity is analyzed and sorted out from theoretical calculations,mechanical tests and numerical simulations,respec tively.The study results show that:① U steel support can effectively play the key to the bearing capacity is the connection abil ity of the clamp.Under the premise of smooth and effective slippage of the clamp joints,the higher the preload on the clamp, the more favorable the bearing capacity of the support.② I-beam support bending and torsion resistance is weak,and prone to destabilization.Therefore,the support should be designed and selected to meet the requirements of bearing capacity as well as to ensure stability.③ Grid steel frame can be optimized by reducing the diameter of the main reinforcement and web reinforce ment on the rock side.Replacing the main reinforcement with steel tubes and high-strength steel bars can increase the bearing capacity of the grille members.In addition,the actual research and application should also focus on the setting of its nodes. ④ The bearing capacity of steel pipe concrete support is 2~5 times higher than that of traditional section steel support.The load carrying capacity of the member is closely related to the wall thickness of the steel pipe,the strength of the concrete and the strength of bending reinforced round steel.On the basis of the above analysis,the future research direction of steel support is prospected from the theoretical calculation,mechanical test and field application. It is believed that the future research should be focused on further refining and perfecting the steel support bearing capacity test,establishing the accurate design method of the steel support bearing capacity,exploring the interaction mechanism between the steel support and the surrounding rock,and developing a new type of support system.

 Research Status and Application Prospects of Chemical Dust Suppressants

LI Gang, 　HAN Jiawang　XU Xiuping, 　LI Ming　WU Jiangyou,

2025, 54(11):  213-223. 

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Chemical dust suppressants have developed rapidly and been widely applied due to their characteristics of high efficiency,durability and strong adaptability.Based on the analysis of the dust suppression mechanism of chemical dust sup pressants,and based on the achievements of the industry in the past 10 years and the relevant research accumulation of the re search group,the research and application progress of traditional,compound and new dust suppressants were sorted out and re viewed respectively from the aspects of technical characteristics,application progress and application prospects.Research shows that:① Traditional dust suppressants have formed a relatively mature technical system through mechanism optimization in sce narios such as mines and roads,but they have shortcomings such as environmental risks and insufficient scene adaptability; ② The compound dust suppressant significantly enhances the comprehensive dust suppression performance and adaptability to complex scenarios through the synergy of multiple mechanisms.③ The new type of dust suppressant breaks through the limita tions of traditional technologies.While enhancing the efficiency of dust suppression,it also possesses ecological restoration functions and adaptability to some extreme environments,promoting the expansion of dust control towards multi-functional inte gration and diversified scenarios.On this basis,from the perspectives of technological research and development,economic ap plicability and industry standardization,it is believed that the current chemical dust suppressants still face core bottlenecks such as insufficient coordinated optimization of "performance-cost-environmental protection",lack of extreme environment ad aptation technologies,and fragmentation of the standardized evaluation system.It is believed that the future research and devel opment and application of dust suppressants should aim at the coordinated development of "efficient dust suppression-economic feasibility-environmental friendliness-unified standards",committed to innovation in eco-friendly materials and achieving over all performance optimization,develop AI-enabled extreme environment adaptation technologies,and establish a standardized system covering the entire life cycle of research and development,evaluation and application,promoting the leap of dust control technology from single performance optimization to systematic solutions.

Dynamic Response and Liquefaction Stability Analysis of Tailings Pond under Vertical and Horizontal Earthquake

LIU Jiahao　LIU Hongyan　ZOU Zongshan　WANG Guangbing　HE Tiezhu　ZHANG Guangxiong

2025, 54(11):  224-232. 

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The dynamic response and stability analysis of tailings pond under earthquake is an important part of the safety evaluation of tailings pond,but most of the current studies only consider the horizontal seismic action,which is dangerous for first-class and second-class tailings pond and does not meet the requirements of national norms.For this reason,taking a sec ond-class tailings pond as an example,the seepage field and stress field of tail-ings pond under normal water level and flood water level are analyzed by using SEEP/W and SIGAM/W modules in Geo-studio software to consider fluid-solid coupling. Then,the dynamic response and vibration liquefaction of the tailings pond under the combined action of horizontal and vertical earthquakes are studied by using QUAKE/W module.Finally,the stability of tailings dam under different working conditions is analyzed and calculated based on the limit equilibrium method in SLOPE/W module.The results show that:① Although the buried depth of the infiltration line in the dam body rises under the condition of flood water level,it still meets the requirements of the code;the maximum horizontal displacement of the tailings dam is concentrated in the middle of the dam slope,while the maximum vertical displacement is concentrated on the top of the accumulation dam.② Under the action of earthquake,the tail ing dam will have "whiplash effect","delayed effect" and "elevation effect",and the liquefaction area of tailings pond under the action of unidirectional seismic wave is smaller than that under the action of corresponding bidirectional seismic waves,and the horizontal seismic wave has a great influence on liquefaction,which shows that it is necessary to consider the joint action of horizontal and vertical earthquakes at the same time.③ The limit equilibrium analysis results of the stability of the tailings damshowthat thestabilitycoefficientsmeet therequirementsof thecode,andthetailingsdamisstableasawhole.

 Study on the Comprehensive Evaluation Model of Safety Control Capability of Mining Enterprises Based on Improved GRA-TOPSIS

HE Binghong　FANG Zhiheng

2025, 54(11):  233-241. 

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To improve the scientificity and reliability of the evaluation results of safety control capabilities in mining en terprises,a comprehensive decision-making model for safety control capabilities in mining enterprises based on improved GRA TOPSIS is proposed.Firstly,an evaluation system was constructed by screening 13 influencing factors from four dimensions: safety management,employee safety level,risk prevention and control,and digitalization level. Secondly,using IAHP-SPA method to accurately process interval weights and obtain accurate weight information.Considering the fuzziness of indicator e valuation data,blind number theory is introduced,interval assignment is adopted,and indicator scoring is reasonably deter mined by establishing a blind number matrix.The GRA-TOPSIS model is comprehensively adopted to evaluate safety control capabilities.Finally,taking five mines as examples,based on the improved GRA-TOPSIS model,the safety control capabilities were ranked and the safety level was determined.The differences in safety control capabilities among mining enterprises were studied using radar chart analysis,and targeted improvement suggestions were proposed.The results show that improving GRA TOPSIS model has strong applicability in the evaluation of safety control capabilities in mining enterprises,and can provide the oretical support for improving safety management level.

 Construction and Application of Ecological Environment Knowledge Graph for Ecological Supervision in Mining Area

WANG Xingfeng, 　CHEN Guoliang,

2025, 54(11):  242-249. 

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The application of new generation information technologies represented by "big data and big model" provide a new perspective for ecological research.Building a new model of ecological environment supervision characterized by "artificial intelligence" has become an important topic in modern ecological supervision research.The traditional analysis method of "light discovery,heavy post monitoring,strong assessment,and weak warning" for the ecological environment of mining areas is difficult to meet the practical needs of management departments for accurate identification,rapid and efficient detection,and early detection.To meet the practical needs of intelligent recognition and active discovery of the ecological environment status in mining areas,a framework for constructing a Knowledge Graph of Ecological Environment in Mining Area (KGEE-MA) for ecological supervision was proposed.The key technologies of collaborative perception,cognitive learning,graph expression,and intelligent application were analyzed,and the conceptual hierarchy,semantic relationship,and spatiotemporal relationship of disturbance sources,ecological elements,mining disasters,perception data,analysis indicators,and evaluation model ontology were defined.Taking the Yongxia mining area as an example,the proposed technical framework was applied and verified,and the results showed that:① KGME-MA can help identify sensitive ecological factors and ecological risk factors affected by min ing disturbance,and detect suspicious ecological targets,potential disaster areas,and areas with severe ecological disturbance in advance during resource mining;② KGME-MA can provide certain support for intelligent reasoning,early detection,and accu rate identification of ecological damage in the cognitive field of mining areas,a special spatial scenario.The above research re flects that the ecological environment knowledge graph of mining areas constructed in this article can provide new technical means for "smart supervision" of the ecological environment,provide new ideas for solving modern ecological governance problems,enrich the theory of mining ecological evolution and ecological restoration,and have certain reference value for guiding ecological analysis and evaluation,ecological comprehensive management,and ecological reclamation in mining areas.

 Research on Land Use Change in Mining Area by Integrating Multi-source Remote Sensing Data and Support Vector Machine

ZHANG Xiaorong　JIA Junqian　DU Yuzhu

2025, 54(11):  250-257. 

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The accurate monitoring and analysis of land use changes in mining areas is a crucial part of environmental management in mining regions.Traditional methods have limitations in data acquisition and analysis accuracy,making it diffi cult to comprehensively reflect the temporal and spatial characteristics of land use changes in mining areas.Taking a mining ar ea in Shanxi Province as an example,a method for analyzing land use changes in mining areas based on multi-source remote sensing data fusion and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification algorithm has been proposed.Firstly,satellite images from GF-2 and GF-3 satellites from 2020 to 2024,Landsat 8 optical remote sensing data,and Sentinel-1 radar data in the min ing area were obtained.The data were preprocessed through steps such as radiation correction,geometric correction,and noise filtering,and a multi-source data fusion technique using weighted averaging was adopted to generate comprehensive data with rich information.Then,the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm was used to classify the fused remote sensing data of dif ferent time periods,accurately identifying and quantifying the changes in land use types.The research results show that multi source data fusion significantly improves the accuracy of land use classification,with a classification accuracy of 94.3%.This method reveals the temporal and spatial change characteristics of different land use types in the mining area,providing a scien tific method for land use planning and environmental monitoring in mining areas,and helping to promote the sustainable devel opment of the mining area′s environment.

 Research on Water-rich Characteristics and Hydraulic Connectivity in Overlying Strata of Thick Sandstone Formations in Gully-Developed Areas

ZHU Shuai　MU Peng　MA Long　CHEN Liang, 　KONG Zheng

2025, 54(11):  258-265. 

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To address the challenge of water inrush disasters induced by unclear water abundance and hydraulic connec tivity in overlying strata during mining face clusters crossing gully-developed areas,this study focuses on the over-drainage area of the 20118 working face and its adjacent working face group in the east wing of Yushuwan Coal Mine as an engineering exam ple.Utilizing transient electromagnetic (TEM) detection technology,key parameters including power supply pulse width,trans mission current intensity,coil dimensions,and stacking frequency were calibrated for their applicability to stratigraphic struc tures.The spatial distribution characteristics of resistivity anomalies in Quaternary unconsolidated layers,Jurassic Zhiluo For mation,and Yan′an Formation sandstone fissure aquifers were analyzed,and hydraulic connectivity within the overlying rock structure was clarified.Key findings include:① Optimal detection parameters for thick sandstone formations in gully-developed areas of Yushen Mining District are:power supply pulse width of 10 m/s,transmission current intensity of 100 A,transmitter coil dimensions of 2 m×2 m,and stacking frequency of 30 times;② The overlying strata in gully-developed areas,from surface to depth,comprise Quaternary unconsolidated layers,Neogene Baode Formation,Jurassic Zhiluo Formation,and Yan′an Forma tion,with resistivity exhibiting a "low-medium-low-high" layered pattern;③ The apparent resistivity of the detected strati graphic cross-sections ranges between 15~115 Ω·m,with low-resistivity anomalies identified in Jurassic Zhiluo and Yan′an Formation sandstones;④ Four weakly water-enriched zones were detected across the study area,including two weakly connect ed zones (No.1 zone and No.2 zone) and two strongly connected zones (No.3 zone and No.4 zone) between Zhiluo Forma tion sandstones and the 2-2 coal seam roof sandstone.The results provide critical insights for roof water hazard mitigation and waterabundancedetectioninoverlyingstrataof analogousgully-developedregions.

Experimental Study on Improving the Quality of Soil Sampling in Soft Soils

DONG Jiaoshe　YANG Peng　XU Wenbo　GAN Jianjun　HAN Xiao

2025, 54(11):  266-272. 

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In urban and mine geological exploration,obtaining undisturbed soil samples for related indoor tests is one of the important ways to acquire geotechnical parameters.However,the process of drilling and soil sampling will cause a certain degree of disturbance to the soil samples.To study the impact of exploration soil sampling techniques on the quality of soil sam ples in soft soil layers,taking the soft soil layers in Shanghai as an example,three drilling techniques,namely,threaded drill, three-wing drill and core tube,were combined with two soil sampling techniques,namely,conventional thick-walled soil sampler and galvanized iron sheet soil sample tube,and the invisible shaft valve soil sampler and the bow-shaped single slit interlocking soil sample tube,respectively,for soil sampling comparison tests.Through the comparative analysis of the appearance of soil samples,unconfined compressive strength index and disturbance index,the influence of different exploration soil sampling tech niques on the quality of soil samples was analyzed.The study results show that the influence of soil sampling techniques on the quality of soil samples is greater than that of drilling techniques.Among the drilling techniques,the soil sampling quality of the threaded drill drilling technique is the best,followed by the three-wing drill,and the core tube is the worst.The quality of soil samples obtained by the soil sampling technique combining the invisible shaft valve soil sampler and the bow-shaped single slit interlocking soil sample tube is better than that of the combination of the conventional thick-walled soil sampler and the galva nized iron sheet soil sample tube.The average unconfined compressive strength of soil samples taken by the threaded drill drill ing technique is about 15% higher than that of the three-wing drill and about 21% higher than that of the core tube.Using the change rate of void ratio under self-weight stress as a quantitative index of soil sample disturbance,the average change rate of void ratio of soil samples obtained by the worst exploration soil sampling technique is 30.8% higher than that of the best.The study reflects that choosing the optimal exploration soil sampling technique can significantly improve the quality of soil samples in soft soil layers,which is of great significance for obtaining more accurate geotechnical parameter data and improving the quality of urban and mine geological exploration.

 Experimental Study on the Effect of Solute Transport in the CNS Layer on the Electrochemical Properties of Expansive Soil

SHE Jianbo, 　LI Shuai, 　XIAN Shaohua　TANG Yousheng　XU Jun, 　ZUO Dongli　LU Zheng

2025, 54(11):  273-280. 

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Cohesive non-swelling soil (CNS) covering technology is a widely applied engineering method in expansive soil areas.To investigate the effects of solute transport in the CNS layer on the electrochemical properties and macro-deforma tion of expansive soil during rainfall infiltration,four laboratory model tests were conducted.The tests involved monitoring the swelling deformation of expansive soil,cation concentrations in pore solution,and self-potential of soil layers under the saturated process.The analysis focused on the relationships between water infiltration,solute transport,and swelling deformation and po tential difference of the expansive soil layer.Results showed that:① Cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ from the CNS layer migra ted downward and accumulated in the underlying expansive soil layer.The resulting ion exchange and the altered ionic environ ment in the pores improved the electrochemical properties of expansive soil,which is macroscopically manifested as an inhibi tion effect on its swelling deformation.② A thicker CNS layer leaded to a higher concentration of cations migrating and accu mulating in expansive soil,resulting in a more pronounced inhibition effect.③ Clear correlations were observed between varia tions in the soil seepage field,solute distribution,and potential difference of the expansive soil layer and CNS layer.Monitoring the self-potential difference allows for tracking ion migration during water infiltration,as well as assessing the degree of im provement in electrochemical properties and the inhibition of deformation development of expansive soil.These findings indicate that the self-potential method has potential application in safety monitoring in engineering projects located in expansive soil re gions.

 Geochemical Study of Pyrite in the Lead-Zinc Orebody of the Yangla Cu-polymetallic Deposit in Yunnan Province

LIU Xiaoqing, 　ZHANG Ping　LIU Fengze　HE Jisheng　CAO Yu　WANG Xinfu XIANG Zuopeng　LI Bo

2025, 54(11):  281-294. 

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LA-ICP-MS technology is widely used in the field of geoscience to finely characterise the composition of min erals.As one of the most widely distributed sulphides in nature,pyrite is rich in trace elements and can be indicative of deposit genesis.In this paper,LA-ICP-MS was applied to test in situ trace elements and in situ sulphur isotopes of pyrite in the lead zinc ore body of the Yangla Cu polymetallic deposit,and the results show that the pyrite in the early stage of mineralisation (Py Ⅰ) was produced in the form of authomorphic-heteromorphic grains,and the pyrite in the late stage of mineralisation (PyⅡ) was produced in the form of irregular fine veins.Both stages of pyrite are enriched in Ge,As,Ag,and Sb,and poor in Mn,Zn, and Sn.Pb in pyrite exists in the form of galena microinclusions,and Ag,Sb,and Cu are present in the galena lattice in the form of plasma isomorphisms.The in situ sulphur isotope variations range from 0.60‰ to 4.22‰,with an average of 2.08‰, indicating that sulphur mainly originates from the mantle or magma.The two phases of pyrite are rich in low-temperature ele ments such as As and Sb,poor in high-temperature elements such as Se and Te,and the Co content is basically located in the low-temperature pyrite interval,indicating that the two phases of pyrite are mainly formed in the low and medium temperature conditions.The w(Co)-w(Ni)-w(As) ternary diagram,w(Co)-w(Ni) binary diagram and w(Sb)/w(Bi)-w(As)/w(Ag) binary diagram all indicate that the pyrite is of hydrothermal-sedimentary genesis.Combining the results of previous research and the geological characteristics of the orebody,this paper concludes that pyrite is of hydrothermal-sedimentary origin.

 3D Modeling of Mining Area Based on UAV Oblique Photography and BIM 

YANG Liu　HOU Suwei　LI Donghao

2025, 54(11):  295-300. 

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Aiming at the problem of insufficient integration of surface morphology and internal structure information in the three-dimensional modeling of mining areas,a three-dimensional modeling method for mining areas based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) oblique photography technology and Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology is proposed.This meth od acquires rich texture and spatial information of the mining area surface through UAV oblique photography,and combines BIM technology to construct precise models of ground buildings,facilities,and underground structures,achieving a deep integra tion of surface morphology and internal structure information.Kriging interpolation method is used for geological modeling,and the Iteration Closest Point (ICP) algorithm is utilized to achieve precise registration of point clouds and BIM models,thereby improving the accuracy and practicality of the modeling.Experimental results show that the accuracy of the three-dimensional point cloud model obtained by UAV oblique photography is affected by terrain and flight height,with higher accuracy in flat ar eas and at lower flight heights.The dimensional error of industrial building components in the BIM model is controlled within ± 5 mm,and the spatial position error is ±10 mm.The thickness error of the geological BIM model′s strata is ±0.5 m,and the position error of the strata interface is ±1.0 m.The registration error of data fusion is ±0.25 m,and the data consistency of the fused model reaches 98.5%.After the application of this model,the error in earthwork volume calculation is reduced,and the accuracy and efficiency of safety monitoring are significantly improved,effectively ensuring the efficient and safe operation of the mining area.