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Table of Content

    15 April 2014, Volume 43 Issue 04
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    Construction of an Extra-large Underground Mine Model with Filling Mining Method
    YUE Run-Fang
    2014, 43(04):  1-5. 
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    The largest scale underground mine with filling mining method at present in China is introduced.This mine is under Minmetals Hanxing Mining Co.Ltd.and it is located in Huoqiu County，Anhui Province.There are two ore deposits of magnetite and specularite in the mine.The ore-body is characterized with long strike，wide extension，large thickness and high inclination.According to the occurrence of the ore deposit，such issues are described as the choice of the development system，the mining method for large scale stoping，the structural parameters and characters of extra-large stope，the selection of mining sequence，the option of extra large mining equipments，the deliberation and construction of large scale filling systems，the choice of continuous and intermittent preparation system for filling pulps，and the control of the mining，the filling，and the strength of the filling body.The mine will be completed at the end of 12th Five-year Plan of China to be a model project.It provides experiences for extra large and super large underground mining for the future and forms the key technique for extra-large underground mine in China.
    Effect of Angle of Joint Strike on the Pre-cracking Penetrating during Pre-splitting Blasting
    LIU Ji-Fei, QU Shi-Jie
    2014, 43(04):  6-11. 
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    Natural rock mass usually contains discontinuous medium in geological structural planes such as joints，fissuring，faults etc.The discontinuity of rock mass has both important influences on the spread of stress wave and the formation of pre-cracking during the pre-splitting blasting.In order to investigate the effect of angle of joints strike on the cut-through degree of the pre-crackings，the segmented blasting vibration tests for the pre-crackings generated are made during once pre-splitting blasting.It has been found through the angle of joints strike and the decreasing vibration rate of different sections that the angle of joints strike between blast holes has a significant influence on pre-cracking；the bigger the angle of joints strike in the location of the pre-splitting blasting，the higher the decreasing vibration rate of the generated pre-cracking at that location.The cut through degree is increased as the angle of joints strike increases.Through observing the effect of pre-splitting blasting on site，it is clear that when the angle of strike of joints plan gets close to 90°，the pre-cracking will have a best penetrating and flatness，which is almost consistent with the theoretical analysis.
    Experimental Study on Low Dilution Drawing of High and Variable Sublevel and its Parameter Optimization
    LU Yu-Gen, ZHANG Lin, SUN Guo-Quan, LIU Hai-Lin, LU Yu-Hua
    2014, 43(04):  12-16. 
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    Ore drawing is the core work of the pillarless sublevel caving method，and the selection of the structural parameters in stope is an important work of ore drawing，which directly impacts on the mining efficiency and mining economic indicators (including recovery and dilution depleted).The main structural parameters of the stope are sublevel height，access space and caving step.According to the theory of ore drawing，different combinations of these three parameters will affect the final index.Large structural parameters combination of 20×20m was used in phaseⅠof Dahongshan iron mine，and sublevel height and access space were both 20m.phase II planned to adopt 30×20m structural parameters combination，that is，the sublevel height is raised to 30m，which belongs to high and variable sublevel ore drawing.In connection with the high and variable sublevel ore drawing in Phase II Project of Dahongshan Iron mine，similar materials in laboratory were used to produce ore drawing model and conduct low dilution ore drawing research，achieving the developmental morphology of drawn-out ore-body，optimal caving space and intersection hole under high and variable sublevel condition.The test results prove that the low dilution ore drawing significantly improved resource recovery，and effectively reduced ore loss and dilution.
    Research on Detection and Identification of Cracks in Cemented Backfill with Ground Penetrating Radar
    ZHAO Kui, GAO Zhong, HE Wen, WANG Ming, HU Yuan
    2014, 43(04):  17-21. 
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    The existence of cracks in cemented backfill roof is one of the main factors which influence the stability of roof.The determination of crack′s depth provides a precondition for the roof stability analysis.So ground penetration radar(GPR) technique is proposed to detect and indentify the cracks in cemented backfill.Firstly，the relative dielectric constant of cemented backfill was measured and the feasibility of crack detection using GPR was discussed.Then，based on the principle of radar and electromagnetic wave scattering and wave superposition at anomalies，it is obtained that the response characteristics of the radar wave is a hyperbolic wave group from the top to the end of vertical cracks，which was verified by the forward modeling.Lastly，detection on the roof cracks of cemented backfill for a copper mine was made，and the findings displayed as a hyperbolic wave group.The studies indicated that ground penetrating radar can be used to detect cracks in cemented backfill.
    Application of Fuzzy Comprehensive Analysis Based on Multiple Weights to Optimization of Stope Structure Parameters
    PENG Chao, GUO Qi-Feng, JI Dong, ZHAO Liang, REN Fen-Hua
    2014, 43(04):  22-27. 
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    Alternate room-pillar mining method with ascending backfill is the main one mostly used in deep mining of Sanshandao Gold Mine.In mining practice of the metal mines，mines that adopted this method at domestic usually selected different structural parameters，and therefore，it is difficult to draw suitable parameters relying only on analogy or engineering experience.Aiming at those problems and combining with high stress and rock burst possibility in Sanshandao gold mine，the displacement and roof settlement of the middle section in one-step and two-step mining process under different structural parameters are obtained by numerical simulation.Combined with comprehensive efficiency，relative productivity，equipment matching degree and construction difficulties，the model of fuzzy comprehensive analysis is established.Through scientifically determining the membership function and establishing the weight of each factor by variation coefficient method，fuzzy criteria method and entropy method，five schemes listed are evaluated.Then，the optimal stope parameters for the practical mine are selected so as to ensure safety production and better economic profit as well.
    Rule of Geostatic Activity in Baoshenmiao Mining Area of Wafangzi Manganese Mine and the Controlling Method
    LI Yan-Wei, WANG Jing-Lin, HE Rong-Xing, ZHANG Da-Ming, ZOU Cun-Li, JIANG Yong-Heng
    2014, 43(04):  28-30. 
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    Ores from Baoshenmiao mine in Wafangzi Manganese Mine are in small size and usually explored by small mines.The mine was taken over since 2007， and recovered with the regular wall backfill method from Jiupingpan.In the mining process， the developing tunnel suffers serious ground pressure， resulting in floor heave in horizontal transport， two-side extruding and roof subsidence.Huge maintenance workload exists.Although a variety of support measures such as bolting， metal scaffolding are adopted， collapse at the transport tunnel and roof fall at the connection roadway happened yet before the recovery was finished. Through on-site observation and analysis on the mechanical properties of the ore， the occurrence and growing process of ground pressure in roadway were identified， and the behavior law of ground pressure and its damage mechanism were analyzed.Two main forms in roadway damage were summarized， that is， the rib fall-floor heave-roof subsidence and the continuous roof caving.According to different damaging form of ground pressure， the roadway support consisting of roof and floor elliptical arch sections associated with the whole cross-section of spraying and anchoring net was proposed.Then， new type of supporting technique was formed， which better fitted with the rocks and realized good effect.
    Selection of Mining Methods for Steeply Inclined Large and Thick Ore Body
    WEI Xiao-Ming, LI Chang-Hong, ZHANG Li-Xin
    2014, 43(04):  31-34. 
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    It is a world-wide technical challenge for mining of steeply inclined large and thick ore body when surfaces are not allowed to collapse.For such kind of ore body，the mining methods often used at home and abroad are high stage open stoping with subsequent filling and high sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling.Taking large and thick ore body in Lilou iron ore as an engineering example，the mining method is primarily selected from open stoping method，caving method，filling method according to the morphology of the orebody and stability of ore rock.From the production capacity，mining engineering layout，mining preparation engineering，technology，stope filling cycle，25 m high sublevel open stoping with subsequent filling method and the high stage lateral caving stoping with subsequent filling method are analyzed and compared.Finally，the high stage lateral caving stoping with subsequent filling method is proposed as main mining method associated with 25 m high sublevel upwards fan-shaped open stoping with subsequent filling method and the shrinkage stoping with short hole，which realized safe，efficient and large-scale production.With the development of drilling equipment，charging equipment，blasting equipment，the large hole blasting and high sublevel or drilling are more and more widely applied in the mine，which provides a certain reference for mines with similar mining conditions.
    Study on the Spurting-bolt-mesh Support Parameter of Deep Roadway in Jinchuan Mine Area
    ZHAO Xiao-Ping, BAI Ben-Xiang, GAO Chuang-Zhou, 吕Jun , DENG Ke
    2014, 43(04):  35-38. 
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    Compared with the traditional shed supporting，the bolting can fully improve the roadway maintenance status and maintain long-term stability of tunnel，which is conducive to improve the mining efficiency and productivity.Surrounding rocks loosening in Jinchuan mining roadway easily results in rheology.Under the metal stents，the relative displacement of roof and floor，two sides is 300~500 mm，100~200 mm in light，more than 1 000 mm in severe.The roadway with bolting support，must have higher support strength to control the deformation of surrounding rock.With the explored resources in Jinchuan mining area consumed，most of the stope depth is more than or approaching to 600 m，thus resulting in ground pressure increasing and seriously deformation of roadway.Contradiction for the spurting-bolt-mesh support parameter usually used in shallow roadway in deep roadway begins to appear.In view of deep roadway supporting parameters and deformation characteristics in Longshou Mine，the numerical simulation study on the spurting-anchor-net supporting parameters of deep roadway is made.Through the simulation study on the anchor length and shotcrete thickness，it is concluded that in spurting-bolt-mesh support process of deep roadway in Jinchuan mine，the supporting proposal of the anchor length increasing to 3 m with the shotcreting thickness of 200 mm，the space interval at 1.5 m × 1.0 m can effectively maintain the stability of the roadway.
    Discussion of Floor-Contact of Cemented Stowing Method in 14#-5 Ore body of Laochang Granite
    ZHANG Chun-Fang
    2014, 43(04):  39-43. 
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    During the mining process with upward horizontal slicing and cemented stowing method in multi-metal contact zone sulfide ore body of high quality，high value，high sulfur combustion characteristics and gently dipping medium thickness，the traditional floor-contact methods，artificial floor-contact and slurry pressurized floor-contact，are not applicable.In order to solve this problem，a floor-contact method-“mortar nature angle of repose method” is designed by using nature angle of repose of stowing material which had flowed in gob.Three floor-contact methods with the aid of inverted bell-mouth or stowing small rise are proposed to realize the floor-contact under three deferent conditions.First，the roof surrounding rock of ore body is horizontal or nearly; Second，the roof surrounding rock on one side of filling filter well is higher than that on the other side（the dip angle is greater than 6°); Third，the roof surrounding rock on one side of stowing filter well is lower than that on the other side.This method sets a good example for the mine with stowing method.
    Preliminary Analysis on Movement Law of Overlying Strata during Long-wall Mining with Cemented Backfilling
    WANG Shu-Jun
    2014, 43(04):  44-48. 
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    Theoretical research on movement of overlying strata and strata behavior under long-wall cemented backfilling mining conditions need to be improved urgently; In view of this issue，mechanical properties of cemented backfill are firstly tested at laboratory，and the coefficient of elastic foundation was measured to range in 0.015~0.167 GN/m3.According to comprehensive analysis on the movement and deformation of overlying strata and the mechanical characteristics of fill body，a mathematical and mechanical model of movement and deformation of roof beam was established with the application of the theory of beams on elastic foundation.And analytical solution of this model was obtained.All factors affecting the movement and deformation of overlying strata and the distribution law of abutment pressure in backfilling zone were analyzed in detail via the method of numerical solution.The result showed that cemented backfill with certain strength and stiffness needs to be prepared based on different mining and geological conditions under long-wall cemented backfilling coal mining conditions.Reasonable coefficient of elastic foundation of backfill plays a key role in controlling the deflection and deformation of overlying strata.This research provides a theoretical guide in the field practices under long-wall cemented backfilling mining.
    The “Small-world” Characteristics of Rock Fracture Networks
    LI Ze-Quan, BAI Yu-Qi, ZHANG Rui-Xin, WEN Xiao-Ke, BA Quan-Guang, HAO Yi-Chun
    2014, 43(04):  49-52. 
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    The distribution law of fracture in rock mass is the key to study rock permeability and engineering stability.Rock fractures of staggered distribution which exist in nature can be looked as a kind of network.Based on this view，the fracture networks are analyzed by using complex network theory with relevant parameters.The results showed that rock fracture networks owned low average shortest path-length and high clustering coefficient.In other words，rock fracture networks appear the properties of “small-world”.The results have an auxiliary effect on analyzing rock permeability and magma displacement law.
    Experimental Study of Simulated Acoustic Emission of Granites Rock Burst under Different Moisture State
    LI Jian, ZHANG Yan-Bo, LIU Xiang-Xin, TIAN Bao-Zhu
    2014, 43(04):  53-59. 
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    An experiment is carried out to simulate granites rock burst under natural and saturated state with biaxial rigid servo-controlled system.The PCI-2 acoustic emission system produced by American Physical Acoustics Corporation is used to collect data of the acoustic emission synchronously.Then，the influence of water on tunnel rock burst is studied.It is found that the granite samples with different moisture contents show different acoustic emission characteristics in the process of rock burst.The saturated granites eject rock debris later than the natural granites.The acoustic emission of natural and saturated granites comes into quiet period when the axial load reaches 65%~80% of the peak load and the quiet period with natural granites is longer than that with saturated granites.The average acoustic emission events rate of saturated granites is higher and the duration of high acoustic emission events rate is longer than that with natural granites.The high acoustic emission energy rate of natural granites appears after that of saturated granites.The acoustic emission events rate and energy rate present trading off and taking turns in the process of granite rock burst.The initial damage of natural granites occurs after that of saturated granites.
    Study on Mechanical Behavior and Stability of Overlying Filling Body in Single Roadway Drift Stoping Method
    GUO Zhong-Ping, FENG Fan, HUANG Rui-Feng, WANG Chao, LI Wei, WANG 二Yu
    2014, 43(04):  60-64. 
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    On the basis of the analysis on the downward drift slicing without sublevel backfilling method，a overlying filling mechanical model which applied the single route type of roadway was established.In order to avoid the “cantilever beam” of artificial roof，the “fixed-end beam” model was ultimately determined as the mechanical model of upper overlying filling body.Based on the elastic-plastic mechanics knowledge，we calculated the filling body bearing layer thickness at 0.92 m，and the maximum deflection value 23.4cm.Combined with the engineering practice，the surrounding rock and plastic zone and their stress distribution under different mining depth were studied by using the FLAC3D numerical simulation software.The results showed that except for the first layer，other bearing layers experienced no plastic failure.Meanwhile，the maximum principal stress of each layer on filling bodies were less than their compressive strength，so the selected bearing layer thickness and matching parameters of the filling pulp could guarantee the stability of filling body.The research results provide a theoretical basis to achieve a safe and efficient mining for thin ore body with crushed surrounding rock.
    Prediction of Effective Stripping Ratio of Casting Blast in Surface Coal Mines
    LIU Gan, LI Ke-Min-1, XIAO Shuang-Shuang, MA Li
    2014, 43(04):  65-69. 
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    The effective stripping ratio is one of the most important indicators to evaluate the effect of casting blast，and the prediction of effective stripping ratio can guide the technical personnel to make accurate production planning.Based on analyzing the factors of effective stripping ratio，the bench height，explosive consumption，bottom burden，hole spacing，row spacing，thickness of coal seam were taken as the network input of generalized regression neural network (GRNN)，the effective stripping ratio was set as network output.The prediction model of effective stripping ratio was built，and network training and prediction were achieved through MATLAB programming.The results showed that the GRNN could predict the effective stripping ratio accurately with the forecast error normally around 5%，and the prediction results can meet the project requirements.
    Asymmetric Supporting Technology Used in the Roadway Driving Along the Empty of Tilted Coal Seam
    WANG Peng-Ju-1, ZHOU Gang, ZOU Chang-Lei, WANG Hao, WANG Chao
    2014, 43(04):  70-73. 
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    At present，most of the roadway are supported in symmetrical support methods.In view of this situation，the stress，deformation and failure characteristics of roadway surrounding rock were investigated through the theoretical analysis，numerical simulation and the physical analog simulation technique.The research indicated that the surrounding rocks of roadway driving along goaf in inclined seam appear as asymmetric state.The obtuse angle positions formed along the cross section of roadway and the rock strata dip are damaged and deformed firstly，and then with a chain reaction generated at other positions，the whole roadway is completely destroyed.Therefore，the conventional symmetric supporting technology can not guarantee the stability of surrounding rock of roadway.Aimed at the research result，the asymmetric support technology is recommended.On the basis of symmetrical support，the weak（key）positions are additionally supported to prevent the destruction of the whole roadway chain resulted from partial failure.It makes the whole cross section of roadway tend to be coordinated.Field tests on the ground pressure and the deformation of surrounding rock show that the equal stress of the bolt and the roadway deformation can meet the safety requirement.So the roadway supporting performs well and this supporting can be considered as a reference for similar roadway.
    Acoustic Characteristics of Surrounding Rock in Deep Roadway and its Regularity
    WEN Lei, YANG Shi-Jiao, LIU Chao, YAN Qing-Wen
    2014, 43(04):  74-77. 
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    To grasp the scope of loose circle in deep roadway，and the variation regularity of rock's broken degree，on-site sonic wave tests on 950m deep roadway in Yunnan Huize Pb-Zn mine were made.The test results showed that ores with different lithologies has different acoustic properties，and the rock acoustic characteristics varied in the same trend within the range of loose circle.Compared with the upper part，the range of loose circle increased significantly.Among roadway surrounding rocks with seven different lithologies，10 test holes were laid out to make acoustic survey with the application of single hole method.Then the test results were fitted with to obtain a mathematical expression for the variation regularity of acoustic velocity within the range of loose circle in deep mine.The research provides a reliable reference for the research of acoustic characteristics of deep rock.
    Beneficiation Tests of Iron Increase and Silicon Reduction for Iron Concentrate from Ekou Iron Mine
    YU Li, HU Yi-Ming, LIU Jun, ZHANG Yong, HUANG Fu-Ming-Zhu
    2014, 43(04):  78-81. 
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    Through the process of stage grinding-low intensity magnetic separation-fine screen classification-elutriation magnetic separation was used by Ekou Iron Plant，Fe grade of iron concentrate reached above 66%，while the SiO2 content is high，at about 7%. In order to decrease the SiO2 content at final iron concentrate to be below 5%，experiments of iron increase and silicon reduction were conducted using feed of elutriation magnetic separator as the sample. The results showed that mixed iron concentrate with 69.58% of iron，4.23% of SiO2，iron recovery of 97.05% was received through the inverse flotation process of one roughing，one cleaning，three scavenging，and then one roughing，one cleaning of low intensity magnetic separation for reverse flotation tailings after regrinding to 82.60% 0.038 5 mm，using collector MD，developed by Sinosteel Maanshan Institute of Mining Research Co.，Ltd.，sodium hydroxide，corn starch，and lime as reagents. By this method，SiO2 content in iron concentrate can reach the expected target.
    Beneficiation Experiment of a Hematite Ore from Sichuan Province
    PEI Xiao-Dong, QIAN You-Jun
    2014, 43(04):  82-86. 
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    An iron ore from Sichuan province belongs to an acid，low-magnetic iron ore with low sulfur and phosphorus，high silicon and aluminium，and iron mainly exists in the form of hematite. In order to provide a basis for developing and utilizing the ore，beneficiation tests were carried out through the process of dry high intensity magnetic separation for coarse particles-high gradient high intensity magnetic separation for fine particles-middlings back into flotation process. The results showed that after crushing and screening，the ore was divided into two sections，namely 40~15 mm and -15 mm. Iron concentrate with yield of 20.42%，iron grade of 52.67%，iron recovery of 22.47% was obtained for dealing with 40~15 mm ores through dry high intensity magnetic separation by YCG-350×1000 permanent magnetic roller separator; Iron concentrate with iron grade of 60.35%，iron recovery of 32.46% was obtained for dealing with -15 mm fraction and tailings from dry separation through grinding at 85% passing 0.074 mm through the process of one roughing，one cleaning，one scavenging with SLon high gradient magnetic separator; Iron concentrate with iron grade of 60.39% and iron recovery of 13.11% was received by dealing with middlings of high gradient magnetic separation through the process of one roughing，two cleaning direct flotation，with fatty acid NZ as collector，which makes comprehensive iron recovery rate reach 68.04%.
    Flotation Behavior of Ultrafine Hematite in Hydroximic Flotation System
    ZHOU Liang, ZHANG Qin, WANG Yong-Long, CHEN Wan-Qi
    2014, 43(04):  87-90. 
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    Flotation behavior of ultrafine hematite in hydroximic acid and sodium hydroximic system was studied through monomineral flotation experiments. The results showed that under normal temperature and natural pH，two kinds of collectors have weakly collecting ability with the iron recovery rate of only 44.00% and 44.00% respectively; Heating or adjusting pH has a less or negative effect in improving hydroximic acid flotation behavior，but can increase iron recovery of ultrafine hematite by 10.68% and 4.20% respectively with the sodium hydroximic system. In addition，the recovery will be increased significantly by continually stirring for a period after medication. Flotation behavior of ultrafine hematite affecting by five types of regulators (sodium hexametaphosphate，sodium silicate，sodium pyrophosphate，starch，sodium humate) in sodium hydroxamate flotation system were further investigate. The results showed all five kinds of depressors generated high depression effect，and its depressing performance is behaved in the order of sodium pyrophosphate > sodium silicate > sodium hexametaphosphate > starch > sodium humic.
    Beneficiation Experiment on a Low-grade Copper-Nickel Ore from Guangxi
    QUE Shao-Juan, HUANG Rong-Qiang, LU Lin
    2014, 43(04):  91-94. 
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    A low-grade copper-nickel ore in Guangxi contains Cu of 0.25% and Ni of 0.43%.Nickel mainly exists in the form of pentlandite，while copper in the form of chalcopyrite.Both copper and nickel minerals have a certain degree of oxidation and are closely disseminated.In order to provide a basis for the development and utilization of the ore，beneficiation experiments were carried out.By process comparison of copper flotation and then nickel，copper-nickel bulk flotation，bulk flotation of copper-nickel and then separation，magnetic separation-copper-nickel bulk flotation，the copper-nickel bulk flotation process was chosen to deal with the ore.The research by the process indicated that copper-nickel mixed concentrate with copper grade and recovery of 5.77% and 86.33%，nickel grade and recovery of 8.31% and 76.60% respectively were obtained at the grinding fineness of 74% passing 0.074mm，with sodium carbonate as regulator，butyl xanthate as collector，2# oil as frother，through the process flowsheet of one roughing，two-cleaning，and two-scavenging.
    Improving Beneficiation Indexes for a Copper Ore from Gansu by Stage Flotation Process
    ZOU Li-Ping, LUO Xian-Ping, MA Peng-Fei, DU Xian-Yan, MA Pei-Long, LI Yun-Qiang
    2014, 43(04):  95-98. 
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    A copper ore in Gansu contains 1.6% copper, and copper mainly exists in form of chalcopyrite. However, poor single liberation degree and inconsistent floatability seriously affect the separation of chalcopyrite. Through the on-site conventional flotation process, qualified copper concentrate was received but its index is nonideal. Therefore, according to the properties of the ore, stage flotation tests are carried out with LP-01 with good selectivity as rapid flotation collector, Y-89 with good collecting ability as intensive flotation collector. Meanwhile, comparison tests with on-site simulation experiments were made. The results showed that by adopting the stage flotation process, copper concentrate 1 with Cu grade of 25.61% and copper recovery of 83.58% and copper concentrate 2 with Cu grade of 13.89% and copper recovery of 12.36% were obtained respectively. Taking together, the integrated copper concentrate is grading at 23.10% and its copper recovery rate reaches 95.94%; While by the on-site conventional process, copper concentrate with Cu grade of 21.86%% and copper recovery of 93.88% was received. In contrast, the stage flotation process improves Cu grade by 1.24%, and Cu recovery by 2.06% with obvious superiority.
    Flotation Process of a Copper-Sulfide Ore in Jiangxi Province
    ZHOU Xiao-Wen, ZHANG Zhi-Hui, WEN De-Xin
    2014, 43(04):  99-103. 
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    A medium-scale copper-sulfide mineral resource was found by deep resources exploration in a large-scale Lead-zinc Mine. In order to exploit them efficiently，beneficiation tests are carried out by adopting the process of copper-sulfide bulk flotation and copper-sulfide separating flotation based on its mineral properties and probe experiments. The results showed that with the grinding fineness of 75% passing 0.074 mm，lime as pH regulator，butyl xanthate as collector，2# oil as frother，mixed concentrate was achieved through one roughing，two-scavenging bulk flotation operation. Copper concentrate with copper grade of 14.22%，recovery of 87.58%，and sulfur concentrate with sulfur grade of 34.01%，recovery of 80.84% was obtained respectively through one roughing，two cleaning，two scavenging of copper flotation and sulfur depression process at the grinding fineness of 80% -0.038 mm，with lime as pH regulator，LP-01 as collector. Thus copper and sulfur resources were comprehensively recovered.
    Process Mineralogy of Dishui Copper Ore in Xinjiang
    XIONG Kun, ZUO Ke-Sheng, ZHENG Gui-Shan
    2014, 43(04):  104-107. 
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    There exists many problems such as low recovery，highly collector consumption，sticky and too much foam in dealing with a tuff-type copper oxide ore with sulfuration flotation process in Dishui county，Xinjiang province.In order to provide reference for dealing with these issues，the process mineralogy research was conducted by the means of chemical analysis，X-ray diffraction (XRD)，optical microscopy，scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron microprobe analysis，grading analysis and specific surface area analysis etc.The results showed that the tuff rock consists of vitroclastic fragments，crystal fragments and rock fragments etc.Large blocks of tuff with many internal pores were formed by large quantities of volcanic dust filling and cementing with the fragments.Copper mainly exists in the form of malachite and zigueline，which is difficult to sulfurize.Particles below 0.02 mm accounted for 65.59% at the grinding fineness of 90% passing 0.074 mm.Those slimes not only worsen the flotation process by covering on the copper minerals but also cause non-selective adsorption of reagents for their large specific surface area.Based on the research results，the ways for solving these on-site problems include intensifying the sulfuration of zigueline，reducing the covering of slimes and decreasing the activity of slimes.
    Geochemical Characteristics and Geological Significances of Lamprophyre in the Provincial Border Areas around Guangdong and Guangxi Province
    YU Su-Ping, MA Zhan-Wu, LU Wen-Ji, ZHANG Hui, LI Hong-Zhong
    2014, 43(04):  108-111. 
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    The analysis on the geochemical characteristics of the lamprophyre that is closely related with the metal deposit in the provincial border areas around Guangdong and Guangxi province，showed that Rb，Ce and Sm are relative enriched，while Ta and Sr are relatively loss，based on the N-MORB standardized spider diagram of trace elements.The ΣREE values of lamprophyre are（82.33~215.30)×10-6，and its average values are 143.20 × 10-6，which is the 20 times that of the original mantle.The contents of LREE and HREE are（75.01~199.01)× 10-6 and（7.31~16.29)× 10-6 respectively，the LREE/HREE value between 9.26~12.22 and the average value is 10.90.The REE distribution curves showed as right deviation and extremely weak Eu anomaly，after normalized by the chondrite.The lamprophyre in research area has the characteristics of both mantle and lower crust，the values of mantle-derived geochemical indicators δZr/δNb and δTh/δLa are 16.02~20.01 and 0.14~0.20 respectively，the crust source composition include δLa/δNb，δSm/δNd and δNb/δU with the values of 2.06~3.78，0.18~0.19 and 5.29~22.37 respectively.It maybe indicate that，lamprophyre is the product of the original mantle-derived magma that is contaminated by the lower crust materials.During the process of the precious metal mineralization in research areas，lamprophyre maybe plays the roles of “mineralizer source” and “energy donor”.
    Application of Comprehensive Geophysical Prospecting Method in Porphyry Molybdenum Multi-metal Deposits
    LI Bing, LIU Qing-Quan, CHENG Guang-Gui, LIU Yan-Hua, SHANG Jian-Ge
    2014, 43(04):  112-115. 
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    Taking the Tangjiaping large-scale porphyry molybdenum multi-metal deposit in northern piedmont of Dabieshan in south of Henan province as an example，the cause of porphyry molybdenum polymetallic deposit in the northern piedmont of Dabieshan in south of Henan province and its geological and geophysical characteristics are elaborated.The comprehensive geophysical prospecting method is carried out in the typical mining area（controlled source audio frequency magnetotelluric sounding method and induced polarization method)，profile test and the test of the physical property of the exposed rocks in the mining area are made.The experimental results show that the porphyry molybdenum deposit in the area has the features of high resistivity and high polarization，and the displays of metallogenic geological body and porphyry body are obtained by adopting the controlled source audio frequency magnetotelluric sounding method and the induced polarization method.The drilling results show that，the controlled source audio frequency magnetotelluric sounding method and induced polarization method are competent to search for porphyry type molybdenum deposit in the area.Therefore，the research provides technical reference for further exploration of porphyry deposit in the area and also provides technical support for deployment and rapid breakthrough in further geological prospecting work.
    Sulfur Sources Characteristics and Tectonic Setting of the Surrounding Rocks of Xiangshan Uranium Polymetallic Ore Field
    YANG Qing-Kun, MENG Xiang-Jin, JIANG Yong-Biao, ZHOU Wan-Peng
    2014, 43(04):  116-120. 
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    In order to explore the relationship of magmatite and mineralization（uranium and lead-zinc mine)in Xiangshan uranium polymetallic mining area in Jiangxi province，the microphysiography and petrogeochemistry of the composite pluton are researched，its genetic types and source rocks characteristics are discussed and the ore-forming material sources are analyzed based on the field investigation.The field survey and in-door analysis showed that there are the same lithologic character between the uranium host surrounding rocks and lead-zinc host surrounding rocks.In space，the uranium mine is above the lead-zinc mine.The surrounding rocks belong to rich silicon and high potassium calcalkaline S-type granite with a high degree of difference.Rocks with different lithology are homologous，and mainly come from re-melting of the upper curst metamorphic sandstone.According to rock geochemistry，chronology and regional comparison，it is inferred that，at the stage of tectonic evolution and the formation of the tectonic environment，the surrounding rocks of uranium mine and lead-zinc mine is formed during the tectonic transition environment of the continental extrusion and tension.The mantle provides part of heat sources，but the main heat sources come from the process of the crustal stress releasing and temperature increasing.The sulfur sources of lead-zinc mine mainly come from magmatic hydrothermal of the granitic rocks and are contaminated by the metamorphic rocks series.Sulfur sources of the uranium mine come from the mantle.
    Application of BP Neural Networks in the Analysis of α Particle Spectrum
    WANG Xu, TUO Xian-Guo, SHI Rui, WANG Qi-Biao, YANG Jian-Bo
    2014, 43(04):  121-124. 
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    The trailing phenomenon of α low energy spectrum is serious，and parameters meaning with the mathematical function fitting method are fuzzy.In view of these problems，it is proposed that the BP neural networks is applied to the α spectrum analysis.The model of BP neural networks is built based on MATLAB so as to predict the α spectral lines and estimate the element type respectively.Firstly，parameters that can represent the spectral information are selected as the input parameters for network training，and the α spectrum is predicted by using the nonlinear mapping function.Secondly，taking the full spectrum information as input data，the nuclide species are estimated by classifying the input data.According to the experimental results from comparison on the predicted spectrum and the original spectrum，its correlation coefficient is above 0.99，and the residual error range is around 2%.For the prediction results of nuclide types，the error for the prediction of two nuclides types is less than 1%.The research results above show that，BP neural networks method is accurate and simple，and is competent to do the α spectrum analysis work.
    Analysis on Geochemical Characteristics of Porphyry in Tiantang Copper Polymetallic Deposit，Western Guangdong Province
    LIANG Jin, LI Qiang-Qiang, ZHOU Yong-Zhang, LI Hong-Zhong, MA Zhan-Wu
    2014, 43(04):  125-128. 
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    The geochemical characteristics of the monzonitic granite porphyries in Tiantang copper polymetallic deposit in western Guangdong province，are analyzed.According to the analysis results，contents of SiO2 are 69.92% ~76.06% with the average value at 74.03%，contents of Al2O3 are 12.76%~ 15.34% with the average value at 13.53%，and contents of K2O are 4.37%~ 7.48% with the average value at 5.64%.The mean values of A/CNK and A/NK are 1.10 and 1.31 respectively.The above geochemical characteristics indicated that the porphyries in Tiantang copper deposit are the peraluminous high-K calcalkaline series of monzonitic granite porphyry that are enriched in silicon and aluminum with high alkalinity.Trace elements of the porphyry in Tiantang Mining area such as Rb，Ba，Sr，average content values of them are 396.36×10-6，343.76×10-6，103.30×10-6 respectively.Normalized by the trace element of primitive mantle，these porphyries are exhibited enrichment of Rb，K，Th，U and strong loss of Ba，Sr，P，Ti.The average ∑REE value of the porphyries in Tiantang mining area is 245.36×10-6，the average value of LREE/HREE is 9.87，the average values of δLa/δYb and δEu are 3.50 and 0.28 respectively.Normalized by the REE of chondrite，REE distribution diagrams of the porphyries in Tiantang mining area have the right trend and strong negative Eu anomaly.According to the discrimination diagrams of δRb-δ(Y+Yb)and δRb-δ(Yb+Ta)，the characteristics of these porphyries samples in Tiangtang mining area are identical with that of syn-COLG（collision of granite).It is speculated that，the porphyries in Tiantang mining area are the products of the subsequent evolution of continental collision.
    Modeling and Experimental Study on Cutterhead Torque and Total Thrust Excavating in Viscosity Minerals
    LIU Fei-Fei, ZHANG Man-Jun, LIU Zong-Lai
    2014, 43(04):  129-133. 
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    The soil characteristics in TBM cutterhead excavating working，the TBM cutterhead torque and total thrust excavating were mainly analyzed.Based on soil characteristics of ion-absorbed rare earth，the TBM cutterhead structure model was established，and the mathematic model of cutterhead torque and total thrust excavating were established according to the structural model.Finally，the experimental model of cutterhead torque and total thrust excavating was established in the light of the cutterhead structure model.Through studies on the changing law of cutterhead torque and total thrust excavating of TBM in ionic rare earth mineral soil，the impact of different structural parameters on the cutterhead torque and cutter total thrust excavating was obtained.The results showed that the resulting of cutterhead torque and total thrust excavating from the tests differ from that of the mathematic model by less than 10% only，which verified the correctness of the mathematical model.The cutter aperture ratio and the angle between the front and the lateral are important parameters of affecting the torque and total thrust excavating through mathematical model.Finally the appropriate cutterhead structural parameters were summarized by analyzing experimental results.
    Design of Monitoring System for Roof Separation of Coal Mine Roadway based on LabVIEW
    LIU Jie, LIU Zhi-Gang, LIU Ming-Qing, YUE Xiao-Guang, CHANG Juan
    2014, 43(04):  134-138. 
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    In the past ten years，there are about thousands of roof accident resulting in deaths at domestic coal mine，nearly half of the total coal mine accidents.Therefore，real-time monitoring on the displacement and pressure of coal mine roadway roof separation and judging the stability of roof separation and surrounding rock to take effective protection measures in time play an important realistic meaning for prevention from roof accidents.With the use of Wireless Sensor Network and LabVIEW monitoring procedures consisting of sensors，distributed measurement nodes and wireless gateways from the roof separation monitoring system of coal mine roadway based on virtual instrument，the functions of data acquisition，storage，pre-warming，and query for the stress of roadway roof and the displacement were realized and the purposes of real-time and dynamic monitoring were achieved.Through the analysis of monitoring data，the current status of roof separation structure is reflected so as to timely make correct assessment on safety and stability of the tunnel.Early detecting the area which may occur roof caving，and promptly taking appropriate measures to avoid the occurrence of roof accidents at roadway can reduce property loss and casualties.
    On the 3D War-gaming System Structure of the Underground Mining Engineering in Metal Mines
    LIU Ya-Jing, WANG Jian-Jia
    2014, 43(04):  139-142. 
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    It is the inevitable trend for the development of mining to innovate traditional mining industry by using modern high technologies.Virtual mine is an important part of digital mine，and is a new type of expression for the traditional mining，so it plays a vital role in mine information construction.Based on the analysis of the research and application of digital mine at home and abroad，the structure of three-dimensional dynamic deduction system for underground mining engineering in metal mine was discussed，and how to accurately show the natural entity，artificial entity and three-dimensional geological data and visually demonstrate the spatial relationship among the industrial square，formation，roadway and working face in mining area were expounded with the aid of render 3D graphics rendering technique and the geographic information system technology.On these basis，through the effective integration and analysis of underground metal mine engineering data，the mining method was optimized.Also，combining with the mining design standards and the design concept of mining design engineer，the dynamic deduction for exploitation process was realized，thus providing an important scientific basis for decision-making by the designer.
    Fuzzy Control System Design of Automatic Ball-Adding in Ball Mill
    SONG Dai-Guang, BAO Qi-Shi, PANG Ke-Wang
    2014, 43(04):  143-146. 
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    In order to realize automatic ball-adding for Huibaolin Iron Plant，Shandong Linyi Mining Group，a set of ball-adding fuzzy control system based on real-time shaft power detection of ball mill was designed，according to former worker's practical experience and expert knowledge in ball-adding.The control scheme，system composition，fuzzy language variables and its fields determination，determination of fuzzy control rules，the inverse fuzzy output and PLC system are introduced.After the fuzzy system was put into use，well running effect were obtained.It kept running current of ball mill smoothly and steadily，reduced energy consumption and improved grinding efficiency.
    Dynamic Response and Stability Analysis of Slope under Rare Earthquake
    GUAN Jin-Long
    2014, 43(04):  147-153. 
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    Based on the finite element model of sandy slope，the stability and dynamic response of sandy slope are studied.The results showed that the safety factors calculated by the Chinese specification are relatively conservative，compared with the Japanese specification based on the pseudo-static method.With the increase of groundwater，the maximum horizontal displacement of slope shows increasing，and reaches maximum horizontal displacement on the top of the slope.The displacement under near-field earthquake is greater than that under far-field earthquake.The accelerations along the slope height with groundwater are less than that without groundwater，which shows that the existence of groundwater damps vibration.Shear stress and shear strain with groundwater becomes more full，that is，shear damage is more likely to occur with groundwater.Without considering the groundwater，the destruction of slope is mainly the circular shearing damage through the slope toe，while the destruction is not yet through the slope toe，but from a point on the front of slope.
    Stability Analysis and Mining Method of Isolated Pillar Stoping
    LIU Tao, TANG Li-Zhong, GUO Sheng-Mao
    2014, 43(04):  154-159. 
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    A large number of mined-out areas and filling stope were formed after Dongguashan copper mine finished large-scale mining of step 1 and step 2 pillars，resulting in a very complex stress distribution in rock mass.The mining conditions of panel isolated pillar had changed radically.Through the research analysis on the mining state，two stoping schemes were proposed and contrasted from aspects of mining difficulty，and mining recovery and mineral movement volume with 52-54 isolated pillar line as a case.The two stoping schemes of isolated pillar were simulated with the numerical simulation software FLAC3D.The results showed that: in Scheme 1，side wall appears large displacement，where collapse and a large plastic zone are easily formed.In scheme 2，side wall displacement is less after recover of isolated pillars.For the stress concentration zone during stoping，it is necessary to reduce the room span and avoid the ore wall from further damage，so that the mining activities have a less impact on surrounding rock.Through comprehensive analysis on the two schemes，the scheme 2 is relatively reasonable and feasible.
    Research on Thick Overburden Movement Law under Full Mechanized Caving
    WANG Min, ZHANG Zhao-Qian, YUAN Bo
    2014, 43(04):  160-164. 
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    In order to investigate the movement law of thick overburden under full mechanized caving，rock movement monitoring station is built at W1303 face surface of Gaohe mine in Changzhi minging area.The analysis of the measured data showed that maximum subsidence point was located in the upper goaf Z29，Z30，Z32，and a series of strata movement parameters were obtained.The theoretical analysis indicated that the overburden movement deformation was divided into early and late two kinds under full mechanized caving.At the same time，the main factors for influencing the overlying strata movement were concluded as follows：overburden lithology，the location and action of the key stratum，mining size，advancing speed of working face and roof management and so on.The numerical simulation software FLAC3D was adopted to simulate the surface movement law in the mining process with the topsoil thickness of 140 m，190 m，240 m respectively.The conclusion was that the movement law of overburden thickness at 190 m conforms to that of actual surface layer at 189.43 m.Therefore，the research on the rock movement law of thick overburden under full mechanized caving mining in Changzhi mine provides a certain reference for construction of the mine.
    Experimental Research on Nonlinear Seepage of Porous Media of Pellets Packing
    LIU Jie, XU Zeng-He, YAN Hu-Cheng, GONG Li-Li
    2014, 43(04):  165-168. 
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    Permeable experiments on porous media of pellets packing under the condition of constant confining pressure,constant axial pressure and different pore pressure were carried out in a type SLB-1 triaxial compression apparatus.In consideration of the character that permeability of poroelastic media varies with its deformation,a nonlinear mathematical model of permeability coefficient is established.The research result shows that the seepage process consists of unstable and stable seepage stages.The permeability coefficient takes on the nonlinear characteristic,gradually close to linear with the decrease of the axial pressure and confining pressure.The thory deduce of one dimensional steady seepage problem illustrates that gradient of pore pressure in the testing sample is non-homogeneous.On the basis of the experimental data,parameters of theory model of permeability coefficient are determined by using least-squares.The permeability coefficient calculated by the nonlinear mathematical model is around 2.5 times as that by the Darcy law.
    Research on Landslide Deformation of High and Steep Slope in Open-pit Mine based on Combination Prediction Model
    XIAO Hai-Ping, YANG Wang-Sheng, XIAO Lan, GUO Zhong-Qun, CAO Xi-Xi
    2014, 43(04):  169-171. 
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    In order to strengthen the deformation prediction of high and steep slope in open-pit mine，and timely obtain the trend of the landslide，the landslide pre-warning was conducted，which guided the mine production and ensured the safety of people′s life and property.A combined prediction model was established，and the modeling ideas and calculating methods were introduced in the paper.On this basis，according to the actual monitoring data of a high and steep slope，the predicted results were analyzed and compared with the predictions of the independent model.The results showed that the precision of the combined model is superior to that of the independent model with higher reliability.Therefore，it owns strong applicability.
    Removal of Acid Indigo Carmine from Wastewater Using Granular Complex Bentonite Cooperated with Surfactant
    MO Wei, HUANG Dong, MA Shao-Jian, JIANG Mao-Lin, YANG Xiao-Jing
    2014, 43(04):  172-176. 
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    A self-developed granular complex bentonite were cooperated with surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) to decolorize indigo carmine simulated wastewater.The effect of dosage of granular complex bentonite and surfactant,length of time for oscillating,pH,temperature,initial concentration of indigo carmine simulated wastewater,etc.on decolorization rate was investigated,as well as recycling effect of granular complex bentonite,the function of which during decolorization was researched according to experimental phenomenon.The results showed that initial concentration and pH of indigo carmine solution had little effect on the decolorization rate while temperature can greatly affect decolorization.The decolorization rate of indigo carmine wastewater could be up to 100% under right conditions.Granular complex bentonite could enhance the flocculation of acid indigo carmine,which could significantly improve the decolorization effect.Granular complex bentonite could easily regenerate and be used for four times.Not only well treatment effect could be achieved,but also it owns the excellent characteristics of easy separation of solid and liquid,less dosage of surfactant,low risk of secondary pollution,easily regeneration for granular complex bentonite,etc.excellent characteristics could be achieved when granular complex bentonite is cooperated with surfactant CTAC for decolorization treatment.
    Preparation and Properties of Four Kinds of Magnetic Flocculants
    LUO Yan-Hua, PAN Feng, WEI Yun-Yang
    2014, 43(04):  177-180. 
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    The analytically pure Fe3O4(d50=1 μm) and magnetite concentrate(d50=20 μm) were modified by polyacrylamide and chitosan under the action of ultrasonic dispersion，and four kinds of magnetic flocculants were prepared，including polyacrylamide-ferroferric oxide，polyacrylamide-magnetite，chitosan-ferroferric oxide，chitosan-magnetite. XRD，FTIR and SEM analysis on these four flocculants showed that a thick layer of needles on the surfaces of two magnetic materials was achieved through bounding effect of polyacrylamide，while chitosan was in had a bad effect. With use of the four magnetic flocculants to purify domestic sewage in Maanshan，and blue-green algae in Chaohu，the results showed that the removal rate of dirt and blue-green algae reached 98.13%，99.61% and 93.75%，99.02% respectively by polyacrylamide-ferromagnetic oxide and polyacrylamide-magnetite magnetic flocculants，while the removal rate was only 67.50%，35.29% and 49.38%，67.50% by using chitosan-ferromagnetic oxide and chitosan-magnetite magnetic flocculant. Polyacrylamide-magnetite magnetic flocculants can achieve a good effect in wastewater treatment and owns actual application significance in dealing with sewage，so it is worth of further investigation.