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    15 November 2018, Volume 47 Issue 11
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    Research Status and Prospects of the Caved Ore-body Sharp in Pillarles Sublevels Caving Method
    CHANG Shuai, LI Nan, ZHANG Guo-Jian, YANG Yu-Jiang, WEN Yan-Liang, ZHOU Di-Fei
    2018, 47(11):  1-6. 
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    The most obvious disadvantage of the pillarless sublevel caving method is its large loss and dilution， mainly caused by the ore drawing under the overburden strata. As the object of ore drawing， it is of great significance to fully understand the caved ore sharp to reduce the ore loss and dilution. Therefore， on the basis of analyzing the influencing factors of caved ore sharp， the research status is summarized and discussed from the experiments of caved ore sharp and its influence on ore-drawing effect. The caved ore shape is affected by blasting parameters， ore body， overlying rock properties， loose body， release body， residual body， stope structure parameters and ore-drawing technology etc.. At present， accurate on-site measurement is the difficulty in surveying the caved body shape. Physical simulation and numerical simulation are the main means of surveying. However， seeking for a suitable blasting alternative is the key to improve the similarity between physical simulation and production practice. The geometry， fragmentation， and caving area of the caved ore body all have an impact on the drawing effect. Therefore， the mining process should be regarded as an organic whole， and the relationship mechanism among the release body， loose body， and caved ore body should be further quantitatively studied so as to obtain the best drawing effect.
    Research Status on Hazards and Comprehensive Utilization of Red Mud
    LIU Xiao, HAN Yue-Xin, HE Fa-Yu, LI Yan-Jun, GAO Peng, LI Wen-Bo
    2018, 47(11):  7-12. 
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    Red mud is a strong alkaline waste generated during the extraction of alumina. Based on the analysis of the hazards of red mud storage， such as occupying land， polluting soil， water and air， corroding steel structure and wasting useful components， the comprehensive utilization research and practice situations of red mud are emphatically introduced. At this stage， comprehensive utilizations of red mud were summarized as follows: construction materials and ceramics， absorbing adsorbent materials for purifying water and air，functional materials and recovery of valuable metals. The prospect of comprehensive utilization of red mud is also prospected.
    Study on Economic Dynamic Assessment Optimization Technology of Production Capacity Open-pit Mine:A Case Study of Dongjielegele Iron Mine in Baiyunebo
    ZHANG Lin, DAI Bi-Bo, WANG Yun-Min, Mou-Ying-Jie
    2018, 47(11):  13-17. 
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    To perform the production scale optimization for open pit mine based on economic dynamic assessment and total balance of overall output of ore and waste， the optimization of opencast boundary is combined with the production scale to build the geological database， 3D geological entity model and block grade model of the deposit. Factors such as uneven distribution of ore grade， time of capital arriving and variability of ore prices impacting on the pit boundary optimization and the production scale are comprehensively considered. With the aid of Milawa algorithm of Whittle， that is the dynamic optimization analysis software， the open-pit boundary with high quality and quantity is quickly generated， and the dynamic economic indexes of mines under different boundary are calculated， with the optimal boundary determined. Through simulating the economic operation of mines， the production scale and the mining and stripping sequence of mines are optimized from the technical and economic views. Relying on the application in the Dongjielegele Iron Mine of Baotou Baiyun Obo， the project indicates that the optimal production scale of the mine is 1.3 million t/a. However， under the current market environment， the investment return rate is 7.6%， with high economic risk of mining. It provides a scientific basis for decision-making of mining enterprises.
    Experimental Research on the Drainage Consolidation Law of Step Heaping Tailings Slurry
    欧Xiao-Duo , SU Jian, ZHONG Yi-He, WU Guang-Hang, JIANG Jie
    2018, 47(11):  18-24. 
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    Drainage consolidation of wet heaping tailings slurry can be accelerated effectively by adding vertical drainage to improve the stability of soil mass. In order to research the drainage consolidation law of step heaping tailings slurry under the action of drainage， the drainage consolidation process was simulated by model experiments. The test results showed that: in the process of soil drainage consolidation， the changes on both pore water pressure and settlement in different layers are not fully synchronized with the stress change behind the strain change； After the heaping stops at day 35th， the pore water pressure dropped obviously， and the free water seepage was transiting into the pore water seepage under the external water head. The drainage process of step heaping tailings can be divided into 5 stages such as settlement flocculation， flocculation compression， compression consolidation of flocs， overlying water self-weight consolidation and self-weight compression consolidation； a pore seepage model of tailings under the action of drainage body was established， and the maximum influence radius with different heaping height of drainage body has been calculated by this model， indicating that the maximum influence radius decreased with the increasing of tailings consolidation. The influence radius of the drainage with 0.5 m and 1.0 m heaping height are respectively decreased to about 1.7 m and 2.2 m after 35 days.
    Multi-objective Genetic Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for the Short-term Production Planning in a Mine
    YE Hai-Wang, 欧Yang-Jian , LI Ning, WANG Li-Guan, LEI Tao, WANG Qi-Zhou
    2018, 47(11):  25-30. 
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    In view of the basic characteristics of open-pit mine production and the requirements of short-term production plan， and in order to obtain the ore grade and the minimal economic cost of open-pit mines， an optimization model of short-term production plan is established. Based on MATLAB software， the hybrid intelligent algorithm of genetic particle swarm optimization is used to solve the model. Taking a limestone open-pit mine as a case， the research results are compared with the actual production indexes of the open-pit mine. The results show that this model is suitable for making the plan of the short-term mining production. The optimization results guarantee the balance among the three kinds of mine production indexes， including ore grade， ore output and production profit. As a result， this optimized model is helpful to increase the economic benefit of open-pit mine.
    Analysis on the Surrounding Rock Stability of Deep Large-section Chamber of a Copper Mine in Africa
    BAO Wei-Wei, WANG Yi-Ming, WU Ai-Xiang, CHEN Shun-Man, YANG Peng, WANG Chao-Lei
    2018, 47(11):  31-36. 
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    In order to keep the stability of large-section chamber in the Deep Mine，and based on totally grasping the physical and mechanical properties and the engineering geological conditions of the surrounding rock of the central distribution chamber in the southeast orebody of a copper mine in Africa，the area around the chamber is divided into four regions，including the fractured region，the cracked zone， the elastic zone and the plastic zone according to elastic-plastic theory. Combined with the theoretical formula and the engineering analogy method，the combined support scheme of "anchor bolt + anchor cable + steel mesh +sprayed concrete" was proposed，and the supporting parameters were determined by the empirical formula method and monitored on-site. Engineering practice showed that the surface displacement and deep displacement of chamber are less，which means that the deformation of surrounding rock has been effectively controlled. This method has good supporting effect and can provide references for similar chamber engineering.
    Mechanism of Deformation and Failure on Orepass Wall Under Impact and Wear
    LU Zeng-Xiang, MA Chi, YIN Yue
    2018, 47(11):  37-40. 
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    The deformation and failure of the orepass wall worldwide has become a significant problem affecting the efficiency of underground mining in metal mine. Impact and wear are the two main factors that cause deformation and failure of pass shaft wall. Through study on the relationship between energy and deformation in the process of ore or rock impact on orepass lining， the mechanism of impact and shear failure caused by ore or rock block "colliding" with the orepass wall is obtained. The formulas for calculating the friction force on the lining of the ore storage section in vertical orepass and on the footwall of inclined orepass are derived. It is found that the deformation and failure caused by the movement of ore blocks in the vertical orepass contains two forms including impact and shear. The more dominant factor of determining the two forms is the angle between the direction of the ore or rock block movement and the normal direction of orepass wall when impinging on the orepass wall. Wear failure mainly occurs in the ore storage section of the orepass well and the footwall of the inclined and the branched orepass. The degree of wear failure depends on the friction coefficient between the ore or rock block and the orepass lining material and the force of the ore or rock acting on the orepass wall.
    Application of Longitudinal Room and Pillar Mining with Flat Bottom Structure in the Inclined Medium-thick Orebodies of Lubambe Copper Mine
    HUANG Ming-Qing, TAN Wei, LI Bing-Lei
    2018, 47(11):  41-43. 
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    To extract the inclined medium-thick orebodies safely and effectively at Lubambe Copper Mine， longitudinal room and pillar mining with flat bottom structure was derived from sub-level open stope mining. Rooms and pillars at sub-levels were arranged at a staggered way along the longitudinal direction of orebodies. The developing roadways can also be utilized as drilling and mining roadways. The application results showed that the mining-cutting ratio of the longitudinal room and pillar mining was only 8.73 m/kt， the recovery rate was 72.2%， the ore dilution rate was 22%， and the production capacity reached 1 000 t/d. Additionally， the double-boom jumbo was introduced to drill the upward parallel medium-length boreholes. By this method， only 3~4 boreholes per row were arranged when the ore thickness was 5 m， and the blasted ore tonnage per meter reached 8~9 t， with the large boulder rate decreased apparently.
    Rheological Mechanical Analysis on Disaster of Pillar-roof System in Goaf
    LOU Xiao-Ming, HUANG Shen, HAN Xue-Jing, ZHOU Ping
    2018, 47(11):  44-48. 
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    In order to study the stability of the roof-pillar system in the goaf and determine its stability time， the rheological model of roof-pillar system in goaf was established by using Hooke-Kelvin-kelvin model， the thin plate theory， and the rheological mechanics theory. Based on this model， the differential equation of goaf roof mining subsidence was deduced， and according to the damage conditions of roof boundary， the stability time of goaf roof pillar system was calculated. By comparison of calculated results with the actual monitoring data， the rationality and reliability of the model were verified. The research shows that the rheological deformation of pillar is an important reason for the instability of roof-pillar system in the goaf. The rheological mechanical model can be applied to predict the stability time of the mined-out area， and also can be used to realize the timely and effective supporting and filling for goaf.
    Study on the Relationship Between Production Capacity and Rock Drilling Operation in an Underground Metal Mine
    ZHANG Guo-Qiang, XU Zhi-Hong, WU Li-Huo
    2018, 47(11):  49-52. 
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    The production capacity of underground metal mines is closely related to the drilling in mining operations. In order to improve mine production capacity and economic benefits of mine， such issues as drilling efficiency， drilling precision， drilling depth that affect the production capacity of the mine， and blasting effect after operation are investigated. The problems in application of YGZ90 drill， QZG80A DTH drill， jumbo in the mine， and their advantages and disadvantages are described， and the characteristics of drilling with different lithology and different depth are respectively demonstrated. The related test data are obtained through field test. After contrasting the test data， the key factors influencing the mine production capacity are explored， including blasting mode， production devices（drilling）， hoisting and transporting way； Through analysis on these key factors， the solution to restrict these factors or the effective improvement are put forward. Finally， the effective ways to improve the mine production capacity is to modify the drilling devices， which can significantly enhance the mine production capacity， and increase the economic benefit.
    Construction of the Actual Granular Velocity Equation and the Density Equation Based on Quasi-ellipsoid Drawing Theory
    LI Rong-Fu, GUO Jin-Ping, LIU Shao-Qing
    2018, 47(11):  53-56. 
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    Based on the loose body mass balance equation and density empirical formula obtained from the ore-drawing tests， it was proved that the density equation presented in the foundation of the quasi-ellipsoid drawing theory satisfied the reality as well as the theoretical requirements. The theoretical expressions of the actual vertical velocity and velocity viscosity coefficient were established， and the velocity viscosity coefficients and the actual granular velocity equation were obtained according to the density equation and mass balance equation of the moving body， which are exactly the same as the one when the quasi-ellipsoid drawing theory was founded. The actual granular velocity equals the product of the ideal granular velocity and velocity retardation coefficient. The research results show that the density equation， the actual granular velocity equation and the velocity retardation coefficient formula have sufficient theoretical basis when the quasi-ellipsoid drawing theory was found.
    Effect of New Type Cementitious Materials on Stability of Unclassified Tailings-cemented Heap
    HOU Yun-Bing, HAN Dong, HAN Shuai, ZHANG Xing, CAO Shu-Xiong, SUN Qi
    2018, 47(11):  57-62. 
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    The reasonable ratio of T.C， a new type cementitious material， incorporated into the unclassified tailings-cemented process， and its effect on the stability of the heap are investigated by laboratory orthogonal test， numerical simulations and other methods. The slag， lime， gypsum， sulfoaluminate cements and clinker are used as raw materials for cementitious materials. The influencing level of various factors on the strength of the cemented body are listed as slag， lime， sulphur-aluminum cement， gypsum by the orthogonal test， and the best ratio of the new type cementitious material T.C shows like slag: lime: gypsum: sulfoaluminate cement: clinker of 70∶6∶10∶4∶10. A comprehensive comparison on the strength of consolidated cement bodies is carried out under the action of ordinary portland cement（P.O.42.5）， slag cement（P.S.32.5）， and new type cementitious material T.C. It was found that the effect of the new type cementitious material T.C is obviously better than that of ordinary portland cement and slag cement in early strength and late strength. Based on the strength reduction method and FLAC3D， the stability of the heap is analyzed. And it is suggested that the height of the heap should be less than 50 m， the stacking angle be less than 60°， the slurry concentration be between 76% and 78%， and the ratio of cement to sand be between 1∶12 and 1∶9.
    Numerical Simulation on the Influence of Borehole Dense Coefficient on Crushing Effect
    ZHANG Geng-Cheng, JIA Jian-Jun, QIAO Ji-Yan, FENG Chun, GUO Ru-Kun, LI Shi-Hai
    2018, 47(11):  63-66. 
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    Under two modes of hole sequential and row sequential detonation， the influence of borehole dense coefficient on blasting fragment and damage degree is numerically simulated. In the simulation process， the dense coefficient was improved from 1.00 to 1.92， and the average crushing size d50， ultimate crushing size d90 and bulk ratio Br were taken as evaluation index of blasting fragment， and system rupture degree Fr was taken as evaluation index of damage degree respectively. The numerical simulation results showed that under the mode of hole sequential detonation， the influence of borehole dense coefficient was not obvious as each hole had two free surfaces. However， under the row sequential detonation， the breakage of rock was more uniform along with the density coefficient increasing， and more blocks appeared in the rectangular region surrounded by the holes along with the density coefficient lowered. The lower the density factor is， the larger the distribution of the bulk is. Therefore， under the mode of row sequential detonation， blasting effect can be obviously improved by properly increasing the hole space and shortening the row distance.
    Study on Effects of High Pressure Grinding Roll-Dry Separation Process Application in the Ultralow Magnetite Plant
    ZHU Guo-Bin, MEI Guang-Jun, KANG Qian, CHENG Qian, LI Hao-南
    2018, 47(11):  67-71. 
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    There are a series of problems restricting the development of an ultralow magnetite concentrator in Hebei Province， such as the poor effect of waste discarding in dry dressing on-site process， the low grade of ore entering grinding system， the high cost of grinding system， and the large amount of wet tailings to be sent to the tailings pond. In order to solve these problems， the suspension dry pre-separation （instead of magnetic pulley dry separation） - high pressure grinding roll - suspension dry re-election test for fine crushed products was carried out. On the basis of good results obtained from the test， the on-site technological process was reformed: Expanding the capacity of the rough， medium and fine crushing system is three times that of the original. The magnetic pulley dry separation of fine crushing products is transformed into the suspension dry pre-separation， and the high pressure grinding roll-suspension dry re-separation system for dry pre-concentration concentrate is added. The linear vibrating screen， which was accompanyed with ball mill to form closed circuit， was transformed into a cyclone group. The comparison results before and after the transformations are as follows. After the transformation， the amount of minerals entering the grinding system is greatly reduced to 16.70%， and the grain yield of the grinding system to the ore -0.074， -1 mm is increased by 15.54 and 32.97 percentage points， respectively. The grindability of the ore is significantly improved，the magnetic iron content is greatly increased to 28.32%. The magnetic iron content of dry throwing tailings is obviously lower than that before the transformation. Although the content of -0.074 mm in the concentrate decreases from 75% to 67%， the grade of the concentrate increased by 2.18 percentage points， that’s 65.66% compared with that before the transformation. The new process fully exerts the selective crushing effect of the high pressure grinding roll and the high-efficiency enrichment ability of the suspended dry sorter， which greatly reduces the grinding energy consumption， wet tailings yield rate， and the argillization of the gangue， the water consumption per ton of ore. In addition， the new process improves the sorting effect and the final concentrate grade， and extends the service life of the tailings pond.
    Precise Classification-Preconcentration Process Optimization Test of the Deep Ore from Meishan Iron Mine
    LIU An-Ping, LIU Jun, PENG Zhi-Wei, LIU Yong-Zhao
    2018, 47(11):  72-76. 
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    The ore from Meishan iron mine is a compound of magnetite and hematite, and the iron grade is 37.82%. Preconcentration on-site was conducted for 50~20 mm, 20~2 mm and 2~0.5 mm size fraction, respectively, with different process. The results show that the iron grade of preconcentration tailing was high, and discarding tailings in 50~20 mm size fraction jig preconcentration is lower, high water consumption, unstable production index and high equipment failure rate. In order to improve the preconcentration efficiency, system test was carried out. The 50~20 mm size fraction ore was crushed to 20~0 mm then was relatively classified. -0.5 mm size fraction via drum-type low intensity wet magnetic separation and vertical ring-pulsating high gradient magnetic separation, 2~0.5 mm via drum-type low intensity magnetic separation and vertical ring-pulsating high gradient magnetic separation, 20~2 mm via drum-type medium intensity dry magnetic separation and roll-type high intensity dry magnetic separation, respectively. Iron concentrate with grade and recovery was 56.31% and 3.65%, preconcentration with grade and recovery was 40.81% and 89.92%, tailings with iron grade of 16.75% and yield rate 11.59%. The preconcentration results index is satisfaction.
    Optimization Research of Iron and Phosphorus Beneficiation Process in Iron Ore from Baiquan
    GUO Wen-Da, HAN Yue-Xin, ZHANG Li-Min, ZHU Yi-Min, LI Yan-Jun, FAN Zhi-Guo
    2018, 47(11):  77-80. 
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    In order to solve the problems of complicated process， serious sliming of iron tailings， phosphorus loss caused by mud removal operation， and the complicated reagent system of phosphorus flotation due to the beneficiation process “pre-iron and post-phosphorus” in Baiquan iron ore， the test process of “pre-phosphorus and post-iron， pre-flotation and post-magnetic separation” was studied. The results showed that using closed-circuit flotation of one roughing-three cleaning-two scavenging to treat with the raw ore under the conditions of first stage grinding to -0.074 mm accounting for 40%， BQ-2 as flotation collector and sodium silicate as regulator， respectively， phosphorus concentrate with P2O5 grade of 31.58% and recovery of 77.97% could be obtained. The one time low intensity magnetic separation – rough concentrate regrind （-0.045 mm 84%）—2 times low intensity magnetic separation process was adopted to deal with the phosphorus flotation tailings， iron concentrate with TFe grade of 66.21% and recovery of 47.03% could be obtained. Research results indicated that the new process not only could achieve ideal mineral processing indicators but may cut the concentrating and sliming process of phosphorus flotation feedings ， omit the addition of sodium carbonate， and avoid the problems of over grinding and sliming.
    Experiment on Mineral Processing of an Au-bearing Pb-Zn Sulphide Ore in Shanxi
    WEI Zhuan-Hua, LI Guo-Yao, CHEN Shui-Bo
    2018, 47(11):  81-85. 
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    A gold-bearing polymetallic sulfide ore was found in Shanxi. The main metallic minerals are electrum， pyrite， followed by sphalerite and galena， a little chalcopyrite， etc. The main gangue minerals are quartz， followed by potassium feldspar， sericite， etc. Electrum is the most important gold mineral， silver-bearing sulfide ore is the most important silver mineral， galena is the most important lead mineral， sphalerite is the most important zinc mineral. The main gold and silver carrier mineral is pyrite， which dissemination size is coarse. Gold， silver， lead and zinc resources was recovered by the on-site process of primary flotation process of gold-lead bulk in alkaline environment， and then zinc flotation. The recovery of gold was low， and the mutual content of lead and zinc concentrate is serious. In order to determine the efficient and reasonable development technology of the ore， beneficiation experiment was conducted. Results show that the ore at the grinding fineness of -0.074 mm accounting 65%，by the process of gold gravity separation via Nielsen concentrator， in weakly alkaline environment gold-lead bulk flotation from gravity tailings with one-roughing， one-cleaning and one-scavenging， gold-lead mixed concentrate separation with one-flotation， zinc flotation from gold-lead bulk flotation tailings with one-roughing， tow-cleaning and one scavenging， and the middlings back to the flowsheet in turn. Gold concentrate by gravity with gold grade of 264.53 g/t， silver grade of 1 042.50 g/t， gold recovery of 49.67%， silver recovery of 5.67%； gold concentrate by flotation with gold grade of 42.35 g/t， silver grade of 998.36 g/t， lead grade of 21.31%， gold recovery of 24.78%， silver recovery of 16.93%， lead recovery of 23.61%； lead concentrate by flotation with lead grade of 59.61%， gold grade of 23.10 g/t， silver grade of 3 745.20 g/t， lead recovery of 63.08%， gold recovery of 12.91%，silver recovery of 60.68%； zinc concentrate with zinc grade of 46.35%， zinc recovery of 88.21% was finally obtained. The process effectively recovered gold， lead， zinc and silver resources in the ore， and realized separation from each other. Addition of Nielsen concentrator for recovered gold in front of flotation， weaker alkaline environment and more efficient zinc mineral inhibitor TQ11 are the key to realize the high efficiency recovery of gold and solve the problem of lead and zinc concentrate mutual inclusion.
    Experiment on Mineral Processing of a High Carbon Lead-Zinc Ore in Gansu
    DING Lei-Lei, ZHANG Wei
    2018, 47(11):  86-90. 
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    Lead， zinc， silver and carbon contents in a lead-zinc ore of Gansu are 0.90%， 3.14%， 25.63 g/t and 6.30%， respectively. The ore belongs to high carbon lead-zinc ore， the main metal minerals in the ore are galena， sphalerite and pyrite， gangue minerals are mainly quartz， and the main carbon-bearing minerals are calcite. Galena is mainly xenomorphic granular and unequal grain embedding， some of the finer grains are scattered in the ores， while the larger grains are closely associated with sphalerite and silver-bearing minerals， sphalerite is mainly xenomorphic granular， basically has no silver， a small amount in form of fine-grained star scattered in the ore， most of which are coarse-grained， in the form of vein-like， banded， veinlet-like aggregates. The presence of carbonaceous minerals in ore can lead to difficult separation of lead and zinc. In order to solve the problem of mutual inclusion and separate of lead-zinc ore， experiment research on mineral processing had been conducted. The results showed that when the grinding fineness is -200 mesh accounts 65%， the low alkali process of one roughing three cleaning two scavenging was adopted to preferentially concentrate lead， and one roughing two cleaning two scavenging was adopted to concentrate zinc， lead concentrate with 51.45% lead， 1 098.00 g/t silver， 4.89% zinc， lead recovery of 85.26%， silver recovery of 64.17%， and zinc concentrate with 53.38% zinc， 84.87 g/t silver， zinc recovery of 91.14%， and silver recovery of 17.73% could be obtained.
    Flotation Study on a Low Grade Tungsten Ore From Jiangxi
    WEN Sheng-Lai, WANG Ling-Long, GUO Liang, FAN Lin-Qing
    2018, 47(11):  91-94. 
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    A low grade scheelite from Jiangxi has 0.20% WO3， and its mineral compositions is complex. The major species of metallic ores include scheelite， pyrrhotite and so on， and the non-metallic ores include fluorite， quartz， tremolite， talc， phlogopite， biotite， muscovite， garnet， feldspar， sericite， calcite and so on. A large proportion of calcium-bearing gangue closely associated with scheelite. In order to determine a high efficiency mineral processing technology， beneficiation experiments were carried out. The results showed that when the grinding fineness is -0.074 mm accounted 65%， NaCO3 was used as adjusting agent， sodium silicate and tannin extracts as the combined depressor， and 731 as collector， the raw ore was tackled by a desulfurization flotation and tungsten preconcentration including one roughing， two cleanings， and one scavenging flotation to obtain the rough concentrate. After intensifying mixing by sodium silicate， the rough concentrate was tackled by one roughing， two cleanings and one scavenging flotation at normal temperature to obtain tungsten rough concentrate. The tungsten rough concentrate was mixed again with sodium silicate at 90 ℃ and tackled by one roughing， five cleanings， one scavenging flotation， and finally， tungsten concentrate with WO3 grade of 50.23% and recovery of 70.32% was obtained， which efficiently recovered the scheelite.
    Study on Beneficiation Experiment of Spodumene in Guizhou
    YAN Ke-Qin
    2018, 47(11):  95-97. 
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    There is 1.21% Li2O in a spodumene ore of Guizhou. The primary gangue minerals were quartz， feldspar， apatite， magnetite， kaolinite， etc. In order to find recovery process of spodumene， beneficiation test was conducted on the ore. The flotation process was investigated in order to concentrate spodumene， followed by magnetic separation process to remove magnetite in spodumene concentrate. The results indicated that， at the grinding fineness of 83.2% -0.074 mm， with sodium oleate and salicylic acid as mixed collector （the mass proportion was 1∶1） the total dosage was 1 200 g/t， and ferric chloride as activator， the dosage was 100 g/t， via one roughing-one scavenging-three cleaning closed circuit process to enrich spodumene， and removal of Fe by one stage low-intensity magnetic separation（the magnetic field intensity was 198.94 kA/m）. Concentrates acquired contain 6.16% Li2O and 0.45% Fe， and the recovery of Li2O was 85.43%.
    Prediction of the Particle Size Distribution in Batch Ball Mill Grinding
    LI Pei, LIU Jian-Yuan, ZHAO Rui-Chao, LIANG Bo-Wen, WANG Shao-Wei
    2018, 47(11):  98-102. 
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    It is an important direction of comminution kinetics to predict particle size distribution in grinding. A population balance model is developed based on energy input during grinding， from Herbst-Fuerstenau equation. To determine the breakage kinetic parameters （breakage rate and breakage distribution）， a limited number of mono-particle-size batch grinding tests are taken； with the fitting method come up with Austin etc， the parameters are determined in all sizes， which are then introduced into the model. Grinding products size distribution model was obtained， and used to prediction， a set of verification tests are taken， and the model predicts well， proving its availability.
    Metallogenic Structure Analysis and Deep Metallogenic Prognosis of Longshan Au-Sb Deposit，Hunan Province
    SU Te, QIAN Jian-Ping, PENG Qiao-Liang, WANG Bo-Yun, GUAN Xian-Dong
    2018, 47(11):  103-111. 
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    Longshan Au-Sb Deposit is located in the middle of Au-Sb metallogenic belt in central Hunan Province， the east of Baimashan-Longshan-Ziyunshan east-west fornix shaped uplift area.Although some new prospecting progress has been acquired in the mining area，deep prospecting breakthrough has not be achieved.Based on systematic summary of the regional metallogenic geological background，geological characteristics of the mining area and deposit，the metallogenic tectonic pattern，tectonic ore-controlling regularity and tectonic evolution sequences of the mining area are analyzed and summarized.The study results show that:in general，the distribution of deposit is controlled by forward structures；the metallogenic structural pattern is characterized double cross pattern；the obvious dominant metallogenic orientations of the mining area is NWW and NE；the orebodies show the distribution characteristics of intersecting between poor ore section and rich ore section in the strike and the tendency.Based on the above discussion results，the deep metallogenic prognosis is carried out.It is indicated that the key prospecting area in this mining area is the No.1 ore vein group，which is located in 101#~105# exploration lines and its vertical elevations is from -440 m to -610 m；the No.2 ore vein，which is located in 210#~214# exploration lines，and its vertical elevation is from 200 m to 50 m.The above areas can be taken as the prospecting target areas for further prospecting work of the mining area.
    Metallogenic Geological Characteristics and Prospecting Potential of the Gold Deposit on the Both Sides of Xiguanzhuang-Zhenping Fault Zone in East Qinling
    YI Zhi-Qiang, GUO Xian-Pei, WEN Jing, YAN He-Long, XIE Ke, YANG Tao
    2018, 47(11):  112-119. 
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    Xiguanzhuang-Zhenping fault zone belongs to Shangdan fault zone，which is an important precious metal metallogenic belt，extending from the boundary between Henan and Shaanxi Province to Nanyang Basin.Through the investigation of the whole fault zone and the key research of Jiucaigou-Muxiongshan area，the regional geochemical characteristics，regional resources characteristics and metallogenic geological characteristics of the both sides of Xiguangzhuang-Zhenping fault zone （study area） are analyzed，and prospecting indicators of the study area are summarized.The study results show that:①gold ore veins in the area are mainly controlled by the secondary structure of Xiguanzhuang-Zhenping fault zone；②further activation and migration of the metallogenic elements and associated elements are caused by Xiguanzhuang-Zhenping fault zone and its secondary structures，with the change of physical and chemical conditions，the metallogenic elements and associated elements are deposited and enriched in favorable areas，thus the gold deposit is formed；③the occurrence location of orebodies can be directly indicated by the geochemical anomalies and geophysical anomalies with high resistivity and high polarization that are superimposed by secondary structures of Xiguanzhuang-Zhenping fault zone and dominated by gold element；④by comparison analysis，the study area and Laowan gold deposit have similar characteristics of geotectonic location，altered characteristics and geophysical and geochemical anomalies.Based on the above study results，three prospecting target areas in the study area are delineated，and the prospecting clues such as mineralized points and geophysical and geochemical anomalies with large scale are found in the prospecting target areas，which show that the prospecting potential of them is good，they are worth conducting further prospecting and exploration work.
    Monitoring Method of Landslide Deformation Field Based on High Resolution Remote Sensing Images Matching
    ZHANG Hui-Hui, WANG Ru
    2018, 47(11):  120-125. 
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    The feature points of panchromatic remote sensing images can be extracted by using SIFT (scale-invariant feature transform) algorithm，but the feature points is characterized by small quantity and uneven distribution，besides that，the monitoring effects of landslide deformation field is influenced to some extent.In order to improve the monitoring precise of landslide deformation field，a new method of calibrating landslide deformation field based on SIFT algorithm and CSIFT (colored scale invariant feature transform) algorithm is proposed.According to the principle of the new method，the panchromatic image and multispectral fusion image are processed by using SIFT algorithm respectively，the multispectral fusion image is processed by using CSIFT algorithm，the different feature points extracted by the above processes are superimposed，so as to obtain more feature points.Taking the slope of the south side of Fushun West open-pit coal mine as an example，the test results show that the new method can fully utilize the characteristics of the three different image matching processes，the quantity of feature points are increased greatly，which make the generated landslide deformation field more detailed and accurate，and the extent of landslide more accurate.The study result further show that the new method is characterized by higher degree of automation and lower cost，therefore，it is very suitable for monitoring large deformation field of large-scale landslide.
    Research on the Construction Ventilation Technique for the Spiral Ramp Laneway in High-elevation Mine
    ZENG Yan-Hua, PENG Kang-Fu
    2018, 47(11):  126-132. 
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    Relying on 3 390~3 220 m high-elevation ramp project in Huanglonggou Mine， and on the basis of the original construction ventilation design， the CO concentration standard is raised from 15 mg/m3 to 30 mg/m3 by referencing to the CO concentration limits from other countries. Based on the weather data near the Huanglonggou Mine， the air density ratio Kh with high elevation is fitted to calculate the air volume needed by the construction ventilation after the elevation corrected. The original scheme adopted the forced ventilation with 2 working areas. From views of energy saving and project implementation， the construction ventilation scheme was optimized to be the gallery ventilation with 3 working areas， and the foul air could be exhausted from the ore chute. After optimization， the maximum air duct length was reduced from 2 916 m to 1 330 m. The rationality of this ventilation scheme was verified by calculating the wind flow distribution of laneway through ventilation network. The field test results showed that it only needs about 20 minutes when the CO concentration is lowered to the concentration limit. This ventilation scheme can perfectly meet the technical requirement of the construction ventilation.
    Practice of Drainage Reinforcement of Yangjiawan Tailings Dump
    HUANG Wen, LI Chao-Qian, LI Peng-Fei, LIU Shu
    2018, 47(11):  133-137. 
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    The upstream damming is adopted in the Yangjiawan tailings reservoir， but the slime interlayer has seriously hindered the vertical infiltration of water. The length of the accumulative dam is increased with the sub-dam uplifting of the tailings reservoir， which is beyond the drainage range of the horizontal filter tube in the original radial discharge well. In addition， due to the hinder by the two-side base rock， the seepage path becomes longer， resulting that the local saturation line of the tailing dam is rather high， partial swamps appear at the outer slope of the sub-dam， and seepage occurs at the cut-off ditch on both sides of dam abutment. Therefore， the drainage and reinforcement of Yangjiwan tailings reservoir are required. The combined infiltration process of the multi-layer horizontal filter tube at the radial discharge well and the horizontal filter tube at the dam surface is adopted to improve the drainage capacity， reduce the infiltration line of the dam body， and increase the buried depth of the infiltrating line by an average of 0.67 m. It comes true that the actual infiltration line is not higher than the design of the control infiltration line to ensure the safety operation of the tailings dam.
    Evaluation on Suitability of Land Reclamation in Open Pit Based on FAHP-Entropy Weighting Method
    YU Chen, TANG Ming-Jie, WANG Da-Guo, LI Sha-Sha
    2018, 47(11):  138-143. 
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    The establishment of the evaluation index system and the selection of suitable evaluation methods are the main research contents of the land reclamation in the open pit. When selecting the evaluation index， some indexes such as the use of original land and the utilization status of the surrounding land were chosen. Besides， the selection method of the evaluation index in the soil was optimized. According to this， an evaluation model for the suitability of land reclamation in open pit based on FAHP-Entropy coupling weighting method was established， and the evaluation on the suitability of land reclamation in the east mining pit of the Tianshengba open pit was carried out. According to the evaluation results and the actual situation of the east mining pit in the Tianshengba open pit， it concludes that the platform and the slope of the east mining pit in the Tianshengba open pit should be shrubbery land. In addition， the bottom of the pit should be natural puddle. The evaluation index system and the suitability evaluation model established own good applicability， and can provide technical support for land reclamation in open pit.
    Safety Evaluation and Treatment Plan after Excavation Damage of Slope Foot in Washan Dump
    HONG Zhen-Chuan, WANG Guang-Cheng, ZHU Mo-Lin, CHEN Shu-Zhao, HAN Liu
    2018, 47(11):  144-148. 
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    In order to evaluate the stability of the Washan dump after being excavated， and provide corresponding treatment plans， the ground structure and the water flow within the slope are analyzed to make sure that there is no hidden danger of debris flow in the dump. According to the characteristics of the dumping slope， the limit equilibrium method was selected for the stability calculation， and the parameters and modeling were stratified according to the differences in the soil-discharging procedures and the loading time. GEO-studio was used to analyze the stability of the dump. The results showed that the current stability factor of the dump is 1.023， and the backfill presser can improve the stability of the dump. The stability of the waste dump increases linearly with the width of the backfill presser foot. When the width of the presser foot reaches 15.9 m， the stability coefficient reaches 1.20 or more.
    Soil Environmental Quality Research in Gongchangling Iron Mine Region Based on Fuzzy Mathematics Comprehensive Evaluation Method
    ZHANG Xiao-Wei, WANG 恩De, BAI Yi-Tong
    2018, 47(11):  149-154. 
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    The soil environmental quality of Liaoyang Gongchangling iron mine region was evaluated by fuzzy comprehensive method. The mining area was divided into seven typical areas rounded mining area and tailings pond， and the typical areas sampled separately. Meanwhile， contents of heavy metal Cd， Cu， Zn， Pb and Cr and soil nutrients （OM， TN， AN， TP and OP） were chosen as the main evaluation objects. Results show that Gongchangling iron mine region was seriously polluted by heavy metals， and Cd was the main pollution factor， followed by Cu and Cr. Pb and Zn showed the minimal effects on soil environmental quality. At the same time， the soil nutrients were abundant in mine region， but the AN， TP and AP， which can be quickly and efficiently utilized by plants， were poor. And the soils were not suitable for plant cultivation. Therefore， our attention were suggested to be focused on monitoring Cd contamination and making ecological restoration in time. Also， it should be noted that the fertilizer was necessary to regulate the soil nutrient structure before ecological restoration. This study provides scientific reference for the improvement and treatment of soil ecological environment in Gongchangling iron mine region.
    Study on Speciation and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals of Agricultural Soils in Shizhuyuan Mining and Its Adjacent Area
    LIU Jin-Song, HU Jun-Liang, ZHANG Kun, LEI Peng, ZHOU Xue-Liang
    2018, 47(11):  155-160. 
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    In order to assess the bioavailability of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Shizhuyuan mining and adjacent area， the sequential extraction procedure method was used to analyses the speciation of heavy metals（Cu， Pb， Zn， Cd， As and Hg）and bioavailability of heavy metals in agricultural soils. The results showed that: ①the soils are not contaminated by Hg， but polluted by Cu， Pb， Zn， Cd and As in different degrees especially by Cd， As. ②Cu， Pb and Zn were dominated by the bound to iron and manganese oxides fractions which accounted for 48.3%， 67.3% and 47.1% of the total content respectively. Cd， Fe， Mn oxides combined state content is the highest， followed by residual fraction， exchangeable fraction， and carbonate fraction. As and Hg were dominated by residual fraction and both accounted for more than 90%. ③Cd had the highest effective contents in mining and its adjacent area， the average proportion was 31.1%， which was much higher than the other 5 heavy metal elements， bioavailability is the highest， effective state of As content is the lowest， bioavailability is the lowest. Finally， suggestions on using stable remediation technology to clean pollution sources， using calcium dihydrogen phosphate to reduce the biological effectiveness of the most seriously polluted elements of Pb and Cd in soil， and using Typha and other plants to remediate abandoned industrial and mineral land and some unused land was put forward.
    The Integrated Circuit of Hybrid Charging and Drive System for a Type of Mine Motor Vehicle
    ZHU Long-Ji, WANG Qi
    2018, 47(11):  161-165. 
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    Mine motor has been widely used in transportation of underground ore-rock, equipment and personnel. In order to realize the integration of the hybrid charging and driving, a new circuit of hybrid charging and drive system is proposed by the reconstructing winding in permanent magnet synchronous motor. The battery is replaced by the battery-ultracapacitor as the energy storage device of the motor vehicle, the bi-directional DC/DC converter is used as voltage conversion device and the traditional DC motor is replaced by the isomeric permanent magnet synchronous motor to realize the integration of the hybrid charging and drive system and improve the driving performance and capacity of the mining motor vehicle. The integrated circuit of the hybrid charging and drive system with the new mine electric locomotive is simulated in MATLAB. The simulation results show that the integrated circuit of hybrid charging and drive system with the new mine electric locomotive can effectively improve the driving performance and capacity of the mine motor vehicle.
    Motion Planning of Rotating Arm Joint in Deep Sea Mining Based on Genetic Annealing Algorithm
    CHENG Yi-Fan, YANG Zhi, ZHOU Zhi-Jin
    2018, 47(11):  165-170. 
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    The stress on the rotary arm， in the mining system with rotating arm and landing leg， is complex and changeable. Analysis on the stress by the traditional dynamics usually leads to huge workload and complex equations with inconvenient solution or even non-solution. It is unavailable to make numerical solution in computer. Therefore， aiming at the joint dynamic characteristics of the rotating arm in mining system， the Kane method is used to establish the dynamics model for the attitude adjustment of the rotary arm. On this basis， the genetic annealing algorithm is adopted to plan the movement of the rotating arm so as to make the joint torque minimal and the attitude adjustment of mining more smooth and steady. It provides positive theoretical significance to develop this new type of mining system and precisely control the rotating arm in seawater.
    Research on Digital Mining Technology in JISCO Xigou Mine
    XU Shou-Xin, YAN Wei-Shan, QI Ze-Wen
    2018, 47(11):  171-175. 
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    The limestone resources within open-pit mining boundary of Xigou Mine are divided into three grades including flux limestone， grade BI cement limestone and grade BII cement limestone， according to the contents of CaO and SiO2. Before the completion of capacity expansion in Xigou mine， the utilization rate of resources was relatively low due to the capacity constraints and the mining technical conditions. In recent years， in order to meet the needs of different customers on limestone products， improve market competitiveness， and efficiently make use of and save the limestone resources， investigation on the application of the digital mining technology， the rule for the ore dilution and the reasonable caving-stripping method are carried out. Through surveying the customer’s demand on limestone products and the relevant quality standards， the complete production process system was established and the quality control system of limestone products was formulated. Based on the original common flux limestone and the cement limestone powder， the high-grade limestone blocks for stainless steel converter have been successfully prepared， and meanwhile， low-grade ores can be recovered and utilized， which can greatly increase the recovery rate of the ore and significantly improve the mining benefit.
    Study on Resources Process Mineralogy and Magnetic Pre-concentration of Eastern Tailings in Ansteel
    ZHOU Li-Bo, LI Wen-Bo, XU Rui-Qing, HAN Yue-Xin
    2018, 47(11):  176-180. 
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    The iron grade of ANSTEEL eastern tailings is 10.64%， and the FeO content is 2.71%. Iron minerals are mainly in the form of hematite and a small amount of magnetite， and the iron minerals are finely disseminated and dissociation degree is relatively lower， which is difficult to obtain high quality iron concentrate in conventional beneficiation process. In order to solve the problem of development and utilization of the secondary resources， beneficiation test was conducted on a representative sample. The results show that using the primary pre-enrichment process by low intensity magnetic clinder rough concentrate-vertical ring high gradient high intensity magnetic separation process， the tailings yield rate is up to 49.48%， and the primary pre-enriched concentrate is obtained with iron grade of 16.24% and iron recovery rate of 78.54%. The primary pre-enriched concentrate with the grinding fineness of -0.043 mm accounted for 90%， and vertical ring low intensity magnetic rough concentration-vertical ring magnetic scavenging process to obtain the iron grade of 32.08% and iron recovery of 62.68% pre-enriched concentrate. The primary pre-enrichment process by low intensity magnetic separation 1 and vertical ring high gradient high intensity magnetic separation 1 and the primary pre-enrichment concentrate is ground finely and re-enriched using the low intensity magnetic separation 2 and vertical ring high gradient high intensity magnetic separation. The magnetic pre-enriched concentrate with iron grade of 32.08% and iron recovery of 62.68% can be obtained， and the tailing yield is 79.21%. This method effectively reduces the processing capacity of the subsequent roasting and deep selection system， thereby effectively reducing the subsequent production costs and providing technical support for the efficient utilization of secondary iron ore resources.
    Experiment of Zn-Mo flotation from an Iron Ore Tailings
    WAN Li, GAO Yu-De
    2018, 47(11):  181-184. 
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    The useful mineral of an iron ore tailings are mainly pyrite， sphalerite and molybdenite， and the main gangue minerals are garnet， quartz， calcite， etc. In order to recover the useful minerals in the iron ore tailings and realize the high efficient resource utilization， experimental study on mineral processing of the iron ore tailings has been conducted. The results showed that for the iron ore tailings containing 0.86% Zn， 0.023% Mo and 10.09% S， the zinc， molybdenum and sulphur minerals could be recovered from the iron ore tailings by zinc-molybdenum-sulphur bulk flotation with one roughing three cleaning three roughing， and zinc-molybdenum flotation separation from sulphur minerals with one roughing four cleaning one scavenging. With the process concerned above， zinc-molybdenum mixed concentrate of 41.53% Zn and 0.797% Mo with recoveries of 92.87% and 67.26% and sulfur concentrate of 51.75% S with recovery of 91.51% could be obtained.
    Experiment of Flotation Recovery and Leaching of Lithium from a Tungsten Tailings in Ganzhou
    WANG Wei, CHANG Xue-Yong, LIU Lin, LIU Hong-Zhao, CAO Yao-Hua, ZHANG 　Bo, WANG Hong-Liang, ZHAO Heng-Qin-1
    2018, 47(11):  185-188. 
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    A tungsten tailings in Ganzhou contains 0.34% Li2O， the lithium is mainly contained in the mica. The flotation process conditions and lithium flotation concentrate roasting-leaching process conditions were studied to determine the lithium recovery and utilization process. The results showed that a lithium concentrate could be gotten with the Li2O grade 1.18% and lithium recovery rate 58.69% through the flotation process of one roughing three cleaning three scavenging and middlings returned to the flowsheet in turn closed circuit. The lithium reaching rate could reach to 98.80% while the leaching conditions were flotation lithium concentrate mixed with chlorinating agent (the mass ratio of calcium chloride to sodium chloride is 1∶1) by mass ratio 1∶0.6 ， roasting 1 h at 900 ℃， leaching 2 hours at 50 ℃， the ratio of liquid to roasting product 1.5∶1. Therefore， the flotation-chlorination roasting-leaching process could realize the comprehensive recovery of lithium from the tungsten tailings in Ganzhou.
    Test of Solidification of Arsenic-containing Tailings Using Blast Furnace Slag-Steel Slag Based Cementitious Material
    YAN Qi-Hui, NI Wen, GAO Wei, LI Yun-Yun, ZHANG Yu-Ying
    2018, 47(11):  189-192. 
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    In order to confirm the possibility of solidification of arsenic-containing tailings by blast furnace slag-steel slag based cementitious materials （metallurgical slag cementitious material， abbreviation is MSC）， taking the lead-zinc mine tailings of a concentrator in Guangxi that contain 0.11% arsenic and the leaching concentrations of arsenic is 0.66 mg/L as the research object to prepare paste filling materials. The effects of the formulation of the cementitious material on the fluidity of the paste filling materials， the compressive strength of the solidified body， the leaching concentrations of arsenic and the pH of the leachate were investigated. Experimental results show that， if the mixed ratio of the backfilling materials of cementing agent to tailings is 1∶4， and subsequently the backfilling materials has a solid content of 86% in weight， and the dosage ratio of blast furnace slag， steel slag， desulfurization gypsum， and calcium hydroxide is 51%， 25.5%， 8.5%， and 15%， the fluidity of the filling slurry is 300 mm， and meet the requirements of paste filling and self-flow conveying. The average compressive strength of the solidified body is 20.19 MPa after 28 days curing at 40 ℃， and meet the requirements of cemented backfilling for compressive strength of filling body. The leaching concentrations of arsenic is lower than testing limit that is 0.004 mg/L. The addition of calcium hydroxide makes MSC more effective to immobilize arsenic. It is mainly reflected in the reaction of calcium hydroxide with arsenic ions to form Ca-As-O salt with low solubility， and is encapsulated by cementitious material hydration product C-S（A）-H gel. Furthermore， the addition of calcium hydroxide increases the pH of the leachate and the concentrations of Ca2+ in the leachate， and Ca2+ react with AsO43-， AsO33-， in formation of Ca-As insoluble precipitates to reduce the arsenic leaching concentrations.
    Modification of Desulfurization Ash and Its Effect on Properties of Slag Based Filling Materials
    YANG Hao, WANG Zhi-Qiang, ZHAN Bing-Gen
    2018, 47(11):  193-196. 
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    In order to solve the environmental pollution problem caused by desulfurization ash slag accumulation， and to use it and other solid waste as the main raw materials to produce low-cost filling materials for underground mine filling. The filling material's performance test， and the hydrated products of the filled test pieces were analyzed by SEM， on the basis of modifying the desulfurization ash slag， the modified desulfurization ash， reinforcing agent， gypsum， slag and tailings were used as raw materials. The results show that:① Modifier CHJ-1 can reduce the content of CaSO3 in desulfurization ash by 48.30% when the dosage is 2%， the modification temperature is 120 ℃， and the modification time is 12 h. ②The change of the amount of modified desulfurization ash has little effect on the fluidity of the filling slurry. The content of modified desulfurization ash increased from 10% to 15%， the shrinkage rate of filling slurry decreased significantly， and the compressive strength of specimens of various curing ages increased significantly. The amount of modified desulfurization ash continued to increase to 20%， the shrinkage rate of the filling slurry was significantly increased， and the compressive strength of the specimens of various curing ages was significantly reduced. When the content of modified desulfurization ash is 15%， the filling degree of filling slurry is 152 mm and the shrinkage ratio is 1.41%. The compressive strength of filling specimens is 1.28 MPa and 2.86 MPa for 7 d and 28 d， respectively. And can match downhole filling requirements. ③Modified desulfurization ash could successfully stimulate the hydration reaction of slag. The hydration products are mainly rod-shaped ettringite and cluster-like hydrated calcium silicate gel， and the space network structure formed by interpenetrating them makes the filling specimens has structural strength， and as the curing age increases， the number of hydration products increases， and the compressive strength of the filling specimens increases.