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    15 December 2018, Volume 47 Issue 12
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    Progress on the Association between Mesostructural Parameters and Macromechanical Behaviors of Weakly Cemented Rocks
    SONG Chao-Yang, NING Fang-Bo
    2018, 47(12):  1-9. 
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    Weakly cemented rocks (WCRs) primarily comprise grains and cementing materials which were formed due to effects of compaction and cementation with the characteristics of multiscale， heterogeneity and complexity. Their macromechanical behaviors of the cemented rocks are greatly influenced by physical properties， cementation characteristics and the structural system consisting of the microscopic grains and cementing materials. In this research， an analysis idea of the macro-， and meso-， structures of WCRs is generally demonstrated. Furthermore， existing experimental techniques for researching the mesostructure of WCRs and methods of quantitatively selecting mesostructural parameters are summarized. Additionally， previous studies on the influence of single variable for mesostructural parameters on macromechanical behaviors of WCRs are also reviewed. It is proposed that the basic principles have to follow when WCRs model was established for characterizing the macrostructural evolution of WCRs； Based on this aforementioned， the evolution of grain-to-grain contact characteristics was revealed in the evolution of mesostructure for WCRs under stress state；It aims to proposing a method for extracting and determining critical characteristics of evolving mesostructure via measurement techniques， to lay a foundation for the research on the association between quantitatively measured mesostructural parameters and macromechanical behaviors of WCRs.
    Study on Structural Parameters Optimization and Stability of Stope for Large-scale Backfill Mining
    LIU Jian-Dong, JIE Lian-Ku, CAO Hui
    2018, 47(12):  10-13. 
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    The two-stage underground mining of Jiama Copper Polymetallic Mine adopts the large diameter deep hole stage mining method with subsequent backfilling. In order to effectively control the ground pressure disaster and realize the safe and efficient mining of the ore body， the stability of the roof and pillar of the stope is synthetically studied by a variety of methods including the theoretical calculation， Mathews stability map and FLAC3D numerical simulation. On this basis， the reasonable structure parameters of the stope are determined. The results show that the width of 12 m， 15 m and 18 m can meet the requirements of pillar stability. When the width of the stope is 18 m， the maximum allowable stope length is 77.3 m. When the length of the stope is 60 m， the maximum allowable width of the stope is 22.4 m. Considering the stability of the stope and the deep high stress environment， 15 m is more suitable for the width of the Jiama Copper Polymetallic Mine， and the stope structure parameters are recommended as 15 m×60 m.
    Study on the Stability of Filling Body and the Rib Pillar Recovery Sequence in Three Mining Areas of Aoniu Iron Mine
    HU Shi-Li, YI Fu-Qiang, ZHOU Le, ZHANG Shi-Yu, QIU Jing-Ping
    2018, 47(12):  14-18. 
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    With the recovery of pillars in the three mining areas of the Aoniu Iron Mine， the filling body loses the limit of the side pressure of the pillar and the exposure area becomes larger and larger. Since the force condition of the filling body is changed， its stability is affected. Therefore， it is necessary to study the stability of the filling body and optimize the stoping sequence. Based on the physical properties of ore & rock and the pillar recovery method， the mechanical model of the filling body of the room is established， the stability of the filling body under force during the mining is analyzed， and the limit self-standing height of the filling body is calculated； At the same time， according to the field situation， 2 kinds of overall rib pillar mining sequence plans and 2 kinds of rib pillar stoping sequence plans are proposed， and the related numerical calculation is carried out. The calculation results show that: the best sequence for the overall rib pillar mining is from bottom to top， with lower stress concentration and higher safety. In the mining sequence of 265 m middle rib pillar， the first， third and fifth rib pillar are recovered firstly， then the second and fourth rib pillar are mined， with less displacement. The research results provide theoretical basis for the rib pillar stoping on site.
    The Mechanical Mode Construction and Parameter Optimization for False Roof of Reinforced Concrete
    DU Yong-Liang
    2018, 47(12):  19-26. 
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    It is a new technique of mining with subsequent backfilling that the artificial false roof of reinforced concrete is in large exposure span and high stope height. However， the false roof of reinforced concrete costs high， so it is necessary to determine the reasonable parameters of strength， thickness， and reinforcement ratio of the false roof. In view of the technical features of the false roof with large exposure span and high stope height at high-stage subsequent backfilling stoping in a lead-zinc mine of Inner Mongolia， the mechanical models of false roof of reinforced concrete was simplified into thin plate and simply supported beams theory models， obtaining that the safety ratio of false roof of reinforced concrete increases in polyno-mials with the increase of the thickness of false roof of reinforced concrete. The laws between the strength of concrete， the safety ratio， and the thickness of false roof were revealed. Using economic reinforcement ratio theory and FLAC3D software， the optimum thickness of the false roof of reinforced concrete is determined as 1.5 m， the strength as 20.0 MPa ，and the reinforcement parameter as [?]25 mm×95 mm. The research result showed that the reinforced concrete false roof can be in a stable state under the action of its self weight and the upper filling body， which verify the reasonabilty of the thickness of the false roof and the reinforcement parameters. It guides the design of false roof of reinforced concrete in underground mine.
    Study on the Stability of Interval Pillar Recovery under the Complex Backfilling Body in Sanxin Gold and Copper Mine  
    GE Yong-Xiang, ZHANG Cong-Rui, WANG Wei, LEI Gao, REN Gao-Feng, WU Qi
    2018, 47(12):  27-33. 
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    In view of the stability of the interval pillar recovery under the complex filling body， and with the mining of -370 m middle section of the Sanxin Gold and Copper Mine in Hubei as background， an optimization scheme was put forward: the ore room with interval pillar is divided into three layers and then explored from bottom upwards， and the size of each layer is 12 m × 10 m with the retaining wall of 1m. The stability of the stoping process was studied by the similar simulation test， and the displacement and stress variation of the two sides and the roof of the mining room were revealed. Then， the results of the similar simulation tests were compared and analyzed with help of the finite difference software FLAC3D. The results showed that the similarity test results were in good agreement with the numerical simulation results. In the process of pillar recovery， the displacement of both sides and roof of the room is less， and the strain values tend to be stable， which indicates that the stability of the stoping process based on this scheme is well， and the safe and efficient recovery of the pillar can be realized.
    Mining Method Optimization of Sharply-inclined Thin Orebody of a Tungsten Mine
    WU Li-Jun, HAN Xiao-Liang, LIU Bai-Pu
    2018, 47(12):  34-38. 
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    In order to select the optimal mining method and solve the problems of high mining difficulty and cost for sharply-inclined thin orebody of a tungsten mine，the preliminary mining method is determined based on the actual geological conditions and some related technical data of the mine.Through comprehensive consideration of determined 9 factors affecting mining method optimization，the index weight is determined by using analytic hierarchy process （AHP）.The membership matrix and comprehensive evaluation system are established after the dimensionless treatment.The optimal mining method is determined as short-hole shrinkage method.The engineering practice results show that the annual output of the mine is increased by 120，000 t and the annual cost is saved by nearly 4 million yuan by using short-hole shrinkage method，the achieved remarkable economic benefits are obtained，which can provide reliable reference for the similar mines.
    Mining Pressure Distribution Law and Control Method in Deep Broken Hard Rock
    FU Yu, REN Feng-Yu, HE Rong-Xing, GONG Guo-Hui, MA Dong
    2018, 47(12):  39-44. 
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    In order to figure the mining pressure distribution law in deep crushed hard rock， and with Gongchangling iron mine as engineering background， mining convergence monitoring is made in three stopes with different depths. The monitoring results show that the mining pressure in Gongchangling shows a fluctuating trend with the maximum mining pressure appearing at about 8 m away from the boundary of the gob. The peak of mining pressure appears within 3 m above the hanging wall and 10 m below the foot wall. The influence scope of the pressure exceeds 11.5 m along the direction of the ore-body， and the concentrated mining pressure exists in the range of 8.5 to 11.5 m from the working face. The peak mining pressure is within 6.2 to 9.3 m to the boundary by auxiliary side-pressure monitoring， which verifies the maximum mining pressure appearing at about 8 m away from the boundary. On this basis， a bolt-net-grouting joint support scheme is proposed to solve the problem of mining pressure in deep underground and achieve expected supporting effect.
    Experimental Study on the Influence of Freeze-thaw Cycles on Longitudinal Wave Velocity of Saturated Rock
    CUI He-Jia, XIA Dong, WU Chao-Song, WU Yang
    2018, 47(12):  45-50. 
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    In order to investigate the effect of freeze- thaw cycles on the longitudinal wave velocity and the damage variable of saturated rock，40 freeze-thaw cycles were carried out on saturated sandstone， black cloud granulite， diorite and limestone under the condition of freezing temperature at -20 oC and melting temperature at 20 oC. The results show that the mineral composition， cementation type， pore characteristics， and the arrangement of mineral particles have a significant influence on the longitudinal wave velocity and damage variable of the rock under the same freeze-thaw conditions； after 40 freeze-thaw cycles， the longitudinal wave velocity of sandstone， black cloud granulite， diorite and limestone were decreased by 42.12%， 14.30%， 23.21% and 19.24% respectively compared with that of saturated rock samples； the reduction of longitudinal wave velocity and damage variable is more obvious in the first 5 freeze-thaw cycles. With the increase of freezing thawing times， the decreasing amplitude of the longitudinal wave velocity and the damage variable gradually decreases and tends to be stable.
    Experimental Research on Strengthening Charge Height at the Bottom of Super Deep Pre-splitting Hole
    CUI Zheng-Rong, ZHANG Xi-Liang, PAN Zu-Ying, LI Long-Fu
    2018, 47(12):  51-55. 
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    Based on the traditional pre-splitting blasting technology and taking the super deep hole pre- splitting blasting project of a certain iron ore in Northwest of China as the background， the formula of strengthening charge at the bottom of the ultra deep hole is put forward on the basis of engineering practice， that is， the height of the bottom strengthening charge is 0.1 L≤L1≤0.2 L， and the depth of L[∈]15， 30） in the formula is the hole depth. Based on the parameters design of the super deep hole pre-splitting blasting at the bottom， ANSYS/LS-DYNA numerical simulation software is used to simulate the stress field distribution and the peak pressure. The results show that the pre splitting blasting effect is best when the bottom strengthening charge is at 4 m~4.5 m. It is put forward that strengthening the bottom charge height L1 ranges at 0.15 L≤L1≤0.17 L. The field tests have been carried out， and the test results are all ideal and the bottom slit effect is good. It is proved that the strengthening charge technology at the bottom of the ultra deep pre-splitting hole is feasible and can effectively guide the mine production.
    Application of Electronic Detonator to the Smooth Blasting
    GAO Peng-Fei, JIN Peng, YANG Ling, MA Li-Fei
    2018, 47(12):  56-60. 
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    In order to obtain smooth and stable slopes and uniform fragmentation of rock after smooth blasting， the delay accuracy of electronic detonators and nonel detonators were compared and tested， on the background of the cutting excavation blasting project of Wenzhou Ring Expressway. Smooth blasting tests on parallel initiation network of electronic detonators and compound initiation network of nonel detonators were also carried out. The rock fragmentations after blasting with two kinds of detonators were contrasted， and the application of electronic detonator in smooth blasting and the fragmentation control was studied. The test results showed that the standard deviation， the range deviation and the error of delay time of electronic detonator are smaller than those of nonel detonator， but its delay performance is better than that of nonel detonator. After smooth blasting by electronic detonator， the slope surface is smooth with clear blasting hole. The rock mass obtained by blasting mostly concentrate in 10~450 mm with uniform fragmentation， which can better meet the needs of the project.
    Analysis and Discussion on the Key Factors of Mining Enterprise Resource Acquisition
    WANG Zhi-Jun
    2018, 47(12):  61-66. 
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    There are some uncertainties such as economy， market， resource endowment condition， enterprise control ability and national policies when making decisions on mining resources acquisition for decision makers of mining enterprises. It maybe delay the best time for resource endowment when decision makers rely more on the traditional method of judging and making decisions through feedback of technical and economic indicators after design is completed. It is considered that among the uncertainties affect decision-making and judgment， only the ability of control and resource endowment condition can be controlled and selected by enterprises， while other factors cannot be controlled， and the resource endowment condition is the main factor to judge the success or failure of the project when the enterprise management and control ability is constant based on the practical experience in resource development. The fast and convenient judgment model is constructed by the grey theory on account of the five key elements of resource endowment conditions such as size of reserves and depth of burial， ore grade， the size of deposit's water inflow， ore， rock stability and ore milling performance， were used as evaluation indexes. It provides an effective decision-making basis for enterprise decision makers.
    A Review of Froth Entrainment in Flotation Process
    LI Hong-Qiang, ZHENG Hui-Fang, GE Wu, WENG Xiao-Qing, SONG Shao-Xian, XIAO Lin-Bo
    2018, 47(12):  67-72. 
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    In the process of fine mineral flotation， hydrophilic gangue minerals report into concentrate by froth entrainment， which leads to the decrease of concentrate grade. To reveal the theories of water drainage and gangue particles drainage will provide theoretical basis for the research of foam structure and foam entrainment behavior in flotation. The froth entrainment of gangue is a common phenomenon in the process of flotation. There is a liner relationship between recovery of gangue entrainment and recovery of concentrate water. Two-phase foam drainage is controlled by gravity， capillary force （surface tension） and viscous force. The water drainage of two-phase foam with different liquid content follows different drainage formula. The drainage of gangue particles of three-phase foam follows the convection-diffusion model； the entrainment recovery rate of gangue is controlled by the water drainage and the concentration distribution of gangue particles. Flotation operation conditions， hydrophilic gangue characteristics， slurry characteristics and foam structure are the main factors affecting foam entrainment. Optimization of flotation operation conditions， change of flotation flow sheet and reagent scheme can effectively reduce the foam entrainment of gangue and improve flotation selectivity. In the future， it is necessary to develop methods， devices or instruments to characterize three-phase flotation froth. The structure and morphology of three-phase froth， the movement path and distribution law of hydrophobic mineral particles and hydrophilic gangue particles in the froth， the mathematical model of water drainage and gangue drainage in three-phase flotation froth also need to be detailed studied. In addition， although the technologies developed could effectively reduce the foam entrainment of gangue， it is still difficult to eliminate the froth entrainment of gangue， thus some revolutionary technologies must be developed.
    Research Status of Pre-concentration Technology of Stone Coal Type Vanadium Ore
    HU Yang, HE Dong-Sheng, XIE Zhi-Hao, WU Yu-Yuan, LI Ke-Yao
    2018, 47(12):  73-79. 
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    At present， wet process is usually adopted for vanadium extraction from stone coal. Due to the low grade of vanadium， the consumption of acid and alkali in leaching process is large. Pre-enrichment of the vanadium ore deposit before leaching can significantly reduce production costs. Summarizes the development results of the pre concentration technology of China's stone coal vanadium ore， and mainly introduces the scrubbing process， gravity separation process， flotation process and combined mineral processing technology. For the fine-grained clay-type stone-coal-vanadium ore， which is difficult to be effectively enriched by conventional heavy， magnetic and flotation ore processes， the scrubbing process can be effectively enriched by utilizing the difference in hardness or shape of the mineral. The re-election process has large amount of processing capacity， simple equipment structure， and low cost， and the pre-enrichment of stone-coal vanadium ore should be given preference. The flotation process has a wide range of applications， strong adaptability， and high sorting efficiency. It can be used to sort the stone-coal vanadium deposits with complicated state of occurrence and fine grain size， and the product quality of flotation and enrichment is generally higher. With the complex composition of the stone-coal vanadium ore， it is difficult to efficiently separate the vanadium-bearing minerals from gangue minerals by using single beneficiation process， and other processes may be combined and enriched and recovered according to the characteristics of the ore. The coal-vanadium ore pre-enrichment technology has been gradually reduced the processing capacity， the vanadium leaching rate has been significantly increased， and the production cost has been reduced. In the future， advanced molecular modeling technology studies molecular dynamics mechanisms to study the role of flotation chemicals and mineral surfaces， develops new and more efficient flotation agents， and develops gravity separation equipment that is suitable for vanadium ore. In the production process， the traditional mineral processing and metallurgical boundaries will be gradually diverted， and the combination of smelting and metallurgy will be developed to improve the process and improve the utilization of stone coal resources.
    Classification Pre-concentration Discarding Test of Extremely Poor Hematite Ore
    YU Ze-Long, ZHU Ju-Jian, GUO Xiao-Fei, LI Bo-Qi
    2018, 47(12):  80-83. 
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    There is 18.25% TFe in the extremely poor hematite from Qidashan iron ore in Anshan area， main metal mineral is hematite， and the gangue mineral is mainly quartz. In order to improve the pre-selection index， a classification pre-selection tail-splitting process test was carried out. After screening with sieve size of 3 mm， dry-type high intensity magnetic pre-selection of 3~15 mm fractions was carried out by a two-roller high intensity magnetic preselection magnetic separator at double-roller speed of 1.25 m/s. The pre-concentrate was finely crushed to P80 of 1.62 mm by laboratory high pressure roller mill， and then mixed with the -3 mm size fraction of under sieve， and wet-preselected by SCG-150 wet permanent magnetic high gradient magnetic separator. The pre-selected concentrate TFe grade can reach 31.44%. The recovery rate of the operation is 83.03%， the recovery rate to the original ore is 75.60%， and the tailings with a yield rate of 56.12% and an iron grade of 8.19% are discarded. The test results provide a research basis for the development and utilization of extremely poor hematite resources.
    Influencing Mechanism of Ions with Different Valences on Chalcopyrite Flotation
    WANG Liang, LI Yu-Biao, LI Wan-Qing
    2018, 47(12):  84-88. 
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    With the shortage of freshwater resources， mineral processing backwater is gradually used for flotation of chalcopyrite. The impurity ions in the backwater will affect the flotation index of chalcopyrite. Therefore， taking Na+，Ca2+，Al3+ as examples， the effects of impurity ions with different valences on the flotation of chalcopyrite and their mechanism were studied. The test results show that NaCl had an obviously positive effect on chalcopyrite flotability， high concentration of CaCl2 significantly inhibited floatability of chalcopyrite， AlCl3 has a certain inhibitory effect on floatability of chalcopyrite， but the effect is not significant. Surface contact angle， Zeta potential and phase diagram of chalcopyrite show that high concentration of NaCl hinders bubble merger， increases pulp foaming， compresses electric double layeron mineral surface， reduces energy barrier of bubble reaching mineral surface， promotes bubble-particle adhesion， and improve the floatibility of chalcopyrite; CaCl2 inhibits chalcopyrite flotation by forming hydrophilic Ca2+ hydroxyl complex （Ca（OH）+） in solution， adsorbing on the surface of chalcopyrite through strong affinity， reducing the negative Zeta potential of chalcopyrite， thereby reducing its surface hydrophobicity and inhibiting chalcopyrite flotation. The inhibition effect of AlCl3 on chalcopyrite flotation is mainly due to the hydrophilic precipitation of aluminium hydroxide formed on the surface of chalcopyrite， which results in the weakening of the hydrophobicity of the surface of chalcopyrite. However， due to the low sedimentation concentration， it has limited effect on chalcopyrite surface potential and flotation.
    Experimental Study on Mineral Processing of a High-sulfur Cu-Zn Ore in Hebei
    JIN Zhi-Yi, YAN Hui-Xian, TIAN Jiang-Tao, TANG Ping-Yu, CAO Yue-Ming
    2018, 47(12):  89-93. 
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    The content of pyrite in copper-zinc polymetallic sulfide ore in Hebei Province is high， and the relationship between copper and zinc minerals is closely and complicated. The content of copper， zinc and sulfur is 1.14%， 6.67% and 29.12%， and belongs to high sulfur copper-zinc ore. To provide basis for rational development and utilization of the ore， beneficiation experiment was conducted. Results show that， via one roughing one cleaning one scavenging copper flotation， one roughing one cleaning one scavenging of zinc flotation on copper tailings，one roughing one scavenging of sulfur flotation on zinc tailings， copper concentrate with copper grade of 24.13%，zinc content of 9.33% and copper recovery of 73.86%， zinc concentrate with zinc grade of 50.63%， copper content of 1.95%，and the zinc recovery of 91.01%， sulfur concentrate with sulfur grade of 53.34% and sulfur recovery of 74.46% was obtained. The experimental results can be used as the basis for the comprehensive development and utilization of the high sulfur copper-zinc ore.
    Experimental Study on Flotation of a Gold-bearing Copper Ore from Yunnan Province at Natural pH
    WEN Kai, CHEN Jian-Hua
    2018, 47(12):  94-98. 
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    There is 1.06% Cu, 0.38 g/t Au, 3.56% S in a gold-bearing copper ore in Yunnan. In order to recovery gold during copper recovery process, flotation tests under natural pH conditions were conducted. Results show that, the new environmental protection inhibitor D82 can effectively inhibit the recovery of pyrite while improving the recovery of gold. Under the conditions of grinding fineness of -0.074 mm and 75.5%, using D82 as the inhibitor, Z-200 as collector, after one roughing two cleaning two scavenging copper flotation, copper flotation tailings with copper sulfate as the activator, butyl xanthate as collector, after one roughing one cleaning one scavenging sulfur flotation closed circuit flotation, copper concentrate with copper grade 46.83%, gold grade 14.22 g/t, copper recovery rate 93.22%, gold recovery rate 78.96%, sulfur concentrate with sulfur grade 58.69%, recovery rate 75.18% was obtained. The process of copper flotation sulfur depression using D82 as depressor under natural pH conditions has reference values for sulfide ore flotation, which associated with precious metals.
    Fundamental Study of Different Impurity Ions on Chalcopyrite Leaching Process
    WANG Hong-Duo, LI Yu-Biao, WANG Bing, WANG Xin-Yu
    2018, 47(12):  99-103. 
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    The effects of impurity ions on chalcopyrite leaching were investigated to investigated influence of impurity minerals on chalcopyrite leaching. The results showed that Al2（SO4）3 promoted Cu leaching， while Na2SO4， K2SO4， MgSO4 inhibited Cu leaching. Compared with [SO2-4]， the presence of Cl- in solution promoted the formation of a porous sulfur layer that accelerating the diffusion of leaching agent， thereby enhancing chalcopyrite leaching. The kinetic analysis indicated that chalcopyrite leaching with low concentrations of Na+， K+and Al3+ chalcopyrite leaching is controlled by surface chemical reaction while in the presence of MgSO4， it is controlled by diffusion. In addition， chalcopyrite leaching in the presence of Cl-was controlled by surface chemical reaction， chalcopyrite leaching in the presence of [SO2-4] was controlled by diffusion. The results can provide reference in increase copper leaching rate in chalcopyrite hydrometallurgy.
    Study on Purifying of Quartz Sand in Hubei
    ZHOU Peng, GAO Hui-Min, REN Zi-Jie
    2018, 47(12):  104-108. 
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    A large number of quartzite ore with 98.86% SiO2 have been discovered in Hubei. In order to obtain high-quality quartz products， beneficiation purification experiment was conducted. Firstly， the samples were screened into three sizes of +0.6 mm， 0.1~0.6 mm and - 0.1 mm. -0.1 mm particle size product was discarded as tailings directly. Magnetic separation-flotation-acid leaching process was conducted on 0.1~0.6 mm particle size. Firstly， iron in ore is removed by high gradient high intensity magnetic separation. Mica in non-magnetic products are removed by one roughing one cleaning reverse flotation with oxalic acid as inhibitor and dodecyl amine as collector. Finally， quartz sand with 99.79% SiO2， 73.70×10-6 impurity Fe2O3 and 90.93% whiteness can be obtained from flotation concentrate by acid leaching with mixed acid of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid as leaching agent and acid leaching at 60 ℃ for 6 h，which can be used not only as photovoltaic glass quartz sand， but also as quartz plate. Quartz sand with 99.85% SiO2 and 62.65×10-6 impurity Fe2O3 can be obtained by acid leaching with +0.6 mm particle size and color separation， which meets the quality requirements of quartz plate.
    Research Progress of Ilmenite Flotation Reagents and Microwave Pretreatment Improve Flotation Index
    ZANG Zhao-Wen, CHEN Zhen, CHEN Jia-Huan, HE Li-Fang, LI Chun-Long, HUANG Song-Wei
    2018, 47(12):  109-114. 
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    Flotation is the most effective method for the enrichment of ilmenite due to the low grade and complex properties of titanium resources in China. The research progress of ilmenite flotation agents was reviewed from the perspectives of collector， activator and inhibitor. The relationship between the surface properties of ilmenite minerals and it’s floatability and the research progress of microwave surface pretreatment to improve the floatability of ilmenite are reviewed. In the flotation of ilmenite， the collector mainly functions on the mineral surface by means of chemical adsorption. The collectors combination use will have good flotation index than using single flotation reagents. In ilmenite flotation inhibitors， there are many reports on the activation of lead ions， copper ions and sulfuric acid， etc. also reported in recent years. Microwave is applied to the surface pretreatment of ilmenite， which reduces the consumption of collector， inhibitor， activator and other flotation agents. In the future， the main direction of ilmenite flotation technology development is still to develop new， environmentally friendly， low-cost and efficient flotation agents.
    Application of Ultra-finely Crushing by High Pressure Grinding Rolls in Pre-concentration of Lean Magnetite Ore
    CUI Shao-Wen, GUO Xiao-Fei, XI Yue, LIU Shu-Jie
    2018, 47(12):  115-118. 
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    Based on the working principle and product characteristics of High Pressure Grinding Rolls (HPGR)，the role of ultra-finely crushing by HPGR in the process of lean magnetite ore crushing were analyzed. The special laminating and crushing method of HPGR makes the crushed product have the characteristics of high content of fine-grained particles, sufficient development of micro-cracks and good dissociation characteristics. Ultra-finely crushing by HPGR - pre-concentration process can throw a large amount of tailings to improve the grade before lean magnetite ore enter into the mill. The efficiency of separation is improved by reducing the amount of grinding and reducing the Bond work index of ore, which is conducive to energy saving. In the future, the adaptability of HPGR equipment to ore properties and production process should be strengthened, a new type of HPGR equipment with high efficiency and low consumption should be developed. The process has better indicators when HPGR was used in conjunction with advanced pre-concentration equipment. The development of matching advanced pre-concentration equipment for the characteristics of HPGR products which have great significance for improving the index of ultra-finely crushing by HPGR - pre-concentration process.
    Approach for Improving the Copper Flotation Recoveries of Sizhou Plant in Dexing Copper Mine
    LUO Shi-Jun, LIU Jian-Guo, HE Yue-Hua, TANG Dong-Mei, MAO Xiang-Rong, LIU Sheng, HUANG Yao-Guo, LIU Guang-Yi
    2018, 47(12):  119-122. 
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    Aiming at the characteristics of refractory copper ore（copper grade is 0.31%） in Dexing Copper Mine， flotation experiment was conducted based on the analysis of ore property. The chalcopyrite is mainly disseminated distributed in the ore， and some of it is distributed as fine granule in the gangue or wrapped by gangue. A small amount of chalcopyrite and pyrite are adjacent to each other. Whole flow of closed circuit flotation results show that at the grinding fineness of 61.60% passing 0.074 mm， lime regulating slurry pH value of 8.0， using Mac-12 + butyl xanthate as collector， via one roughing two scavenging copper flotation， rough concentrate reground to 68% passing 0.037 mm， via one roughing two cleaning two scavenging copper flotation， copper concentrate with copper grade of 27.27% and recovery of 85.56% was obtained， copper grade and recovery increased by 1.68 and 3.95 percentage points respectively. Increase pulp pH or optimize collector mass ratio can improve foaming structure， increase flotation index.
    CT Scanning and Quantitative Characterization of 3D Pores in Ore Particle Beds
    JI Cheng-Fei
    2018, 47(12):  123-126. 
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    In order to research three-dimensional （3D） characterization of the pore structure features in the packed ore particle bed are focused. X-ray computed tomography（CT）scanning was applied to deriving the cross-sectional images of specimens with single particle size of 1~3，3~5，5~7，7~9，9~10 mm. Based on the in-house developed 3D image analysis programs using Matlab， the volume porosity， pore size distribution and degree of connectivity were calculated and analyzed in detail. The results show that the porosity， equivalent pore radius and median pore diameter （d50） increase with the increase of grain size. The pore connectivity of samples with different grain size deposits obtained by cluster labeling method exceeds 80%， and the curves keeps a fast growth rate first and then slow growth rate with the increase of particle size. The results provide a reference for further understanding the pore characteristics and permeability of tailings heap formed by heap leaching process.
    Geological Characteristics and Prospecting Prospective of Jinjiaya Antimony Deposit in Xichuan County， Henan Province
    JI Heng-Zhao, CHEN Jin-Duo, ZHANG Kai, LI Jiao-Yan, LI Yu-Hui, YAN He-Long
    2018, 47(12):  127-133. 
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    Jinjiaya Antimony Deposit is located at Xichuan fault polymetallic metallogenic belt in the eastern part of the Southern Qinling Mountains Orogenic Belt at the junction of Henan Province and Shaanxi Province，the metallogenic conditions of the mining area is good.In order to study the prospecting potential of the area，geological prospecting and study have been carried out in the mining area by means of 1∶50 000 stream sediment survey， 1∶10 000 geological sketch survey，1∶2 000 rock profile survey and trench prospecting engineering control，besides that，geological characteristics，ore-controlling factors，prospecting indicators and prospecting prospective of the mining area are discussed in detail.The study results show that:①the orebodies are mainly hosted in a set of black siliceous rocks and yellowish clay rocks at the bottom of Shuigoukou Formation of Cambrian System；②the ductile-brittle structure is a favorable space for ore-controlling and storage，which activates and migrates the ore-forming elements in the stratum，with the change of physical and chemical conditions，antimony and other useful elements are deposited and enriched at favorable areas，therefore，the antimony deposit is formed；③the method of 1∶50 000 stream sediment survey，1∶10 000 geological survey，1∶2 000 rock survey and trench exploration and exposure has obvious prospecting effect.Based on the above discussion results，two prospecting targets areas are delineated and antimony orebodies are found in the target areas，which indicates that the prospecting prospective of the target areas is good and they are worth conducting further prospecting work.
    Stripping Volume Calculation Method Based on Terrestrial 3D Laser Scanning Technique
    WANG Sen, HE Qun, LIU Shan-Jun, MAO Ya-Chun
    2018, 47(12):  134-139. 
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    The total station for point measurement has been mainly adopted for the acceptance measurement of open-pit mines at present，which has the disadvantages of low sampling density，large volume calculation error and long measurement period.The use of 3D laser scanning for open-pit mine acceptance has become a trend.However， the existing point cloud registration algorithm has the problems of low registration efficiency and poor precision.Aming at the current iterative closet point （ICP） point cloud fine registration requires higher initial input point cloud，and the original SIFT-ICP （Scale invariant feature transform and iterative closest point） algorithm needs to use image data as the coarse registration data source of SIFT algorithm，the original SIFT-ICP algorithm is improved，and a new SIFT-ICP algorithm is proposed.The new algorithm uses only one data source of point cloud， and combines the SIFT algorithm to quickly identify feature points and ICP precise registration，which improves the initial point cloud input in the fine registration process，thus achieving fast and accurate registration.The actual application verification in Anqian Mine in Anshan City，Liaoning Province show that the new SIFT-ICP algorithm can quickly complete the terrestrial 3D laser scanning point cloud registration，and the relative error between the calculated stripping volume and the reference results is only for 0.72%，which can replace the widely-used point measurement method such as total station，besides that，the efficiency of acceptance surveys in open-pit mines can be improved.
    In-situ Determination Method of BIF Iron Ore Based on Visible and Near-Infrared Spectrum
    HE Qun, WANG Dong, LIU Shan-Jun, MAO Ya-Chun, SUN Hou-Guang, SUN Ming-Chen
    2018, 47(12):  140-145. 
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    Banded iron formation （BIF） is the main type of iron ore resources in China.The main way of mining is open-pit mining.At present，the determination method of grade is mainly based on traditional laboratory methods，tt has the disadvantages of low sampling density，long testing period and low efficiency，moreover，there is a lag effect in the grade test results，which leads to boundary delineation of orebodies is inaccurate，and the increasing of ore loss rate and dilution rate，beside that，the quality of ore matching is affected seriously.Taking Anqian Open-pit Mine as the test site，through field sample，spectral testing，model establishment，model validation test processes to reveal spectral characteristics of different rock types.The relationship between grade and spectral characteristics is established，and the method for rapid in-situ determination of BIF iron ore is studied.The results show that there are significant spectral differences among hematite，magnetite and surrounding rocks，the rock and iron ore type identification and classification model based on these differences is established，its distinction accuracy between iron ore and surrounding rock is 97.1% and the distinction accuracy between hematite and magnetite is 93.5%；the grade regression model established by partial least squares method （PLS） has a precision of 3.54%.The above study results laid a foundation for the accurate mining and rational ore matching of open-pit iron mine.
    Design and Test of the Steering System of the Articulated Bidirectional Driving for Concrete Spraying Vehicle
    CHEN Yong-Feng, GUO Pei-Yan
    2018, 47(12):  146-149. 
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    On the basis of briefly introducing the application and structure of concrete spraying vehicle with the articulated bidirectional driving， and in view of the existing safety risk in usage of the articulated bidirectional driving vehicles， the working principle of steering closure valve to realize bidirectional driving and steering was put forward， and the calculation method of the maximum steering resistance moment of the vehicle was introduced in detail. Compared with the test results， the error of maximum steering resistance moment calculated by the virtual displacement theory is less than 5%. The practice showed that this kind of steering technology can satisfy the requirements of the steering system for the concrete spraying vehicle with the articulated bidirectional driving， and it can also provide reference for the design of similar vehicles.
    Shear Tests on Freeze-thaw Interface of Coarse-grained Soils from a Mine Dump in Seasonal Frozen Regions
    CHEN Guo-Liang, NIU Fu-Jun, MU Yan-Hu, CHEN Tao, LI Guo-Yu, YANG Han
    2018, 47(12):  150-156. 
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    With the development of mineral resource exploitation in western China， the seasonal freezing-thawing effect has become more and more important to the stability of mine dump in high-altitude and cold regions. Taking a polymetallic mine in Tibet as the object， a series of shear tests on coarse-grained soils from dump of the mine at a freeze-thaw interface and under full thawed state were carried out using a large direct shear apparatus with temperature control. The effect of gravel particles content on shear strength of coarse-grained soils was considered during the test design. The results show that the shear stress-shear displacement curve of coarse soils under full thawed state performs as strain hardening， while that at freeze-thaw interface shows strain softening characteristics. Under the same content of gravel particles， the shear strength of freeze-thaw interface is approximately 2 times as much as that of full-thawed soils. The reason of this phenomenon lies in tow aspects. Firstly， the ice cementation increases the cohesive strength of the soil interface. Under the test condition， the cohesive strength increased by ice cementation is approximately 50~60 kPa. Secondly， the lubrication of water at the freeze-thaw interface is weakened， which leads to the increase of sliding friction. Moreover， the ice encapsulation on the surface of coarse particles enhances the occlusal friction between particles， so the internal friction strength of coarse particles at freeze-thaw interface is also greater than that of the thawed soils. With the increase of gravel particles content， the cohesive forces at both the freeze-thaw interface and the thawed soils decrease， while the internal friction angles increase. Compared with the thawed soils， the cohesive force of the freeze-thaw interface decreases relatively slowly and the internal friction angle increase quickly.
    Influence of Correlation Distance and Parameter Variation Coefficient on Stability Reliability of Slope under Random Field Model
    SHENG Jian-Long, YANG Bo, DI Ming-Yang
    2018, 47(12):  157-162. 
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    Because of the heterogeneity and uncertainty of soils， soil parameters are anisotropic in space. In order to study the influence of soil parameter anisotropy on slope reliability， the two-dimension random field is discretized by the local average method with C + + language to obtain the covariance matrix. With the mean value of the parameters and the standard deviation input， the calculation model of slope random field was established. With combination of the finite difference strength reduction， the response surface method and the Monte-Carlo method， the influencing rule of the correlation distance in the model and the soil cohesion coefficient on slope reliability was analyzed. The results showed that with the calculation model of the random field， the slope failure probability increases with the increase of the correlation distance under the same variation coefficient of soil cohesive force in the model. The slope failure probability shows an upward trend along with the increase of the variation coefficient of the soil cohesive force under the same correlation distance in the calculation model of random field. Compared with the horizontal direction， the influence of the correlation distance variation on the slope reliability of the calculation model is more obvious in the vertical direction.
    The Construction Measures and Methods for Waste Dump of Open Pit Metal Mine in Hylaea Area of South America
    LI Dong-Yin
    2018, 47(12):  163-166. 
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    The hylaea area of South America has a drippy climate and complicated geological condition. It is necessary to guarantee the stability of the waste dump and satisfy requirements of local strict environment protection during construction process of open pit metal mine. Thus， the waste dump construction has been the most significant during the construction of whole open pit mine. Taking the construction and usage of Stage1 waste dump in Mirador Copper Mine in Ecuador as a case， the construction measures and methods for waste dump of the open pit metal mine were elaborated from aspects of dewatering， damming， dumping ways， layered rolling， maintenance of waste dump under conditions of more raining and less rock. These construction measures and methods have been applied and generalized extensively during construction process of this mine， and also offer certain guidance to similar type of mines.
    Study on Dust Production Rules and Prevention Technology at the Discharge Port of High-deep Straight Well
    ZOU Chang-Fu, ZHOU Dong-Liang, XU Sheng-Dong, YU Zhao-Qing, ZHANG Fu-Xing
    2018, 47(12):  167-170. 
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    The dust production capacity, the dust air flow space-time evolution rules and the particle size distribution at discharge port in the high-deep straight well of Xiadian Gold Mine were analyzed. Among the dust-laden airflow at the discharge port, the proportion of dust with particle size above 10 μm is 7%, while the proportion of dust with particle size below 10 μm is about 93%, and the proportion of respirable dust is high. Based on the on-site ventilation conditions, the size and area of the discharge port and the rule of dust production, the Fluent software was used to simulate the movement track of dust-laden airflow before and after closed dust extraction, and the control measures of closed dust extraction and purification were put forward. After treatment, the total dust concentration at discharging port of the high-deep straight well was reduced from 420 mg/m3 to 8.7 mg/m3 with the dust reduction efficiency of over 97%. Thus, the problem of dust emission pollution at discharging port of the high-deep straight well can be effectively solved.
    Study on the Relationship between Grain Size Fractal and Consolidation of Weathered Soil
    MA Ya-Jie, LI Yue, LIU Bo, WANG Kun, ZHU Zhi-Cheng
    2018, 47(12):  171-174. 
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    In order to predict and evaluate the water repellency and engineering geological properties of weathered soil under the influence of mining， the relationship between fractal dimension of grain size and consolidation was studied. Based on the fractal theory， the fractal dimension of ten samples from weathered residual soil of Sinian quartz sandstone in Sijiaying Iron Mine was calculated to regressively analyze the correlation among void ratio， porosity， grain size fractal， fine grain content and compression coefficient. By calculation， it was found that the fractal dimension of weathered residual soil of quartz sandstone in Sijiaying Iron Mine ranges from 2.603 68 to 2.733 76. With the use of Curve Fitting Tool in MATLAB， the binary quadratic regression relationship among fractal dimension， fine particle content and compression coefficient was obtained. The fractal dimension of grain size has a certain guiding significance for analyzing soil consolidation.
    Structural Analysis and Design Improvement of Underground Water Sump in Luohe Iron Mine
    HE Xiao-Wen
    2018, 47(12):  173-178. 
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    The water sump is an important well lane project in the mine construction work. The water sump structure in the traditional design is discrete， there are four slants connected with two sets of desilters and water sumps，and the proportion of invalid engineering is relatively large. In order to improve the design utilization rate and improve the essential functions of the water sump civil engineering projects， intensive integration of the water sump structure was carried out， and an overall structural design plan for clearing sloping lanes， sedimentation pools， and water sumps was put forward， only one slant is designed to connect two sets of desilters and water sumps. and an independent functional area was formed by using an isolation method to facilitate construction and maintenance， and reduce construction investment and production costs.
    Research on Adsorption Performance and Mechanism of T42 Resin on Ammonia Nitrogen in Vanadium Precipitated Wastewater
    ZHENG Qiao-Qiao, ZHANG Yi-Min, HUANG , JING , BAO Shen-Xu
    2018, 47(12):  179-183. 
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    A large amount of ammonia nitrogen wastewater is produced in the process of vanadium precipitation by ammonium salts and will cause serious environment pollution if discharged directly without treatment. Therefore， four kinds of T42， D001， 001*8 and D113 resins were selected， and their adsorption performance on ammonia nitrogen in vanadium precipitation wastewater were studied. Results show that， T42 resin has the best effect on ammonia nitrogen removal. The optimum parameter for ammonia nitrogen removal by T42 resin: pH is 8， and temperature is 25 ℃ and equilibrium time is 9 min. Enthalpy change is 3.38 kJ/mol， entropy change is 18.90 J/(mol·K) and Gibbs free energy is negative at different temperatures， this indicate that the reaction of T42 resin adsorbed ammonia nitrogen is spontaneous and endothermic process. Pseudo-second order kinetic models are used to describe adsorption process of ammonia nitrogen， and the adsorption process is mainly chemical adsorption. The satisfactory removal of ammonia nitrogen were obtained under the condition of flow rate of 9 min， resin bed height of 14 cm， pH=8 and treated volume of 321 mL after three-stage series treatment， the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was 1.13 mg/L meeting Discharge standard of pollutants for Vanadium Industry. Thus T42 resin can effectively remove the residual ammonia nitrogen in the vanadium precipitated wastewater.
    Experimental Study on Heavy Metals Removal from Wastewater Containing Copper Ions by High Gradient Magnetic Separation Technology
    YU Fu-Shun, JIA Hong-Li, YANG Si-Yi
    2018, 47(12):  184-188. 
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    Common methods for the treatment of waste water containing heavy metal ions exist some in surmountable difficulties at present， such as the high cost and the secondary pollution， etc. Techniques of ferriter precipitate and high gradient magnetic separation for treating waste water containing heavy metal ions were studied. Copper sulphate solution with Cu2+concentration of 100 mg/L was adopted as typical waste water containing heavy metals. Test results show that， under the optimal solution pH of 10.47 and the molar ratio of iron salt to copper ion of 1.0， a maximum copper ionprecipitation rate of 99.98% can be achieved. The residual concentration of copper ion after precipitation is only 0.0127 mg/L. 93.39% of copper ion precipitation can be removed rapidly by HGMS method， when adding magnetite to the precipitated solution as magnetic seed. And the optimal molar ratio of Fe3O4 to copper ion is 0.8， diameter of magnetic medium of grid matrix is 0.6 mm， magnetic field intensity is 1.0 T. Test results can provide the oretical basis for the treatment techniques of waste water containing heavy metal ions， and supply some technical support for industrial application.
    Experimental Study on Reutilization a Copper Sulphur Tailings in Jiangxi Province
    LI Su, GE Ying-Yong, ZHOU Bo-Wen, FANG Ji, ZENG Xiao-Hui
    2018, 47(12):  189-192. 
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    Mineral processing operation of a concentrating plant in Jiangxi Province produced a large number of copper desulfurization tailings with iron and sulfur grades of 16.648% and 2.44% respectively. While the limited capacity of tailing dam， stacked tailings cause great harm to the environment. Therefore， magnetic separation combined flotation is used for the test. The result shows that， with the steel mesh whose diameter is 4 mm as magnetic medium， the background magnetic field intensity is 0.760 T， the slurry flow rate is 0.14 L/s， the pulsating impulse is 450 times/min， the iron grade of magnetic products has increased to 23.69% and sulfur content is 2.79%. Desulfurization flotation of magnetic products with FS as activator and isobutyl xanthate as collector shows that， the cement accessories products whose sulfur content is 1.01%， iron grade is 23.15% is gained， and the high sulfur tailing whose sulfur grade is 21.17% and sulfur recovery rate is 31.84% is simultaneously gained， desulfurization effect is good. The cement accessories products can meet the requirements of the cement industry， realize the comprehensive utilization of tailings， reduce the tailing discharge of 37.90%， reduce the pressure on the tailing dam and reduce environmental pollution.