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Table of Content

    25 January 2019, Volume 48 Issue 01
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    Application and Development of Pulp Pre-processing Equipment
    ZHANG Fu-Ya
    2019, 48(01):  1-6. 
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    It is an indispensable to pulp pre-process before flotation, for it’s great importance for purpose minerals mineralization, dispersion， mixing with reagents, and finally improving flotation index. Specifically, conditioners are most widely used and its continuous optimization makes it more efficient and energy-saving; Impeller agitating type mixer and pulp preparation device origin early but gradually fade away due to their pollution and poor mixing effect; spray-drop cabinet and pipeline mixer are mainly used in coal purification with their advantage of energy-saving and simple operation，while the giant volume of cabinet and short mixing time in pipeline constraint the application of the two device; Pulp surface modifier becomes a research hotspot due to its high dispersing and mixing efficiency and its application covering both non-metal and metal mine. It is pointed out that there is a lack of direct appraising method of mixing effect and current mixer needs specially designed. Research should be focused on the degree of reagent dispersion, mixing with minerals，or absorbing on minerals surface to evaluate mixing effect directly. Besides， different types of minerals need different mixing environment and mixers should be modified correspondingly.
    Study Progress for Microseism Monitoring Technique on the Predication and Control in Mine Water Disaster
    CHEN Ge, SUN Ya-Jun, XU Zhi-Min, LIU Qin, FENG Lin
    2019, 48(01):  7-15. 
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    Microseism monitoring technique in predication and control on mine water disaster has become an indispensable technical means，and it plays an important role in mine safety production.Microseism monitoring technique is the geophysics method characterized by indirect，nondestructive，real-time and continual，it has been included in Detailed Rules and Regulations for Control in Coal Mine Water （2018 edition）.Firstly，application principal of microseism monitoring technique for mine water disaster is analyzed；then，the feasibility and prediction regularity of the detection of groundwater runoff zones，water passages （fissure，fault and collapse column），water bursting channel，grout diffusion and goaf unknown water inrush by using microseism monitoring technique is discussed，besides that，the feasibility of monitoring and predicting mine water disaster actively is analyzed based on the multi-field coupling analysis and mutual verification by the combination of microseismic events produced in the process of artificial disturbance （such as underground drilling water，grouting，mining and so on） and the field theories （such as audio frequency electric perspective，transient electromagnetic，stress field，gas monitoring，drilling cutting，acoustic electromagnetic，seepage，rock damage，etc） is analyzed；finally，the advantages and disadvantages of microseism monitoring technique in the application of prediction and control of mine water disaster are summarized，and according to the current study results，the development tendency of the technique is studied.The results show that the main application and study of microseism monitoring technique in prediction and control in mine water disaster can be summarized as scientific arrangement of monitoring network，optimization for positioning algorithm，reliable analysis of the activity regularities of coal，rock mass and water，implementation of multi-field coupling analysis and study of the precursor regularity of microseismic activity of coal and rock mass.
    Evaluation Method for Phytoremediation Effect of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil:Hyperspectral Remote Sensing
    CHI Xiao-Jie, GU Hai-Hong, LI Fu-Ping, AI Yan-Jun, YUAN Xue-Tao
    2019, 48(01):  16-23. 
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    Heavy metal contaminated soil remediation is a difficult problem in today's global ecological restoration.Phytoremediation is a promising choice for the treatment of heavy metal contaminated soil because of its cost-effective and environmentally compatible characteristics.Hyperspectral remote sensing technology can obtain the physical and chemical parameter information of vegetation growth in a high-efficiency，non-destructive and real time manner.It provides technical support for evaluation of the effects of phytoremediation.The application progress of hyperspectral remote sensing technology in phytoremediation are described，and estimation models of vegetation physicochemical parameter of heavy metal contaminated soil is discussed. Besides that，the estimation models based on differential spectrum，"three-sided" parameters and vegetation index are analyzed and compared，so as to provide reliable reference of evaluating the effects of phytoremediation in mining areas.
    Bi-axial Loading Experiments on Interactions between Cemented Backfill and Pillar
    HOU Chen, ZHU Wan-Cheng, ZHANG Hong-Xun, GUO Liang-Yin, DU Jia-Fa, LIU Xiao-Guang
    2019, 48(01):  24-28. 
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    Understanding the interactions between pillars and backfill is an important issue for optimization and safety design of the backfill body and pillars. The effects of the lateral stress and the backfill ratio on the interactions between the pillar and backfill were studied by biaxial compression tests. The result showe that when the filling body meets the roof， it can bring its own strength into full play and directly participate in the roof support. At this time， the bearing capacity of the pillar-filling body support system can be maximum；when the filling body does not touch the roof， that the support force of the pillar-filling body increases under the action of a certain lateral stress are mainly due to the friction between the two interfaces. The lateral confinement effect of the backfill body has not an obvious impact on pillar strength. Therefore， a higher filling rate means a larger contact area at the pillar-filling interface， and a greater frictional force at the interface will be generated under a certain lateral stress， resulting in a greater bearing capacity of the system. By comparing the experimental results with the test results in Xincheng Gold Mine， it is proved that this study has certain guiding significance for the stability analysis of the second-step stope in Xincheng Gold Mine.
    Optimization Study on the Deepening Parameter of a Certain Iron Mine Backfilling Pipe Network
    JIANG Ke, CUI Wang, HU Jian-Yu, LI Xin
    2019, 48(01):  29-33. 
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    In order to reduce the pipe wear of a certain iron ore backfilling pipe,decrease the risk of pipe blockage, eventually achieve to optimize the underground pipe network, the grain size analysis test，caving degree test and L type pipe fluidity test were conducted, to study the flowability of the full tailings backfilling slurry in the iron ore. From the above experiments, the concentration and rheological parameter of structure fluid could be determined. Through the analysis， on-way resistance of gravity transportation slurry in different diameter could be calculated.Then the optimal location of the deepening pipe network is obtained. Result shows that whole tailings particle size is fine，the average particle size is 51.6 μm. When the filling slurry concentration is 72% ~ 70%, the corresponding caving degree is 28.6~27.3 cm, yield shear stress τ0 is 3.690~1.471 Pa, viscosity coefficient is 0.701~0.450 Pa·s. The test process and results can be determined the slurry concentration range of structure fluid state is 72% ~ 70%. Optimization on the deepening parameter of backfilling pipe network for deep level ore body mining, when slurry concentration is 72%，the flow resistance along the path is 1.420～1.893 kPa/m，the placement range of filling patio L should be 631~673 m. Then， the self-flow transport of structural fluid slurry can avoid a series of downsides， suchas the disadvantages of low full-flow ratio and serious pipe wear.
    Effect of Freeze-thaw Cycle on the Intensity of Consolidated Full Tailings
    HOU Yun-Bing, CAO Shu-Xiong, DING Peng-Chu, ZHANG Xing, HAN Dong
    2019, 48(01):  34-39. 
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    In order to explore the impact of freeze-thaw cycles on the strength of the consolidated tailings， freeze-thaw cycles， uniaxial compression and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） were used to study the consolidated tailings at different freezing temperatures. The variation of consolidation strength under different curing ages and freezing temperatures was studied， and the evolution rules of hydration products and microstructure characteristics within consolidation mass under different freezing and thawing cycles and freezing temperatures were analyzed. The results showed that the strength of consolidation increases first and then decreases with the increase of freezing-thawing times at the same freezing temperature and different curing ages， which basically follows the quantitative relationship of quadratic power function. At the same curing age， the strength of the consolidated mass is decreased with the decrease of freezing temperature. With the increase of freeze-thaw cycles， the internal structure of the consolidated mass shows as sparse， dense and loose under the same curing age and freezing temperature. Under the same curing age and freeze-thaw cycles， the lower the freezing temperature is， the less the amount of hydration products such as C-S-H gel and crystal ettringite （AFt） are produced， and the sparser and looser the internal structure of the consolidated mass displays.
    Kinematic Features Analysis of Ore-drawing Particles Based on Discrete Element Method
    HAN Lian-Sheng, YANG Yu-Jiang
    2019, 48(01):  40-48. 
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    In order to understand the movement characteristics of granular matters in the ore pass， a numerical analysis model of the non-smooth wall pass， in that the difference of shaft fluctuation will obey Gaussian distribution， and the scraper spherical stochastic particle group drawing was established by using particle discrete element method and Hertz-Mindlin nonlinear contact model， and considering the characteristics of shaft wall morphology and the composition of ore-drawing blocks. The statistical characteristics of collision and movement of particle groups in different sections of the chute were analyzed. The results showed that: ① the collision of particles on the chute wall is due to the inconsistency of velocity when the particles leave the bucket， and the collision frequency reaches the highest value from the wellhead to the depth of -18 m to -30 m；② the frequent occurrence area of particle collision is below the wellhead and extending to the depth of 2/3 well， the average velocity of particles in this area changes a little， and the damage degree of the wellbore is mainly affected by the collision frequency of the particles. After that， the average velocity of particles increases rapidly；③ the bucket rotation speed has less impact on the collision frequency and average velocity of particles on the wellbore，slowing bucket rotation speed can move the particles downward the collision concentration area；④the frequency variation of collision on both sides of the wellbore is affected by the fluctuation difference of the wellbore. The total frequency of collision increases with the increase of the fluctuation difference.
    Experimental Study of Medium-depth Hole Blasting in a High Sublevel Stope in a Tibet Mine
    CHEN Guo-Liang, WAN Chuan-Chuan, JIE Lian-Ku
    2019, 48(01):  49-53. 
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    Sublevel stoping method with medium-depth hole blasting has been widely used in the mining of medium-thickness or thicker orebody at home and abroad. With the Large-scale development of drilling equipment, the sublevel height in the sublevel stoping method is gradually increasing, which can reduce the mine development amount and improve the production capacity, but simultaneously result in difficulty in controlling mining loss and dilution from drilling deviation and affect mine economic benefit directly. In the paper, taking a high-level sublevel stope of a metal mine in Tibet for example, the test parameters of medium-depth hole blasting are determined comprehensively by investigating the designing principle of medium-depth hole blasting parameters and the blasting design parameters of medium-depth hole stope being implemented at home and abroad, and considering the factors such as the deviation of drilling rig caused by high sublevel. Through the repeated blasting tests and the parameters optimization in production process, the suitable medium-depth hole blasting parameters for ore-rock features of stage-2 underground mining area in this mine. Such indicators as the block rate of 4.75%, the mining loss rate of 7.34%, and the dilution rate of 3.28% have been obtained in the end. It can provide technical reference for the efficient blasting of medium and deep holes in the stage-2 underground stope.
    Analysis of the Distributed Mining Structural Engineering of Large and Thick Orebody in Sijiaying
    DI Hui-Chao, HU Wei-Wei, ZHANG Li-Guo, ZHANG Yan-Fen
    2019, 48(01):  54-58. 
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    In view of the potential instability of surrounding rock in large-scale underground mining in Sijiaying， UDEC software is used to carry out numerical calculation to analyze the variation of ground pressure in different mining stages. Stress nephogram reveals the evolution of arch bearing structure in roof rock mass of stope， which is beneficial to maintaining the stability of surrounding rock. The arch rise f and arch span L in this structure are approximately equal. At the same time， there are three high pressure stress zones in the upper and lower boundaries of orebody at the arch foot and the rock strata of the arch roof weathering zone. The stress concentration in the upper and lower wall suggests that the ore room in this area should be filled quickly. In addition， based on the results of numerical analysis， the arch truss structure engineering system is established. The mechanical model of the system is analyzed by the force method， and the width ratio of one-step room to two-step room is obtained. The width of the room with thick and large orebody is designed to be 20 m， with the safety factor of 1.96. The safety and continuity of large-scale underground mining can be effectively guaranteed by early warning of numerical calculation， and optimization design based on theoretical analysis.
    Effect of Grinding Process on the Oxidation of Metallic Iron in Reduced Pellets and the followed Magnetic Separation
    HUANG Zhu-Cheng, HAN He-Tong, LIANG Zhi-Kai, YI Ling-Yun, LU Biao
    2019, 48(01):  59-64. 
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    Oxidation behavior of the metallic iron reduced by the ore-coal pellets during the grinding process and its influence on magnetic separation were studied by low intensity magnetic separation， laser particle size analysis， Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM)、X-ray diffraction(XRD) and X-ray photo-electroscope(XPS) using a low - grade hematite ore of low temperature fast direct reduction pellets as research object. The results of investigation demonstrated: ①The iron grade of the reduced pellet is 31.18%，while the metal iron content is 26.45%，silica is 43.63%， and metallization ratio of the pellet is 84.43%. Metal iron is mostly aggregate， which is worm like or star shaped dispersed in gangue minerals. Crystal size is fine. The particle size of the metal iron is generally 10~30 μm and the maximum is 400 μm. ②When the grinding time was prolonged， the metallization rate of iron in grinding products was obviously reduced. The metallization is 82.24% when milling 10 min，the metallization reduced to 71.67% when grinding 40 min. The iron grade of magnetic concentrates decreased slightly after an obvious increase， the iron recovery took the lead in a small increase and then decreased obviously， the iron metallization decreased obviously； the magnetic concentrate average volume size， D50 and D10 all showed a slow downward trend， and the dissolution of the metal iron increased fast at first， then slowly. When the grinding time is 10 min， the metallization rate of iron of magnetic concentrate is 81.10%， and the metallization rate of iron decreases to 62.99% when grinding 40 min. ③The diffraction peaks of metallic iron weakened with the increase the milling time， while the diffraction peaks of Fe3O4 appeared from nothing and then strengthened. The binding energy of Fe 2p3/2 was promoted with the increase of grinding time，the onidation of the iron on the surface of the particles increased. ④SEM-EDS analysis showed that the surface of iron particles in magnetic separation concentrate was bound to oxygen， and the longer the grinding time， the higher the oxygen content， and the flocculent iron-bearing area also showed the same characteristics. In summary， the metal iron in reduced pellets will be oxidized in the grinding process， and the longer the grinding time， the higher the oxidation degree.
    Influence of Coarse and Fine Fractions Classification Size on Beneficiation of Qidashan Hematite Ore
    LI Yuan-Yuan, ZHANG Guo-Qing, LU Zhan-Guo, ZHENG Jin-Xiang
    2019, 48(01):  65-70. 
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    The iron grade of feeding to coarse and fine fraction classification hydrocyclone was 32.43% in Qidashan Iron Concentrator. Some features， including obvious enrichment of iron minerals in fine fraction， the coarser cut size of coarse and fine fraction （d50=0.043 mm）， lower yield of underflow， less feeding of gravity concentration， and larger feeding of magnetic separation-reverse flotation process， led to higher production cost. Beneficiation tests were conducted with d50 of 0.036 mm， 0.025 mm and 0.020 mm respectively， in order to determine the suitable classification size of coarse and fine fraction classification. Suggestions for technological improvement were given accordingly. The results show that， with the decrease of d50， the iron grade of total concentrate decreases slightly at first and then obviously， while the yield and iron recovery increase obviously at first and then keep in a higher level， the ratio of gravity concentrate to total concentrate increases substantially. The cut size d50 should be suitable of 0.025-0.020 mm from 0.043 mm for the coarse and fine fraction classification of Qidashan Iron Concentrator. The final suggestion is that， while optimizing the d50 of coarse and fine fraction classification， fine iron minerals should be fed into magnetic separation-reverse flotation process as soon as possible by realizing the three-product model of the roughing spiral. Medium intensity magnetic separation for tailings discarding should be abolished， to improve the liberation degree and recovery of iron minerals. In the recommended process， the advantage of gravity concentration process is intensified， and the pressure of magnetic separation-reverse flotation process is lightened， a clear improvement of technical-economical index should be promising.
    Experiment on Flotation Desulphurization of an Iron Concentrate in Xinjiang
    LI Lin-Jie, GE Ying-Yong, LIU Peng, GUO Xiao-Ke, DU Cheng-Huan, ZHANG Xi-Zhe
    2019, 48(01):  71-73. 
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    The sulfur content of an iron concentrate in plant from Xinjiang is relatively high reaching 1.07%， which is significantly higher than the sulfur content of the raw materials in the furnace. Flotation test was carried out to determine the rational desulfurization process of iron concentrate. The results showed that FS was used as activator， isobutyl xanthate was used as collector， and 2# oil was used as foaming agent. The rough flotation dosage was 2 000，200，30 g/t， and cleaning flotation dosage is 500，100，20 g/t， respectively. The sample was treated with one roughing one cleaning closed circuit process， and finally iron concentrate with iron grade of 64.53%， iron recovery of 97.13%， and sulfur content of 0.21% was obtained. The quality requirement of sulfur content in iron concentrate has been achieved.
    Research of Chalcopyrite Oxidative Leaching Mechanism by Sodium Chlorite
    LI Zhi-Ming, ZHONG Shan, LI Yu-Biao, CHEN Yun-Peng
    2019, 48(01):  74-77. 
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    In order to high efficiently extract copper from chalcopyrite， the parameters of chalcopyrite leaching experiment by sodium chlorite under acidic condition were studied. Meanwhile， the leaching kinetics and mechanism were investigated. The leaching results showed that the Cu extraction was up to 82.36% when the molar ratio of sodium chlorite to chalcopyrite was 6， solution pH was 4， leaching temperature and time were 55 ℃ and 0.25 h respectively. The oxidizing leaching of chalcopyrite can be obviously enhanced due to the decomposition of sodium chlorite to generate strong oxidizing substances such as ClO2， ClO-3 and Cl2 in acid solution. In addition， chalcopyrite leaching was controlled by chemical reaction， which was confirmed by the kinetics and activation energy of 42.69 kJ/mol.
    Experiment Research on Flotation Recovery of Copper and Gold from a Gold-bearing Disseminated and Secondary Copper Sulfide Ore from Tibet
    PENG Jian, ZHANG Jian-Gang
    2019, 48(01):  78-82. 
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    The grade of Cu in the disseminated and secondary copper sulfide ore from Tibet is 1.86%. The content of primary copper sulphide is 15.05% and the secondary copper sulphide is 76.88% of the total copper. The main copper minerals are bornite， chalcopyrite， other metal minerals are pyrite， pyrrhotite， etc.； gangue minerals are mainly garnet， pyroxene， and quartz. The beneficiation experiment was conducted to determine the suitable copper and gold recovery process. The results show that the ore is subjected to one roughing， two cleaning instant flotation， one roughing and two scavenging conventional flotation in the case of grinding fineness of -0.074 mm accounting for 70%， the tailings of first stage instant flotation is mixed with conventional rough concentrate， and then reground to -0.038 mm accounting for 80%， and then via copper and sulfur separation of one roughing， two cleaning two scavenging conventional flotation， the obtained instant flotation concentrate with copper grade of 27.05%， gold grade of 8.28 g/t， copper and gold recovery rate are 60.79%， 50.90%； the copper grade of conventional flotation copper concentrate is 17.06%， the gold grade is 5.02 g/t， and the recovery rate of copper and gold are 29.81% and 23.99%. Through instant and conventional flotation， first stage instant flotation tailings and conventional flotation rough concentrate regrinding reselection process， copper minerals are not only avoided over-grinding， copper recovery is ensured， but also higher-grade copper concentrates are obtained， and better recovery indicators of copper and gold are obtained.
    Study on Optimization of Flotation Process on a Molybdenum Ore
    PENG Hui-Qing, HUANG Xin, LUO Wen, SHAO Hui
    2019, 48(01):  83-86. 
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    As the molybdenum recovery in the beneficiation plant of Jiangxi is out of expected， results to the grinding-rough flotation-rough concentrate regrinding-1 roughing 5 cleaning 2 scavenging closed circuit flotation process only obtain the molybdenum concentrate with molybdenum grade of 45.06%，the recovery of molybdenum flotation after regrinding is 90.31%， and the molybdenum grade of the tailing is as high as 1.12%. The main reason for the unsatisfactory production index is that the depression effect of Na2S is not satisfactory for other sulfide minerals， and the dissociation of molybdenum minerals from other minerals is insufficient. A beneficiation test was carried out to solve the problems in the plant. The results show that in the case of the core transformation content of ZA instead of Na2S and twice regrinding of the regrinding concentrate， using the regrinding 1 （-0.038 mm accounted for 85%）-1 roughing 3 cleaning 4 scavenging-regrinding 2（-0.038 mm accounted for 90%）-2 cleaning and middling sequence return to the process to treat the samples， the molybdenum concentrate with molybdenum grade of 53.57% and molybdenum recovery of 98.45%， and the tailings with molybdenum grade of 0.175% were obtained. The molybdenum grade and molybdenum recovery of concentrate increased 8.51 and 8.14 percentage points， respectively. The molybdenum grade of the tailing decreased 0.945 percentage points， and the recovery of molybdenum was significantly improved.
    Study on Flotation Test of a Pegmatite Spodumene Ore
    LI Yun, LI Mao-Lin, CUI Rui, JIANG Xing-Ke
    2019, 48(01):  87-91. 
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    The spodumene ore contains 1.46% Li2O， and the mineral composition is complicated. The main useful minerals are spodumene and gangue minerals are quartz， feldspar and glimmer. The spodumene is closely related to quartz and feldspar. Most of them are polygranular distributed， partly decentralized. It is acicular in mica and quartz， or in the form of flakes， granules， etc.， distributed in mica fissures. It is a complex and refractory pegmatite spodumene ore. In order to determine the development and utilization process of the ore， beneficiation experiment was conducted. The results showed: at the grinding fineness of 72.2% passing 0.074 mm， via magnetic separation （636.94 kA/m） to removal iron and spodumene recovered by flotation process， in which uses Na2CO3+NaOH as pH regulator and gangue mineral dispersant， CaCl2 as activator， and TSY-15 as collector. Through one roughing， two cleaning， three scavenging and middlings bach to the flowsheet in turn process， the spodumene concentrate with Li2O grade of 6.02%， recovery of 80.65% and Fe2O3 content of 0.67% is obtained.
    Study on Double Reverse Flotation of Silicon-Calcareous（Magnesium）Phosphate Ore from Guizhou
    DU Cheng-Huan, GE Ying-Yong, LIU Ming
    2019, 48(01):  92-95. 
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    The main phosphorus mineral of a low grade phosphate ore with high silicon and magnesium in Guizhou is collophanite which consisted mainly of fluoroapatite and partly of carbon-apatite. And the main gangue minerals are quartz， dolomite， illite and pyrite， etc. The grade of P2O5， SiO2， CaO and MgO is 26.19%， 16.88%， 38.18% and 1.92%， respectively. In order to determine the development and utilization process of ore， the experiment was carried out using double reverse flotation process. The results showed that under the grinding fineness of 82.05% -0.074 mm， with the process of preference reverse flotation to remove magnesium-sedimentation to remove slurry-reverse flotaion of one roughing two cleaning and tailings of roughing and first cleaning returned after mixed and via one scavenging of silicon remove process， the phosphorus concentrate with P2O5 grade of 32.35%， P2O5 recovery of 82.36%， MgO to P2O5 ratio of 2.32%， R2O3 to P2O5 ratio of 11.07% could be obtained. The bubbly， sticky and intractable foam in cationic reverse flotation process can be solved by desliming before desilication and the use of T609 combined with defoaming agent TOP. Double reverse flotation makes apatite separated from gangue mineral and acquires the concentrate which reaches the high-class standard of phosphate ore for the acidic process.
    Mineralogical Study for Influence of Magnetic Separation in Slowly Cooled Cobalt Matte
    WANG Ling, ZHANG Jian-Kun, LIU Wei, ZHANG Wei, PAN Wu
    2019, 48(01):  96-100. 
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    In order to explore the factors influencing the magnetic separation of cobalt and copper in slowly cooled cobalt matte and improve the separation efficiency， the occurrence state of cobalt， copper and iron， composition and dissemination of mineral phases， and their changing characteristics in each sampling points where are located at the top shell， top， middle and bottom shell of the matte bag are studied， by using of optical microscope， scanning electron microscope， electron probe and chemical phase analysis. It was found that①sulfur content in middle part of cobalt matte was significantly higher than that in the shell. The cobalt in the shell was mainly in the form of ferrocobalt alloy with strong magnetism， the cobalt in the middle part was mainly in the form of ferrocobalt sulfide phase with weak magnetic properties， and the cobalt in the upper part (side wall) was in the transition phase of ferrocobalt alloy and sulfide phase. The metal conversion rate of cobalt in the middle of the cobalt matte coating is only 16.35%， which is the main factor affecting the magnetic separation of cobalt and copper. ②ferrous oxide in cobalt matte were oxidized to ferroferric oxide in varying degrees， from the shell to the central， the oxidation degree of ferrous oxide particle in getting more deeply， ferrous oxide particle size distributed in bornite basal phase in microgranular general with less than 0.020 mm， it is hard to be liberated is another major factor in influence cobalt copper magnetic separation. ③in order to improve the metal conversion rate and magnetic separation effect of cobalt in the middle of the slowly cooled cobalt matte bag， it is necessary to regulate the slow cooling temperature in the middle of the high temperature cobalt matte bag， to prevent the segregation of substances with different melting points， especially the low melting point sulfide to the central aggregation； In addition， it is necessary to maintain the reduction environment of matte in the slow cooling process to prevent the ferrous oxide particles dispersed in the base sulfide phase from being locally oxidized into magnetite.
    Study on Process Mineralogy of a Copper-lead Oxide Ore in Burma
    LI Chun-Long, XIAN Yong-Jun, ZHANG Han-Ping, BAI Shao-Jun, WU Meng, FU Xiang-Yu, DING Zhan
    2019, 48(01):  101-105. 
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    In order to provide basis and guidance for the ore dressing test of a copper and lead oxide ore in Burma， the composition， structure and texture of the ore and the embedding characteristics of the main minerals are studied by conventional mineralogical means. The results show that ①the ore contains 1.52% copper， 7.84% lead and 243.80 g/t silver， the main useful minerals are azurite， malachite， galena， cerusite and so on. The main gangue minerals are quartz， barite and calcite， and the ore mineral composition is complex. ②Copper oxide minerals account for about 85% of the total copper minerals， mainly in the form of malachite and azurite， copper sulfide only accounts for about 15% of the total copper， and the oxidation rate of lead minerals is about 65%， lead mainly in the form of galena， cerusite ore and lead alum. ③The structure of ore structure consists of cracking altered siltstone structure， hypautomorphic plate-xenomorphic granular structure， fine crystal structure， unequal granular and granular structure， metallic opaque mineral with granular structure and residual structure. Mineral aggregates in ore fragments are evenly distributed， and a small amount of azurite and malachite scattered disseminated， with massive structures and scattered disseminated structures. ④The granularity of the minerals in the ore is not uniform， usually from 0.004 to 3 mm， and the size of the copper minerals is generally 0.01 ~ 1 mm， and the size of the lead minerals is generally 0.004 to 1.5 mm.
    Study on Process Mineralogy of a Complex Polymetallic Pb-Zn-Fe Ore
    YUAN Qi-Dong, YAO Deng-Lei, CHEN Zhou
    2019, 48(01):  106-110. 
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    The process mineralogy of a complex polymetallic lead-zinc-iron ore was studied to obtain a better beneficiation index. The results indicated that the iron and zinc grade is 59.94% and 2.93% respectively. The main mineral in the ore is magnetite， and a small amount of other iron minerals hematite and lignite (including goethite) are secondary oxides in the later stage of mineralization. Main metallic sulfide is sphalerite， pyrite， pyrrhotite， low amount of chalcopyrite and galena； Gangue minerals are mainly common amphibole， a small amount of diorite， in addition， a small amount of epidotite， chlorite， mica minerals and so on. The iron in the ore mainly exists in the form of magnetite， accounting for 87.82% of the total iron. The oxidation degree of zinc and lead is relatively high， zinc sulfide and zinc oxide account for 55.29% and 42.32% of the total zinc， lead sulfide and lead oxide account for 39.39% and 43.94% of the total lead， respectively. The ore structure is black dense block structure， and the ore is mostly autologous and semi-autologous granular intergranular crystal structure. Various minerals form metasomatic structure， metasomatic residual structure and so on. The dissemination particle sizes of the useful minerals magnetite and sphalerite are similar to the main gangue minerals amphibole. The dissemination relationship among magnetite， sphalerite and their minerals is complex and the minerals are difficult to be liberated. In order to ensure the sulfur content of iron concentrate does not exceed the standard， flotation should be used to remove sulfide minerals as much as possible before recovery magnetite by low intensity magnetic separation.
    Research Progress on Impurity Removal Technology from Industrial Titanium Slag
    KANG Juan-Xue, PU Jing, ZHANG Ming-Yuan, HUANG Xiu-Lan, DUAN Li-Ping, PENG Jin-Hui
    2019, 48(01):  111-114. 
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    Titanium slag is an important raw material for the production of titanium dioxide. Its TiO2 grade and impurity composition and content will affect the quality and performance of titanium dioxide. In order to obtain high quality titanium dioxide， the technology of titanium slag removal is introduced. It was pointed out that hydrochloric acid atmospheric pressure leaching and impurity removal method is suitable for high calcium magnesium type titanium slag， can remove acid soluble impurities such as Ca， Mg， Fe， but cannot remove impurities such as Si and Al； hydrochloric acid pressure leaching and impurity removal method can deepen reaction degree of acid solubility with acid. The degree of reaction between impurities and acid reduces the leaching time， but it has higher requirements on the pressure resistance of the equipment. The sulfuric acid leaching and impurity removal method can effectively remove the black titanium oxide impurities and most of the silicate impurities， but the corrosion of the equipment is intense. NaOH alkaline leaching method is only suitable for titanium slag with high Si content， which can effectively remove impurities such as Si and Al in titanium slag； microwave assisted impurity removal method can selectively heat polar substances and can be targeted remove impurities such as MgO and CaO， but the microwave heating stability is low.
    Research Status on Flotation Reagents of Micro-fine Cassiterite
    ZENG Guo-Wang, ZHUANG Gu-Zhang, ZHANG Xiao-Rong, GUO Xin-Yu
    2019, 48(01):  115-119. 
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    Cassiterite is easy to slime in the grinding process due to its brittle， the efficiently recovery of micro-fine cassiterite was difficult to achieve by gravity separation. Although flotation is the preferred technology for the recovery of cassiterite slime， the flotation result is not satisfactory at present. In view of the current situation of micro-fine cassiterite， the types， characteristics and applications of collector and inhibitor were summarized. Problems of cassiterite collectors in flotation were introduced， and the importance of developing new reagents， developing composite reagents and reducing the cost of reagents were pointed out in order to find the flotation reagents with high efficiency， low toxicity and low cost in a real sense.
    Test on Flocculation Sedimentation Characteristic of Unclassified Tailings From Linglong Gold Mine
    TIAN Ming-Ming, XU Wen-Bin, WANG Cheng-Long, YAN Shao-Hua
    2019, 48(01):  120-124. 
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    The unclassified tailings （UT） cementing filling is the developing direction of filling mining method in metal mine at present.Concentrated sedimentation of the UT is the key technology to achieve continuous and high-efficient filling in the mine.With the UT from Linglong Gold Mine in Shandong Province and five kinds of flocculants as raw materials，the static flocculation experiment of UT is carried out.The control method of single variable is used to study the influence of various parameters of flocculant on flocculation and sedimentation by using sedimentation velocity and sedimentation underflow concentration as reference indexes.The results show that anionic flocculants （molecular weight 12 million） has the best effect on the sedimentation of UT，with the fastest sedimentation velocity.The optimum parameters for the flocculation and sedimentation process are determined:when the flocculant solution concentration is 0.2% and the unit consumption is 75 g/t， the sedimentation effect is best.Gradually increasing the concentration and unit consumption of the flocculant solution， can result in increasing the viscosity of flocculant and UT solution，and decreasing the sedimentation rate and the underflow concentration.Based on the above discussion results，the mechanical model of flocculation sedimentation is established，and the whole process of sedimentation is divided into three stages，and the theoretical curve of the whole process of sedimentation is obtained by the mechanical analysis，so as to provide some reference for the related studies.
    Geological Characteristics and Availiability Evaluation of Graphite Deposit in Qinghai Province
    XU Xin-Wen, DUAN Jian-Hua, LU Yao-Zu, BAI Qiang, XU Jia-Qiu
    2019, 48(01):  125-140. 
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    Qinghai Province is located in the northeast of Qinghai-Xizang plateau，Northern Qinghai Province belongs to Qinqikun orogenic system，Southern Qinghai Province belongs to Sanjiang orogenic system，in terms of metallogenic belt，Northern Qinghai Province belongs to Qinqikun metallogenic domain，Southern Qinghai Province belongs to Tethys metallogenic domain，graphite deposit is relatively developed.The graphite deposits are mainly distributed in Qaidam peripheral region of Qinqikun metallogenic domain in Northern Qinghai Province，proterozoic metamorphic old strata is widely distributed in the area，the metallogenic geological conditions is favorable，many regional metamorphism type crystalline graphite deposits (points) are found，the prospecting prospect is good.Based on the newly geological investigation results and some related study results of Qaidam peripheral region，metallogenic geological background，distribution of graphite deposit are discussed，geological characteristics，metallogenic regularity，metallogenic prospect area，metallogenic geological conditions，metallogenic epoch，metallogenic temperature and pressure conditions，carbonaceous source，deposit genesis and metallogenic model of typical graphite deposits in the area are further summarized and studied，besides that，availiability of graphite deposit is evaluated.The study results show that:①in terms of the ore-bearing strata of graphite deposit in Qaidam peripheral region，Northern Qaidam is mainly for Ancient proterozoic Dakengdaban rock group，Southern Qaidam is mainly for Ancient proterozoic Jinshuikou rock group，which is rich for organic matter，carbon isotope test results indicated that carbonaceous source is the organic matter of stratigraphic deposit;②graphite deposits are distributed along proterozoic metamorphic old strata and tectonic belt，affected by magmatic activities，the distribution scale is general，but the mineralization scale is large，size of orebodies is general，ore grade is high，ore quality is general;③Qaidam periphery region can be divided into three graphite metallogenic belts，four metallogenic subbelts and six metallogenic favorable sections;④the metallogenic epoch of crystalline graphite deposit in Qaidam peripheral region can be divided into sedimentary diagenetic stage，regional metamorphism stage and tectonic-magmatic superposition transformation stage，the metallogenic temperature and pressure conditions are available，metallogenic epoch is Caledonian，deposit genesis belongs to regional metamorphism type graphite deposit;⑤recovery rate of the crystalline graphite deposits in Datonggounanshan，Northern Huangkuang Mountain and Balemuteer are higher than the ones of other areas，a number of industrial valuable regional metamorphic type graphite deposits are developed in the above three areas，the availability of graphite ores is good.
    Prospecting Prospect of Basic-ultrabasic Rock Type Nickel Sulfide Deposits in Southwestern Hunan Province
    ZHU Xian, SU Te, HU Xu-Yun, HUANG Xiao-Jun, ZHAO Jie
    2019, 48(01):  141-149. 
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    Southwestern Hunan Province lies in the junction belt of Yangtze Plate and South China fold system，with deep and large faults running through the whole area，mantle-derived magma activity is strong，and the distribution of basic-ultrabasic rock in Qingbaikouan strata （Xuefengian） are grouped and zoned.Prospecting work of nickel deposit is carried out in Longcheng in Togndao County，abundant prospecting information is obtained，concealed nickel mineralized belt with the thickness of 61.66 m and average TNi grade of 0.1％is discovered.By studying the petrography，geophysics，geochemistry and nickel mineralization characteristics of Longcheng basic-ultrabasic rock belt，and comparing them with the known ore-bearing rocks in Baotan Area in Guangxi Province.The study results show that:①ultrabasic rock is the cause of magnetic anomalies，the nickel-bearing ultrabasic rock have the physical combination characteristics of “three high and one low” （high magnetism，high density，high polarizability and low resistivity），which is the important geophysical indicators for the prospecting of nickel deposit；②w（∑REE） and w（La）/w（Lu） values of the independent diabase are 2~2.5 times of marginal diabase，w（∑REE） and w（La）/w（Lu） values of surface diabase are both lower than others，w（∑REE） is about 50×10-6，w（∑REE） is （20～30）×10-6，it can be regarded as geochemical indicator for the prospecting of nickel deposit；③the nickel deposit is controlled by high differentiation pluton，the ultrabasic pyroxene peridotite and peridotite zones are nickel mineralized zones，and penetrated orebodies may appear in the deep part.Based on the above discussion results，further analysis results indicated that the prospecting ideas of nickel orebodies in Southwestern Hunan Province can be summarized as:the known nickel mineralization belt in Longcheng Area can be firstly verified by deep drilling engineering，prospecting target area can be delineated by ground magnetic survey work，based on rare earth testing results to select the dikes （bodies），therefore，metallogenic prediction and location of nickel orebodies can be done effectively by means of the combination method of gravity，magnetic and electrical geophysical sounding.
    Stability Analysis of Near-surface Goaf and the Optimization of Its Treatment Scheme in a Lead-zinc Mine
    LU Xin-Qi, LI Xue-Feng, HUANG Hai-Bin, ZHANG Qin-Bin
    2019, 48(01):  150-157. 
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    In order to ensure the safe mining of the lower ore body in the near-surface goaf， and avoid surface subsidence caused by the collapse of near-surface goaf， six near-surface goafs existing in a certain Lead-zinc Mine in Guangxi were taken as the research object to investigate the stability analysis on the pillar and roof that possibly collapse based on numerical simulation and optimize the related treatment schemes. According to the rock mechanics parameters of the ore body and the surrounding rock， a numerical model was established using 3DMine and Midas GTS NX， and the model was reconstructed and calculated by FLAC3D. According to the conclusion of numerical simulation analysis and the actual situation of mining area， two kinds of treatment schemes were proposed， and FLAC3D was used to simulate and analyze the governance effect of each scheme. Results showed that the scheme one and two transferred or reduced the related maximum principal stress， shear stress and tensile stress at the goaf pillar and the roof， and narrowed the plastic area；the large size supporting structure at scheme two can better transfer or reduce the maximum principal stress and shear stress of roof than the scheme one， thus finally determining the optimal treatment schemes.
    Stability Assessment of the Actual Measured Goaf Based on Surpac-FLAC3D Coupling in Daye Iron Mine
    BAI Xin, ZHU Peng-Rui, WAN Fei, JI Zhi
    2019, 48(01):  158-162. 
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    It is very important to ensure the safe production of the mine by keeping the stability of the goaf at one-step ore chamber with the stage open stope and subsequent filling method. The exact shape of goaf can be obtained by accurately detecting of goaf. The Surpac model of goaf is imported into FLAC3D software， which is different from the simple regular shape of ore body model. This method can greatly realize the accuracy of stability analysis and the visualization of digital mine. Taking a Daye Iron Mine as a case， the goaf detection model of one-step chamber stoping with subsequent filling method was measured by VS150 instrument. The goaf detection model can be truly displayed in FLAC3D software through corresponding coupling program. Also， the ore recovery rate and the ore dilution rate can be accurately obtained by combining the designed orebody model with the measured goaf model. The index shows that the overdraft of orebody is 1 423.4 m3，the undermining is 1 413.3 m3. A high-level recovery rate and an expected result have been achieved. At the same time， combining with mechanics parameters of the actual engineering rock mass， the stability of the goaf after excavation of ore chamber was calculated. According to the field engineering practice， it is proved that this method is correct， and the Surpac-FLAC3D coupled stability system for the goaf is of great value in application.
    Stability Analysis of Lakeside Open-pit Slope in Chengmenshan Copper Mine by Considering Seepage Influence
    XIANG Juan, CHEN Zhan-Feng, FAN Wen-Chen
    2019, 48(01):  163-167. 
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    Based on the geological exploration data， the geological model of the open-pit slope in Chengmenshan Copper Mine is established， and the stability of the lakeside open-pit slope is analyzed by considering the different seepage paths and different seepage pressures of lake water. The results show that the seepage of lake water greatly reduces the safety factor of slope. With the increase of lake water level， the scope of slope landslide becomes larger， and the safety factor of slope is lower. The distance between lake shore and open pit has great influence on slope stability. Compared with the safety factor of slope under the same lake water level at different distances， the larger the lake-slope distance D is， the higher the slope safety factor is. Based on the above study results， when the allowable safety factor is 1.2， the minimum safe distance between lake and slope is 60 m under the condition of lake water seepage.
    Stability Analysis of Residual Slope of Open-pit Mine with Variation of Underground Mining Depth
    YANG Yu-Jiang, LU Zeng-Xiang
    2019, 48(01):  168-173. 
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    In order to prevent the safety accident caused by the sudden collapse of the residual slope in a transition from open-pit to underground mining， based on the background of the research on the transition from open-pit to underground mining project of Mengjia Iron Mine， the variation law of the stress field， the displacement field and the plastic zone distribution in the surrounding rock of the residual slope of open-pit， and the influence of the overlying rock layer on slope stability， with the increasing of underground mining depth， are studied by using FLAC3D numerical simulation method. The results show that: ①the overlying rock layer can absorb and transfer the stress of the residual slope in opencast mine， which can buffer the energy release and then support the slope and surrounding rock； ②with the increasing of the underground mining depth， keeping the plane of overlying rock layer at a stable elevation can effectively improve the stress field and plastic zone distribution in open-pit slope， and restrain and constrain the deformation of surrounding rock of slope to a certain extent.
    Influence of Mining Method on Stability of Open Pit Slope in the Open-underground Combined Mining Process
    ZHAO Qiang, DOU Yu-Jie, HUANG Qi-Chong
    2019, 48(01):  174-180. 
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    In the phase of open-underground combined mining， the unreasonable selection of underground mining methods may disturb the stability of open-pit slopes and even lead to such disasters occurrence as slope instability， surface collapse and dumping landslide. These increases the maintenance cost of open-pit slopes and dumps. In order to reduce the disturbance of underground excavation on slope， and combined with the engineering background of a certain open pit phosphate mine， the finite element method of ANSYS is used to carry out the numerical simulation analysis. Through the analysis of the influences on the slope and isolation zone under the three conditions of non-excavation， upward horizontal slicing filling method and open-pit method， it is concluded that the change of the isolation layer is small when using the filling method for underground excavation. Local slopes are affected and may be damaged, it is necessary to strengthen the protection measures for the slope. When the empty field method is used, the displacement near the goaf and the bottom of the isolation layer after the excavation is relatively large.In this case, the slope as a whole will not appear instability, but local damage may occur, The slope and isolation layer need to be protected at the same time. By comparison, it can be seen that the overall safety factor of the filling method is high, Therefore, filling method can be given priority in future mining.
    Assessment of Flood Discharge Capacity of Tailings Pond Drainage System in Dissecting Area Based on "Integration of Space， Sky and Ground"
    LI Hong-Liang, WANG Li-Juan, MA Song, YIN Heng, JIA Hu-Jun, JIA Jie-Qiong
    2019, 48(01):  181-186. 
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    As a major hazard source of mine， flood discharge capacity of tailings pond drainage system has a direct impact on its stability. In order to solve the problem of low efficiency and poor precision of traditional methods in flood discharge capacity assessment of tailings pond in deep cutting area， taking a tailings pond in the alpine valley region of western Sichuan Plateau as an example， the high-resolution remote sensing was used to obtain the water catchment area information of tailings pond firstly， then UAV photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning were used to extract the current body length of the reservoir， establish tailings pond DEM， and calculate the capacity of the flood control reservoir， and the flood control check calculation was finally conducted to construct a method of flood discharge capacity assessment of the tailings pond drainage system in deep cutting region based on "integration of space， sky and ground". The results show that the maximum discharge flow of the flood discharge system of the tailings pond occurs at time sequence 3.15 h， and the discharge flow is 21.58 m3/s. The required flood discharge capacity of the tailings pond is 35 200 m3， which is less than 46，200 m3 of the flood discharge capacity of the tailings pond， and it means that the discharge capacity of the discharge system meets the requirements of the corresponding grade of flood discharge. Meanwhile， it also reveals that the "integration of space， sky and ground" method has advantages and reproducibility in the assessment of discharge capacity of the tailings pond discharge system in dissecting area.
    Calculation and Analysis of Quasi-three-dimensional Seepage of Tailings Dam
    SUN You-Jia, QIN Zhong-Guo, CHOU Yu-Xia, DING Ling-Long
    2019, 48(01):  187-191. 
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    The two-dimensional seepage analysis of the valley type tailings pond did not take into consideration the dam axial dimensions， which leads to a high saturation line in calculation with more dangers. The three-dimensional calculation is more realistic， but it consumes more time and labors. In order to solve this problem， a new method for seepage calculation of tailings pond is proposed. This method selects the boundary feature points and the internal feature points in the two-dimensional modeling of the tailings pond， and the axial dimensions of these points are used in the calculation by interpolation. The calculation results show that the obtained saturation line is close to the three-dimensional result， which can reflect the real situation of seepage to a certain extent. With simple operation and clear principle， this method has a certain practical value.
    Study on Crack Propagation Characteristics of Fractured Rock under Freeze-thaw Cycles
    CHEN Guo-Qing, ZHOU Yu-Xin, WEI Tao, YANG Yang
    2019, 48(01):  192-196. 
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    In the alpine mountainous area， the rock mass is often subjected to reciprocating freeze-thaw load under the action of water and temperature difference， resulting in rock mass rupture or mechanical property degradation. By carrying out the freeze-thaw cycle test of four cracked rocks in the range of -20~ 20 ℃， the types and causes of different lithological crack propagation were discussed， the whole process of crack propagation with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles was analyzed， and the crack propagation mechanism of limestone and red sandstone under 20 freeze-thaw cycles was studied by using fracture mechanics. The results show that the crack propagation of cracked rock can be divided into three types， namely: perforating the rock bridge along the tip of the upper crack， circumferential extension along the tip of the upper crack and no obvious crack damage； the horizontal bedding of the slate causes the crack to expand along the circumference， the weak joint developed by the limestone causes the crack to propagate toward opposite direction from the lower crack， the high strength and low porosity of the granite make it difficult to produce macroscopic cracks under the test conditions. Fracture mechanics reveals the cause of I-type crack propagation in limestone and red sandstone， indicating that the initial crack propagation direction is similar to that of the upper fracture， and crack length is related to the tensile strength and fracture toughness of the rock.
    Study on Concentrating Valuable Elements in Bayan Obo Tailings by Superconducting Magnetic Separation
    CHENG Guan-Yu, WANG Jian-Ying, LEI Xiao, WU Xu, SONG Jin-Yang
    2019, 48(01):  197-201. 
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    The contents of REO， Nb2O5 and Sc2O3 in the tailings of Bayan Obo Plant are 2.41%， 0.16% and 0.22% respectively， containing a large amount of fluorite. For improving the recovery of REO， Nb2O5 and Sc2O3 and creating conditions for comprehensive recovery of fluorite， the technology of REO， Nb2O5 and Sc2O3 recovery process were studied by SLon-100 periodic superconducting high gradient magnetic separator， and the XRD and main chemical components of magnetic separation products were analyzed. The experimental results show that the concentrate with REO grade of 3.04% and recovery of 88.91% can be obtained by SLon-100 periodic superconducting high gradient magnetic separator with the diamond mesh as magnetic matrices type， background magnetic induction intensity 6 T， the feeding density in slurry 12%， the slurry velocity 7.1 L/min， and pulsating 100 P/min. Rare earth and rare metal minerals are obviously enriched in concentrates， which creates conditions for further enrichment of rare earth and rare metal minerals， and significantly reduces the use of gangue mineral inhibitors in the process of flotation purification of rare earth and rare metal minerals； Fluorite is obviously enriched in tailings， creating conditions for floatation of fluorite from tailings.
    Experiment on Recovery of Lithium Rubidium from a Fluorite Tailings Abroad
    CAO Xue-Feng, ZHANG Xing-Fei, LUO Ren, GAO Jian-De
    2019, 48(01):  201-204. 
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    The content of Li2O and Rb2O in fluorite tailings abroad is 0.49% and 0.37%， respectively. Lithium and rubidium in mica minerals accounted for 55.56% and 56.14% of total lithium and rubidium， while the rest were found in other aluminosilicate minerals. Since the particle size of mica minerals is mainly 0.01 to 0.15 mm and the liberation degree is as high as 87%， subsequent grinding does not require re-grinding. In order to determine the lithium and rubidium recovery process， mineral processing experiment was conducted. The results show that with slurry pH=4.5， dodecylamine （280 g/t） used as collector， sodium dodecyl benzene hydride （60 g/t） used as foaming regulator， lithium-rubidium mixed concentrates with Li2O and Rb2O grade of 1.07% and 0.79%， and Li2O and Rb2O recoveries of 46.32% and 45.29% were obtained via one rough three cleaning and middlings back to the flowsheet in return process. Therefore， the comprehensive recovery of lithium rubidium was achieved.