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    15 November 2019, Volume 48 Issue 11
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    Study on the Method of Rock Movement Control in Mengjiapuzi Iron Mine
    CAO Jian-Li, TAN Bao-Hui, ZHANG Dong-Jie
    2019, 48(11):  1-7. 
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    After the open-pit mining of the Mengjiapuzi Iron Mine is completed，the ore body below the level of +70 m is mined by the sublevel caving method.As the underground mining progresses，the overburden has already caved to the bottom of the open pit，formed a large-scale surface collapse pit，the rock movement posed a serious threat to the surface office and shaft.At present，the remaining waste rock cannot meet the filling requirements of surface collapse pits， and the development of rock movement along the side wall of the collapse pit cannot be effectively controlled.In order to solve this technical problem，according to the support principle of critical medium column，this paper studies the new rock movement control method of tailings instead of waste rock filling surface collapse pit，the characteristics of tailings penetration under different tailings concentration and particle size distribution are obtained，the prediction expression of tailings mixed height affected by the drop height of the loose body is given.The study results show that the tailings height of the concentration range of 70%~80% is 130.76~42.36 m，and the mixed height of tailings in this concentration range is smaller than the minimum thickness of the bulk layer in the collapse pit，it is safe and feasible to fill the surface collapse pit with this concentration range. Finally we determine that the reasonable tailings filling concentration on the site is 75%~80%.It is safe and feasible to use the tailings to fill the surface collapse pit， and the reasonable tailings filling concentration is 75%~80%.In order to ensure the safe and smooth operation of the filling operation，the study divides the collapse pit into a slope filling area and a full filling area，and proposes a three-way coordinated filling method along the axial and radial directions of the collapse pit，which provides a strong guarantee for the safe， green and efficient mining.
    Study on New High Strength Cementitious Material of Gaoguanying Iron Mine
    GUO Bin, LIANG Feng, WU Fan, TU Guang-Fu, GAO Qian
    2019, 48(11):  8-13. 
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    In view of the ultra-fine full tailings of Gaoguanying Iron Mine， the research on high-strength and low-cost new filling cementing materials for cement replacement was carried out with cement， lime， desulfurization gypsum and slag as raw materials in the surrounding area of Tangshan City.The strength test of cement，lime and desulfurization gypsum cementitious materials was carried out by orthogonal test design. The range analysis shows that the order of influence of the strength of the new cemented material cemented backfill 7 d is cement，lime，desulfurization gypsum.The optimized strength formula of the filling body 7 d is 3.5% cement， 2.5% lime，17.5% desulfurization gypsum，2.79 MPa strength，about 5.3 times that of 32.5R cement.The strength of the cemented backfill 28 d is opposite to that of 7 d.The 28 d strength optimization formula is 4.5% cement，2.5% lime，17.5% desulfurized gypsum，and 5.04 MPa，which is about 4.5 times that of 32.5R cement.The SEM electron microscopy analysis results show that the dominant hydration products of the new cementitious materials are ettringite and C-S-H gel.The increase of cemented backfill strength is the result of the continuous formation and development of these two hydration products.The rheological property test of the mortar shows that the new cementitious material filling slurry with a mortar concentration of 68% reaches the Bingham body fluid state and is suitable for slurry pipeline transportation.On-site industrial tests show that the strength of the new cementitious material filling body with a mortar ratio of 1∶5 and a mortar concentration of 68% is 4.91 MPa，which meets the design principle requirements of the 28 d strength of the lower filling body of the filling road，which is greater than 4 MPa.The error of the indoor test is 2.6%，which indicates that the test data obtained by the indoor test is relatively reliable，and the strength performance and the topping rate are better than the 32.5R cement，which provides a strong guarantee for safe and efficient filling operation of the mine.
    Study on the Loosen Zone Evolution of Roadway Surrounding Rock under Mining Disturbance
    XU Shi-Da, HUANG Fu-Feng-Cheng, LEI Gang, LI Yuan-Hui
    2019, 48(11):  14-19. 
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    The failure of support and roadway surrounding rock near the stope are usually observed in the deep mining.In order to improve the supporting quality，this paper adopts ultrasonic detection to study the damage law of the roadway surrounding rock in the deep stope mining of Ashele Copper Mine.And the influence of the distance between the stope and the damaged rock of the mine is analyzed emphatically.The results show that the mining of deep stope has an apparent impact on the thickness of loosen zone.With the increase of mining disturbance，the damage of roadway surrounding rock at different test holes have different degrees of growth.The damage caused by mining disturbance is closed to the distance between the rock location and the stope.The longer distance，the lower damage to the roadway surrounding rock.The distance between the stress concentrated area to the stope boundary ranges from 20 m to 25 m.Damage induced during mining process is less than 20% when the distance exceeds 25 m.There is no apparent relation of the location of the roadway，with 1.4~1.7 m of the thickness of loosen zone.The thickness of loosen zone of the roadway surrounding rock increases to 1.6~2.0 m after the mining of the nearby stope.The above study results are of great significance to improve supporting effects and reduce supporting costs.
    Study on Surrounding Rock Stability of Roadway Based on Unascertained Measurement Theory
    YAN Ya-Jing, GU Shui-Jie, YU Xiang, ZHOU Yun, ZHAO Kang
    2019, 48(11):  20-26. 
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    The stability of underground surrounding rock is an important factor that affect mining design and safe production.The stability of surrounding rock is affected and restricted by many factors，and many of these factors are uncertain， non-linear， and hidden.Can not be quantified，Therefore，it brings challenges to the stability evaluation of surrounding rock.In order to evaluate the stability of the surrounding rock of an underground tantalum niobium mine in Jiangxi Province accurately and scientifically，a comprehensive model for the stability evaluation of the surrounding rock of the 417 m middle section of the mine is established by using the unascertained measurement theory.The subjective and objective weights calculated by the G_1 method and the entropy method are optimized by using the difference coefficient method，and the comprehensive unascertained measure of the evaluation object is determined.Combined with the actual situation of the mine，considering the influencing factors，six factors are taken as the evaluation indexes:rock quality designation （RQD），rock uniaxial compressive strength，rock integrity coefficient，in-situ stress，gap wall state and groundwater state.Qualitative evaluation shows that the stability grade of the surrounding rock in the middle 417 m is grade III（basically stable）.The study results can provide some guidance for the future mining design and construction of the mine.
    Spacing Optimization and Dynamic Effect Analysis of Spatial Intersection Roadway in a Mine
    MA Dong, SHI Guang-Bin, LI Bing, ZHANG Wen
    2019, 48(11):  27-34. 
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    In the light of the small distance between the new roadway and the existing roadway， the seismic wave generated by blasting operation will affect the safety and stability of the initial shotcrete structure of the existing roadway.Thus，taking a mine project as the background， the spatial intersection roadway model is established，and the numerical method is used to imitate the influence of the blasting excavation of new ventilation roadway on existing roadway.The paper analyzes the dynamic effects of the blasting excavation of new ventilation roadway with different spacing and different surrounding rock grade on shotcrete in existing traffic roadway.Combining with the relevant engineering specifications，the blasting safety spacing is optimized and then the results are compared by field measurement.The comparison results show that the blasting excavation of new ventilation roadway at lower part has the greatest influence on arch bottom and arch foot of upper traffic roadway， and should be monitored on the key point.The vertical spacing of roadway is less than 1.5D，the vibration velocity of shotcrete structure varies greatly with the increase of spacing， and otherwise it is more than 1.5D.The change is not obvious， and the optimal blast spacing should not be less than 2.5D.The study results can provide reference for the design and construction of the site and similar roadway engineering with small clear distance.
    Study on the Comprehensive Disposal Technology of Goafs in Top Complex Water-rich Environment
    LU Hong-Bin, WANG Xing, YANG Jia-Mian, SUN Guo-Quan
    2019, 48(11):  35-42. 
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    An iron ore mine began to bring into production in 1980.Shaft development and open stoping mining method is adopted.Up to now，many goafs of have been formed.The upper goafs of ore body Ⅰ has not been timely treated after the end of stoping，and the goaf has accumulated water，while the lower ore body Ⅲ is in the stoping stage，the stoping process and the remaining goaf may cause disturbance to the upper goaf，which may cause the water in the upper goaf to rush to the stoping areas， and there are potential safety hazards.In order to guarantee the safety of the lower orebody Ⅲ stoping process and solve the security threats，this paper adopts the method of combining field investigation，theoretical analysis，quantitative and qualitative analysis to carry out the study of goaf self-stability analysis，follow-up safety mining area，comprehensive disposal measures.The study results show that the eight independent goafs are temporarily in a relatively stable state，but long time exposure can lead to risk of roof caving.The KQ1# and KQ8# goaf affect the upper goafs area and the remaining goafs will not affect the upper goafs.It can ensure the safety of the upper goafs area and the safety of the follow-up mining work by filling the KQ5#、KQ6#、KQ8# goafs and sealing off the KQ1#、KQ2#、KQ3#、KQ4#、KQ7# goafs.
    Stability Evaluation of the Construction Site above a Goaf Based on Cloud Model and Fuzzy Hierarchy Analysis
    GUO Qing-Biao, WANG Liang, 吕Xin , JIANG Chuan-Li
    2019, 48(11):  43-48. 
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    In order to evaluate the stability of the construction site above the old goaf scientifically and reasonably， this paper evaluates the construction site stability of Wuyun expressway goaf based on cloud model and fuzzy hierarchy analysis process （FHAP）.First of all，six independent factors that affect the stability of construction site in goaf section of Wuyun expressway are screened，they are ratio of deep and thickness，intensity of strata，structure complexity，hydrological characteristics，stopping mining time and relative position，and the influencing mechanism of each factor on the stability is analyzed，the stability evaluation model suitable for the study area is established.Secondly，cloud model is adopted to determine the membership degree of evaluation indexes，which can effectively avoid the influence of data randomness and uncertainty on comprehensive evaluation.Thirdly，the weights of evaluation indexes are is determined based on fuzzy hierarchy analysis，so as to reduce the influence of subjective factors in data processing and improve the objective credibility of the analysis results.Finally，the stability evaluation model established in this paper was used to evaluate the construction site stability of Wuyun expressway goaf.The study results show that the evaluation results of this evaluation method are consistent with the actual engineering situation，and it provides support for the design，construction and maintenance of the goaf of Wuyun expressway.
    Analysis and Verification of 3D Motion Track of Ore or Rock in Main Orepass
    YIN Yue, LU Zeng-Xiang, DONG Hong-Wei
    2019, 48(11):  49-53. 
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    In the process of ore or rock transported in the orepass，the damage of the orepass lining caused by the collision between ore or waste rock and orepass wall is more serious.It is of great significance to determine the trajectory and position of the ore or waste rock before them collision with orepass wall to ensure the stability of the orepass wall.Taking the main orepass from -40 m to -71 m of a certain mine as an example， the similar test platform of the orepass section is established. According to the kinematics theory，combined with the similarity experiment， the three-dimensional trajectory equation of the ore or waste rock moving in the orepass before their first colliding with orepass wall.The study results show that the impact position of the ore calculated by theory is slightly lower than that of the ore in the experiment， and the error is less than 4.84%，the theoretical calculation and experimental results are in good agreement with the test results of the case mine.The study results can provide the basis for determining the impact area of the orepass wall，the design and the optimization of the orepass system，the treatment and repair of shaft and the formulation of orepass management scheme.
    Study on Economical and Efficient Layout Method of Prestressed Anchor Cable Anchorage Monitoring Points
    HOU Zheng, ZHU Zi-Qiang, XU Xiao-Yan, XIAO Cai, WU Shun-Chuan, ZHANG Li
    2019, 48(11):  54-61. 
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    Reasonable layout of prestressed anchor cable anchorage monitoring points is an important means to improve the reliability of slope stability monitoring.While ensuring the stability and safety of slopes，engineering monitoring costs can be saved to the greatest extent.At present，the monitoring and layout scheme design of the prestressed anchor cable anchorage monitoring points relies on engineering experience，which has strong blindness and high monitoring cost.Especially for large-scale and high-steep slopes，due to the large amount of excavation and the amount of reinforcement work for slopes，how to realize the economical and efficient layout of prestressed anchor cable anchorage monitoring points of high-steep slope and ensuring safe and efficient monitoring of slopes is an issue that is urgently needed to be solved.Aiming at this problem， this paper takes a high slope of Yingbin West Road in Jiangmen City，Guangdong Province as the study background， and determines the reasonable layout distance between the monitoring points by studying the group anchor effect of anchor cables and the influence range of anchor cables after failure.By constructing the three-dimensional model of the slope and the numerical calculation， the whole process of high slope excavation is simulated.The potential dangerous area of deformation instability during slope excavation is analyzed by numerical calculation results， and the selective layout of monitoring points is carried out.Based on the above two methods，the economical and efficient layout of the prestressed anchor cable anchorage monitoring points of the high-steep roadside slope is realized.The study results show that based on the group anchor effect and three-dimensional numerical simulation method，the proposed comprehensive layout optimization scheme for the reasonable layout of prestressed anchor cables and the key monitoring of potential danger areas in the excavation process can rationally utilize materials and space and greatly save monitoring costs，and achieve economic and effective monitoring of slopes.The study results provide a new idea for the reasonable deployment of high-steep roadside slope stability monitoring points.
    Influence of Rainfall Infiltration to the Stability of Unsaturated Soil Slope and Its Countermeasures
    QIU Sheng-Guang
    2019, 48(11):  62-67. 
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    In order to study the influence of rainfall infiltration on the stability of unsaturated soil slope，based on saturated-unsaturated seepage theory，the change of seepage field in slope and its influence on the slope stability under rainfall infiltration are analyzed.The study results show that:①rainfall infiltration is a saturated-unsaturated process，and its internal volumetric water content changes dynamically with the change of rainfall duration，in the initial stage of rainfall，the soil is in unsaturated state，the cohesion increases with the increase of water content，and the variation of internal friction angle is small，its overall trend is downward，with the increase of matrix suction and safety coefficient，which is beneficial to slope stability；②with the continuous rainfall，pore water pressure changes from negative to positive，cohesion and internal friction angle decrease with the increase of water content，matrix suction weakens，and slope stability decreases；③the final process of rainfall infiltration is the rise of internal water level，the increase of dynamic and static water pressure，and the decrease of effective soil weight，the soil softens， the mechanical strength parameters decrease，and the stability of the slope decreases，the permeability coefficient of the soil is inversely proportional to the safety factor of the slope as a whole.Based on the above discussion results，combined with the example of soil slope，the strength reduction method is used to reveal the change rule of the potential slip surface and the peak displacement of the slope along with the rainfall duration time under the condition of rainfall infiltration.The results indicated that the potential sliding surface at the beginning of rainfall increases from shallow to deep，and the peak displacement increases continuously；after the rainfall stopes，the stress in soil is re-distributed，the soil changes from saturated to unsaturated，and the potential sliding surface and peak displacemenet change inversly.In order to prevent the slope from destabilizing and destroying by rainfall，the rationalization treatment suggestions of soil slope are put forward， which provides a reliable reference for the comprehenisve treatment of unsaturated soil slope.
    Optimization of Beneficiation Process of Ultra-low-grade Hematite in Yanshan Iron Mine
    TIAN Yan-Hong, ZHOU Yong
    2019, 48(11):  68-72. 
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    The stability of production indexes and technological process of surface ultra-low-grade hematite in Yanshan Iron Mine concentrator is poor due to fluctuation of ore properties. A series of technological optimizations were conducted based on the technological process investigation and industrial tests， in order to improve the system stability and achieve the energy saving， quality-enhancing， cost-decreasing and benefit increasing. ①The dust-setting nozzle diameter of the coarse-fine classifying cyclone increased by 10 mm， optimizing the yield ratio of overflow and underflow from 35%:65% to 20%:80%. ②In the case of replacing the low-chromium steel ball of the first-stage grinding system with the high-chromium steel ball， changing the [?]120 mm+[?]100 mm steel ball to [?]100 mm+[?]80 mm+[?]60 mm steel ball(the gradation ratio is 2∶4∶2)， and reducing the diameter of the dust-setting nozzle by 10 mm， no broken or deformed small steel balls were appeared in the ball mill and underflow-returning ratio was reduced from 450% to 250%~300%. In addition， the ball mill processing capacity increased by about 70 t/h. ③When the feeding slurry pump of second-stage cyclone was replaced by the type of 250ZJ-I-A65 instead of 200ZJ-I-A65， the supporting motor power increased by 65 kW and ball-containing of the second-stage ball mill increased by 4 percentage points， the open numbers of cyclone group adjusted from 5 to 4. On the condition that the pressure of the cyclone feeding increased by 20 kPa and the concentration of feeding decreased by 9.99 percentage points， the classification efficiency of the cyclone increased by 19.14 percentage points and the concentration of the second-stage grinding increased significantly by 3.74 percentage points. The content of -0.074 mm in discharge increased significantly by 5.40 percentage points when the content of -0.074 mm of feeding decreased by 3.80 percentage points. ④The separation effect of spiral chute was improved significantly by limiting the separation concentration of the spiral chute and adjusting the position of collecting slider in time. Caustic starch as flotation inhibitor and GK68 as flotation collector were added to the stirred tank at one time before. Now caustic starch is added to the stirred tank and the flotation tank of third-scavenging separately， and GK68 is added to the stirred tank and the cleaning flotation tank separately. After the optimization of various process technologies， the grade of total concentrate is stable at around 65% with the qualified rate of concentrate increasing from 32% to over 80%， and the grade of tailings reduced by more than 2 percentage points. The process optimization effect is remarkable.
    Flotation Test of a Sedimentary Rock Type Refractory Sulfur-oxygen Mixed Copper Ore in Abroad
    LIU Fang-Hua
    2019, 48(11):  73-78. 
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    The grade of copper is 2.96% in a sedimentary rock type sulfur-oxygen mixed copper ore in abroad. Experimental study on ore dressing was carried out on the basis of technological mineralogy to determine the reasonable development and utilization technology of the ore. The results indicated that: ①The main copper minerals are chalcocite， cuprite， malachite and chrysocolla and the main gangue minerals are quartz， calcite and dolomite. The disseminated grain size of chalcocite and cuprite is generally from 0.02 to 0.30 mm while the disseminated grain size of malachite and chrysocolla is mainly from 0.02 to 1.20 mm. Copper sulfide accounts for 60.14% and copper oxide accounts for 39.86% of the total copper content. ②With the grinding fineness of -0.074 mm accounting for 73.60%， the copper sulfide minerals were floated preferentially using combined collector(butyl xanthate+ethyl xanthate) in the process of two roughing-two cleaning-one scavenging. Then copper oxide minerals were floated in the presence of sodium sulfide as vulcanizing agent and mixed collector(butyl xanthate+alkyl hydroxamic acid) with one roughing-three cleaning-two scavenging process. The copper sulfide concentrate with Cu grade of 46.92% and Cu recovery rate of 71.57%， and copper oxide concentrate with Cu grade 29.23% and Cu recovery rate of 16.08% were achieved. The total copper grade and recovery rate was 42.17% and 87.65%， respectively， which means better separating index.
    Experimental Study on Flotation of a Silver-bearing Copper Ores in Yunnan
    ZHANG Xu-Jia, MANG Chang-Ye, MA Zhi-Jun, ZHAO Hai-Tao
    2019, 48(11):  79-83. 
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    A silver-bearing copper ore in Yunnan is with copper grade of 0.78%， silver grade of 70.27 g/t and sulfur grade of 19.83%. Flotation tests were carried out based on the process mineralogy research in order to develop and utilize the resources efficiently. The results showed that: ①Copper in the ore mainly exists in the form of chalcopyrite， and the disseminated grain size varies greatly with medium and coarse grains as the main grain size， ranging from 0.01 mm to 1 mm. More than 80% of the ores particles distribute in the grain size ranging from 0.019 mm to 0.45 mm. Tetrahedrite shows fine-disseminated， with more than 85% of which distribute in the -0.037 mm grain size. Silver mainly occurs in tetrahedrite and sulfur mainly exists in the form of pyrite. ②When the grinding fineness of the ore is -0.074 mm accounting for 80.3%， copper and sulfur mixed concentrate was obtained by the two roughing-one scavenging process. When the grinding fineness of the copper and sulfur mixed concentrate is -0.037 mm accounting for 73.8%， copper and sulfur were separated by the one roughing-two cleaning-one scavenging process. Copper concentrate with copper grade of 22.37%， copper recovery rate of 90.28%， silver content of 1 221.51 g/t and silver recovery rate of 54.72% was obtained. Sulfur concentrate with sulfur grade of 41.86%， sulfur recovery rate of 90.12%， silver content of 55.75 g/t and silver recovery rate of 33.87% was obtained. The separation and enrichment of copper， sulfur and silver were well realized.
    Effect of H2O2 on Flotation of Copper-molybdenum Sulfide Ores and Its Mechanism
    ZHU Hong-Jia, LI Yu-Biao, WANG Hong-Duo, LIU Tai-Ming
    2019, 48(11):  84-87. 
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    Chalcopyrite and molybdenite ores often co-exist in nature, which are usually separated by flotation. However, the current flotation separation methods may cause heavy environmental pollution issues. In order to explore a clean and efficient separation method for copper-molybdenum sulfide ore separation, pure and artificially mixed chalcopyrite and molybdenite samples were pretreated with H2O2 as oxidant in sea water or pure water. The influencing mechanism was revealed by contact angle measurement and XPS analysis. The results showed that: ①In sea water or pure water, the floatability of chalcopyrite after H2O2 treatment was significantly reduced. Differently, pretreatment with H2O2 could improve the flotability of molybdenite in sea water but reduce the flotability in pure water. ②After pretreatment with H2O2, the flotability of chalcopyrite was reduced due to the surface oxidation by H2O2 with the formation of hydrophilic oxidation. The effect of H2O2 on the flotability of molybdenite was relatively weak in pure water or sea water, possibly due to the weak oxidation of H2O2 on molybdenite surface. ③The samples artificially mixed with chalcopyrite and molybdenite pretreated by H2O2 could be separated effectively in either pure water or sea water, with a better separation efficiency being observed in sea water. The study provides guidance for chalcopyrite and molybdenite flotation using sea water replacing pure water.
    Study on Flotation Experiment of a Sulfur-oxygen Mixed Lead-Zinc Ore in Burma
    吕Chao , LI Si, WANG Hai-Bo, LIANG Yi-Qiang
    2019, 48(11):  88-93. 
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    In order to develop and utilize the sulfur-oxygen mixed lead-zinc ore in Burma， the mineral processing experiment was carried out based on the study of process mineralogy. The results showed that the raw ore contains lead 4.70%， zinc 5.51%，and silver 150.66 g/t， and the major impurity is SiO2 with the content of 30.45%， followed by CaO and MgO. The oxidation rate of lead mineral and zinc mineral are about 22% and 17%， respectively. Lead mainly exists in the form of galena， followed by cerusite and zinc mainly exists in the form of sphalerite， followed by smithsonite. One roughing-one scavenging-two cleaning process was adopted to select lead preferentially and one roughing-one scavenging-three cleaning was adopted to select zinc. With the grinding fineness of -0.074 mm accounting for 80%， silver-rich lead concentrate with lead grade of 61.25%， silver grade of 1 791.53 g/t， lead recovery rate of 91.24%， silver recovery rate of 82.94%， zinc content of 4.43% and zinc recovery rate of 5.63% was obtained. Meanwhile， zinc concentrate with zinc grade of 50.86%， silver content of 174.25 g/t， zinc recovery rate of 88.68%， silver recovery rate of 11.07%， lead content of 2.39% and lead recovery rate of 4.88% was obtained， which indicated better separating indexes.
    Experimental Research on Mineral Processing of a Micro-disseminated Primary Gold Deposit in Guangxi
    LUO Xing, LI Yong, XIA Yu
    2019, 48(11):  94-97. 
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    A gold ore in Guangxi is a micro-disseminated primary gold ore with high arsenic and organic carbon content and mainly in form of inclusion gold. Flotation tests were carried out to determine the mineral processing technology. The results showed that in the condition of grinding fineness of -200 mesh accounting for 85%， copper sulfate was taken as the activator， and butyl xanthate and butylamine dithiophosphate were taken as combined collectors of gold mineral and gold-bearing mineral. Gold concentrate with gold grade of 31.50 g/t and gold recovery rate of 86.57% was obtained after a closed-circuit flotation process containing one roughing-two cleaning-three scavenging process. The regulation of reagent and technological process are simple， which achieve better mineral processing indexes.A gold ore in Guangxi is a micro-disseminated primary gold ore with high arsenic and organic carbon content and mainly in form of inclusion gold. Flotation tests were carried out to determine the mineral processing technology. The results showed that in the condition of grinding fineness of -200 mesh accounting for 85%， copper sulfate was taken as the activator， and butyl xanthate and butylamine dithiophosphate were taken as combined collectors of gold mineral and gold-bearing mineral. Gold concentrate with gold grade of 31.50 g/t and gold recovery rate of 86.57% was obtained after a closed-circuit flotation process containing one roughing-two cleaning-three scavenging process. The regulation of reagent and technological process are simple， which achieve better mineral processing indexes.
    Experimental Study on Flotation-cyanide Combined Process of a Gold-silver Ore
    QIU Shi-Cheng, QIU Xian-Yang, HU Zhen, LI Han-Wen, ZOU Jian-Jian, WANG Tai, LI Pei-Lun
    2019, 48(11):  98-103. 
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    A gold-silver ore contains gold 4.80 g/t and silver 565 g/t. The gold mineral is mainly native gold， which exists as the form of independent mineral. Some parts are in the form of microscopy or submicroscopy disseminated in limonite and quartz. Bare gold accounts for 72.29% of total gold， and gold wrapped in iron minerals and silicate minerals account for 22.08% and 5.63% of total gold， respectively； silver minerals mainly exist in the form of argentite with coarser grain size， and silver sulfide accounts for 91.33% of total silver. The contents of native silver and silver chloride are low， which account for only 6.55% and 2.12% of total silver， respectively. In order to realize the high-efficient exploitation and utilization of the gold-silver ores， flotation tests were carried out. The results showed that when the ore fineness is -0.074 mm 74.5%， concentrate with gold grade of 77.19 g/t， gold recovery of 75.58%， silver grade of 11 302 g/t， and silver recovery of 94.02% was obtained by using the one coarse four cleaning two sweeping， the tailing cleaning for one time returning to the flotation process after sweeping； The cyanidation leaching was carried out with the tailing which gold grade is of 1.23 g/t ， silver grade is of 35.45 g/t and a regrinding fineness is of -0.043 mm 86%. The grades of leaching residue are gold 0.10 g/t and silver 17.88 g/t， respectively， and the leaching rates of gold and silver for flotation tailings were 91.87% and 49.56%， respectively. The total recovery rate of gold and silver in the whole process reached 98.01% and 96.98%， respectively.
    Leaching of Silicon from Augite by Aspergillus niger and Its Mechanism
    ZHANG Wen-Bing, Yang-Zhi-Chao, Liu-Sheng-Yu, Wen-Quan-Bao, Guo-Yong-Jie
    2019, 48(11):  104-108. 
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    The effective removal of silicon from iron-bearing silicate is a prerequisite condition in preparation of ultrapure iron concentrate. The effect of leaching time and pulp concentration on the removal of silicon in augite（a kind of iron-bearing silicate） leached by Aspergillus niger were studied by means of shaking flask leaching. In order to explore the leaching mechanism， minerals before and after leaching were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）， X-ray diffraction（XRD）， energy dispersion spectrum（EDS） and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FTIR）. The results showed that with the leaching time increasing， the content of silicon in leaching solution increased at the beginning and then decreased. The maximum leaching rate is 10.68% at 13 days. With the increase of pulp concentration， the content of silicon in leaching solution increased at the beginning and then decreased. The best leaching effect was obtained when the pulp concentration was 10%， and the leaching rate was 6.01%. The analysis of leaching residue showed that the crystal structure of the augite was destroyed， which even collapsed during the process above. The O—H bond and the Si—O bond of the ore samples changed， which is attributed to the acid hydrolysis and complexation of Aspergillus niger metabolism， thereby reducing the crystallinity of the mineral， destroying the crystal structure and dissolving the ore components eventually.
    Study on Phosphorus Removal of High-Phosphorus Oolitic Hematite Abroad by Direct Reduction and Magnetic Separation
    WU Shi-Chao, SUN Ti-Chang, YANG Hui-Fen
    2019, 48(11):  109-114. 
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    A high-phosphorus oolitic hematite from abroad was used as a research object for dephosphorization. The iron grade and phosphorus content of the high-phosphorus oolitic hematite were 55.81% and 0.72% respectively.48.61% phosphorus was present in the phosphate and 47.22% is present in the iron minerals. The effects of dephosphorization agent dosage， straw carbon dosage， reduction temperature and reduction time on the indexes of powdery reduced iron were studied. The results showed that the qualified indexes could not be obtained without additives. In the case of calcium carbonate dosage of 25%， straw carbon dosage of 12.5%， reduction temperature of 1 200 ℃， reduction time of 75 min， two sections of grinding and two sections of magnetic separation， iron grade， iron recovery and phosphorus content of 94.27%， 87.34% and 0.077% powdery reduced iron can be obtained respectively， which can be used as high quality raw material for electric furnace steelmaking. When no additives were added， some phosphorus-containing minerals were reduced to elemental phosphorus and enter the metal iron. Therefore， the phosphorus content in powdery reduced iron is high. When the amount of calcium carbonate added was 25%， the reduction of the phosphorus-containing mineral was inhibited and remains in the gangue phase， which can achieve the purpose of phosphorus removal. When the reduction time was too long， the phosphorus was still in the gangue phases， and the iron particles would partially encapsulate the phosphorus-containing minerals， and the grinding was difficult to separate， resulting in an increase in phosphorus content.
    Research on Process Mineralogy of a Magmatic Rocks Type Iron Deposits in Hebei Province
    LIN Yao, LI Fen-Xiang, LU Feng, WANG Su
    2019, 48(11):  115-119. 
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    In order to provide evidence for the subsequent development and utilization of a magmatic rocks type iron deposits in Hebei province and determine the reasonable mineral processing technology， the process mineralogical characteristics of the ore， such as chemical composition， minerals composition， structure construction， dissemination characteristics， mineral particle size composition， mineral liberation characteristics and occurrence state of useful elements were studied by means of chemical analysis， optical microscope observation， XRD analysis， electron microprobe analysis and MLA (Mineral Liberation Analyser) analysis. The results indicated that the ore is extremely poor vanadium-titanium magnetite of magmatic rocks type， and useful elements are iron and titanium with the content of 21.65% and 5.22%， respectively， followed by phosphorus and vanadium. The major recoverable mineral of magnetite series associated simply with other minerals thus is easy to be liberated and recycled. Only few appear tiny crystals and are encapsulated in the dark minerals or distribute between the gangue mineral， which are difficult to liberated and recycled. The main minerals containing recoverable titanium in ilmenite series are in the form of single particle or aggregate， which is easy to be liberated and recovered. However， minerals in the form of lamellar behaves oppositely and may enter into the iron concentrate. Recoverable phosphorus mineral in apatite series can be recovered after full dissociation. Vanadium is mainly distributed in magnetite in dispersed state， which is difficult to be liberate and can be recovered and utilized together with magnetite.
    Summary on Beneficiation Technology of Tantalum-niobium Ores
    JIANG Wen-Jie, TONG Xiong, XIE Xian, KANG Bo-Wen, ZHAO Yu
    2019, 48(11):  120-124. 
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    Tantalum and niobium are industrially irreplaceable metals， the common characteristics with tantalum-niobium ores are low-grade， disseminated fine， brittle and of complex mineral composition， which makes the mineral processing of tantalum-niobium ore more complicated. In order to promote the mineral processing technology of tantalum-niobium ores， the separation methods of tantalum-niobium ore were reviewed. It was pointed out that the gravity separation should be used in the roughing separation of tantalum-niobium ores， and the processes of magnetic separation， flotation and electric separation should be adopted in the cleaning separation. The electric separation is mainly used for impurity removal and comprehensive recovery of concentrate， and the flotation process can effectively recycle the fine mud of tantalum and niobium. The chemical mineral processing is an effective process for the treatment of low-grade complex tantalum-niobium ores. Generally speaking， the combined flowsheet is often used in the separation of tantalum-niobium ores.
    Progress of the Functional Microorganisms in Bioleaching Studies
    WANG Zhi-Qing, ZHOU Xiu-Yan, LI Xue-Jie, CHEN Fang, ZHU Hong-Fei, ZHAO Xin
    2019, 48(11):  125-131. 
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    Bioleaching technology is a new environmentally friendly hydrometallurgy technology. It was considered to be a potentially effective candidate to solve the problems of the reduction of high-grade ore and the increase of tailings pile-up. Microorganisms with ore leaching function play an important role in the bioleaching process. Microorganisms were classified into two types: autotrophic microorganisms and heterotrophic microorganisms， based on nutrient metabolism types. The optimum leaching conditions， leaching efficiency and leaching mechanism of different types of microorganisms in the bioleaching process were summarized. The autotrophic microorganisms were mainly used for leaching sulfide ore， among which Thiobacillus ferrooxidans was the most widely used， and the leaching efficiency of mixed bacteria was higher than that of single bacteria. The heterotrophic microorganisms were mainly used to leach non-sulfide ore. The functions of silicate bacteria， Providencia and fungi in leached ore were discussed. The possible breakthroughs of highly efficient leaching microorganisms for the future were put forward. They mainly include in-situ domestication and isolation of functional microorganisms， construction and application of genetic engineering microorganisms， designation and optimization of specific culture， research and application of heterotrophic microorganisms， and co-metabolism regulation of bacteria and the development of microbial agents.
    Characteristics of Pyrite and Deep Metallogenic Potential in Jiguanzui Cu-Au Deposit， Southeast Hubei Province
    WEI Jun-Qi, QI Xin-Shi, ZHOU Yu-Hua, WANG Fang, ZHU Dan, LU Li
    2019, 48(11):  132-141. 
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    Jiguanzui Cu-Au Deposit is located in the northwest corner of the Yangxin rock mass and the northeastern margin of the Jinniu volcanic rock basin in the southeastern ore-forming area of the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Fe-Cu-Au metallogenic belt，adjacent to the Tonglushan Cu-Fe （Au） deposit.Until now，four new orebodies of V#，VI#，VII# and VIII# dominated by VII# orebody were discovered continuously in the mining area， which shows that the deep part of the deposit has good prospecting potential.Taking Jiguanzui Cu-Au Deposit in the area as the study object，the deep VII# orebody was studied in detail，the main gold-bearing mineral pyrite in the orebody was analyzed in detail，and the deep mineralization of the deposit was preliminarily discussed.On the basis of field investigation and indoor microscope identification，the pyrite is divided into two generations （PyⅠ and PyⅡ）， PyⅡ as main carrier minerals of gold.Elemental analysis of pyrite shows that the mass fraction of Co，Ni，Cu，Zn and As in pyrite was generally higher，and the change range of w（Co）/w（Ni） ratio was from 0.02 to 9.26.PyI is formed by magma， and PyII is formed by sedimentation.The isotope analysis of sulfur isotope and lead shows that 34S has obvious tower effect and has the characteristics of magmatic hydrothermal genesis.Lead is a mixed source of crust and mantle，which indicated that the ore-forming material source is a mixed source of crust and mantle based on mantle.Based on the above discussion results，the deep metallogenic potential of the deposit is further studied.The results show that the deep mineralization of the deposit is dominated by VII# orebody，which is produced near the contact zone between the Yanshanian quartz diorite and the Triassic lower carbonate rock stratum， and is controlled by the contact zone structure.The discovery of VII# orebody in the deep of the Jiguanzui Deposit indicates that the deep metal deposits in this area have good prospecting prospects.
    InSAR Phase Unwrapping Method Based on Kriging Interpolation and Chan-Vese Model Boundary Detection
    WANG Sheng, Zhu-Yu-Feng
    2019, 48(11):  142-150. 
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    Phase unwrapping is an important step in InSAR elevation measurement，the accuracy of phase unwrapping directly determines the accuracy of InSAR measurement.The unwrapping accuracy of commonly used phase unwrapping methods is susceptible to interferometric noise in low coherence region. In order to solve the problem that the result of phase unwrapping is inaccurate in low coherence region，a phase unwrapping method based on Kriging interpolation and Chan-Vese model is proposed.In this method，Kriging interpolation is performed in the low coherence region， and the interferometric phase values in the low coherence region are recalculated， the interferometric phase values in the high coherence region are unchanged， and a new interferogram is generated.The interferometric fringe boundary of the new interferogram is extracted by Chan-Vese method，and the jump coefficient is calculated according to certain methods， so as to achieve the purpose of phase unwrapping.A mining area in Bange County of Tibet was selected as the test area，the interference phase images which are produced by the pair of sentinel-1A synthetic aperture radar data (C-band) are used as experimental data，the phase unwrapping results of proposed unwrapping method are compared with those of other unwrapping method such as branch cut method proposed by Goldstein.The study results show that proposed method has some applicable conditions，there are little differences between the phase unwrapping results of this method and other methods in the high coherence region.In the condition of low conherence region spanning no more than two interferometric fringes，compared with other methods， the difference between the evaluation inverted from the unwrapping result of proposed method and SRTM1 digital elevation model is within a reasonable range， thus，the proposed method is still suitable.However，in the condition of low coherence region spanning more than two interferometric fringes， the proposed method is not suitable.
    Application and Magnetic Design of a New Magnetic Separator Based on Halbach Permanent Magnet Array
    CHEN Zhong-Hang
    2019, 48(11):  151-154. 
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    It is pointed out that the magnetic system of the magnetic pulley and the updraft dry separator produces double-side magnetic field， while only one-side magnetic field acts on the separation space， so the utilization rate of magnetic energy is relatively low. Therefore a new magnetic system based on Halbach permanent magnet array is proposed and used to optimize the magnetic pulley and the updraft dry separator. On the basis of comparison between the old and new magnetic system， it can be seen that the new magnetic system enjoy much obvious advantages such as unilateral enhancement， high air gap magnetic density， and relatively large magnetic field utilization rate. Furthermore the tailings discarding experiment of the new magnetic system separator on a magnetic ore from Liaoning was carried out, discarding productive rate is 26.92%, magnetic iron recovery is 2.62%, loss rate of magnetic iron is 1.31%. The new magnetic separator based on Halbach permanent magnet array is a dry pre-beneficiation equipment for lean iron ore with reasonable structure and high-usage magneic energy. It can increase separation efficiency and reduce the amount of grinding capacity.
    Experimental Study on the Numerical Optimization of Hydrocyclone in Tongshankou Copper Mine
    ZENG Xiang-Long, LUO Jing
    2019, 48(11):  155-160. 
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    In order to improve the classification accuracy of FX500 hydrocyclone in tongshankou copper mine and reduce fine particles in underflow， the influence of structure parameters and operation parameters on the separation performance of hydrocyclone was systematically investigated by means of numerical simulation method. The results indicated that: ①Fine particles in underflow and coarse particles in overflow could be decreased as a whole through increasing the inlet velocity and reducing the concentration of ore feeding. ②By increasing the height of column segment and the cone angle， fine particles in underflow were further reduced. ③In addition， fine particles were further washed from underflow and reduced their misplacement in underflow via increasing the upper taper angle of grit mouth. ④The results of on-site experiments verified that the -75 μm particles in underflow of the optimized hydrocyclone decreased by 1.78 percents compared with that of the original hydrocyclone. These results would provide technical supports for optimizing and reforming the hydrocyclone of tongshankou copper mine.
    Research Progress on the Numerical Simulations of Internal Flow Field of Thickener
    WANG Xue-Tao, CUI Bao-Yu, WEI De-Zhou, SONG Zhen-Guo, MENG Ling-Guo
    2019, 48(11):  161-168. 
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    In order to improve the working efficiency of thickener further， understand and develop the theory of flocculation thickening deeply， the research approaches about the complex characteristics of the internal flow field of thickener were discussed. The application status of the numerical experimental methods in simulating the internal flow field of thickener is reviewed in detail from the aspects of multiphase flow model， turbulent model and simulation scale. The guiding role of numerical simulation in improving the technical indexes of flocculation thickening process is elaborated. It is pointed out that the mathematical description of flocculation reaction， the formation of flocs and simulation modeling of structure evolution are the research focuses present and future. Multi-field coupling of thickener based on field environment is the development direction of internal flow field of the numerical simulation.
    Design and Implementation of The Control System for Mud Circulation Purification Device Based on PLC
    LUO Yin-Fei, WANG Zhi-Ming, ZHAO Zhen, DUAN Long-Chen, JIANG Wei
    2019, 48(11):  169-175. 
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    In the current drilling process of hydrological wells，there are relatively low level processing and integration.And the introduction and innovation of new technologies，methods and processes are not sufficient.In the drilling of hydrologic well，the mud returned to the ground from the bottom of the well contains a large amount of rock cuttings and sand particles，which are mainly treated by the natural settlement by artificial sand bailer at mud pit and sedimentation tank，with lower efficiency. In order to realize the automation and modularization of drilling equipment and improve the construction efficiency，an automatic mud circulation purification device control system with green exploration and hydrogeological drilling was developed according to the complicated geological and climatic environment of Qinghai Province，including remote control subsystem， near-end control subsystem and mud heating cycle subsystem.In order to improve the anti-interference performance of the control system and increase its reliability，the hardware of the system selects PLC as the control core.The hardware and software for the mud purification device are designed with modularization and reliability in the control system.In practical application，this system has the characteristics of convenient transportation， high reliability and good adaptability.
    Construction Utilization Technology and Engineering Application of the Land in Coal Mining Subsidence Area
    ZHU Wei
    2019, 48(11):  176-171. 
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    The coal mining subsidence area in China has the features of large scale，wide range and low utilization rate， so it is of great significance to increasing the utilization of land in coal mining subsidence area.In order to scientifically evaluate the feasibility and suitability of land utilization in coal mining subsidence area，the theoretical calculation and engineering verification method are used to study the foundation stability in the subsidence area.On the basis of fully analyzing the characteristics and distribution of the old goaf below the study area，the residual subsidence deformation is calculated by using the probability integral method and selecting the reasonable prediction parameters.The influence depth of the construction load on the stratum above the goaf is calculated by the foundation additional stress method.The foundation stability of the old goaf is quantitatively evaluated by comparing the influence depth with the height of the fracture zone.The slope of the ground is considered comprehensively to help to determine building height.In order to ensure the safety utilization of the buildings，the technical measures against deformation of buildings based on residual subsidence deformation is proposed.The study results show that the study area will bear the I-level residual subsidence deformation in the later stage，the load influence depth will not affect the range of the fracture zone，and will not cause the activation of the old goaf，the application result verifies the reliability of the technical evaluation results；the construction on coal mining subsidence area and commercial development are feasible，which can effectively utilize the abandoned subsidence land resources with good ecological and social benefits.
    Study Status of Recycling Water in Concentrator and Its Processing Technology
    LIANG Si-Yi, WANG Dong-Fang, TIAN Kai, LIU Xin-Wei, HU Wen-Tao
    2019, 48(11):  182-187. 
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    Large amount of water is consumed during bendficiation production.In order to response to the national environmental policy and realize closed cycle，the characteristics and research status of recycling water in iron ore concentrator， non-ferrous metal concentrator， coal concentrator and non-metal concentrator are introduced， respectively. The utilization of coagulation precipitation method， neutralization method， adsorption method and membrane separation in high efficiency clarification of recycling water are discussed. It is pointed out that removal of soluble ions，residual agents and reduction of solid content in recycling water are the basic requirements for clarification and reuse of recycling water.Different recycling water should be treated with different method， generally with combined technology. New and efficient clarification technology and process developed to improve the existing recycling water system would be the focus and hot direction in promoting green mine construction.
    Experimental Study on the Recovery of Lithium and Rubidium from Tailings of a Fine-Grained Lepidolite Concentrator
    ZOU Yao-Wei, HUANG Jin-Wen, LI Xue-Zhen
    2019, 48(11):  188-191. 
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    Lithium and cesium， which deserve to be recovered in the tailings sample of a fine-grained lepidolite concentrator， often exist in pollucite. Pollucite is crystallinely locked with mica， with grade of Li2O 0.70% and Rb2O 0.24% in the sample. The particle size of the sample is fine， and the grain yield of -800 mesh reaches up to 43.90%. Lithium is obviously enriched in coarse grain grade. In order to determine the recovery process of lithium and rubidium in the sample， the dressing test was carried out using the pre-desliming and flotation process. The results showed that the sample was pretreated in scrubbing and desliming (-20 μm) with the addition of sodium silicate， and the slurry pH was adjusted to 3 by hydrochloric acid. The lithium-rubidium concentrate， in which the grade of Li2O and Rb2O were 2.62% and 0.87%， respectively， and the recovery rate were 66.47% and 64.38%， respectively， was obtained with two roughing-one cleaning process. The valuable elements， lithium and rubidium， were fully recovered finally.
    Effect of vanadium-titanium magnetite tailings fine powder on properties of self-compacting concrete
    LI Sheng, ZHENG Yong-Chao, CHEN Xu-Feng, LIN Xiao-Ran, HUANG Tian-Yong
    2019, 48(11):  192-196. 
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    In order to expand the application field of a vanadium-titanium magnetite tailings， the C30 and C35 self-compacting concrete were prepared by replacing the fly ash with the same volume of vanadium-titanium magnetite tailings fine powder， and the effect of tailings fine powder on concrete workability， mechanical properties， volume stability and hydration heat were studied. The test results showed that when the tailings fine powder replaced the fly ash with equal volume， the V-leakage time decreased and the divergence increased. The workability improved with the decrease of T500 time and the J-ring difference. The early compressive strength of the tailings fine powder concrete was higher than that of the fly ash concrete， and the 28 d compressive strength met the design requirements. The 56 d concrete volume shrinkage rate is within the controllable range， and the 7 d cumulative hydration heat of the tailings fine powder cementitious system is slightly lower than that of the fly ash.
    Research Progress on Microbial Leaching Technology of Non-ferrous Metal Tailings
    ZHAO Yu, DONG Ying-Bo, LIN Hai
    2019, 48(11):  197-203. 
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    Microbiological leaching technology is one of the most promising technology in the development and utilization of valuable metal minerals in the mass stack of non-ferrous metal mine tailings in China， the dissolution of toxic metal elements， the full utilization of resources and the reduction of pollution. In order to systematically demonstrate the progress of microbiological leaching technology， the mechanism of microbiological leaching was introduced from the aspects of direct leaching， indirect leaching， galvanic effect and extracellular polymer（EPS） action； The key technology affecting the leaching effect were summarized from the leaching strains and external factors（including temperature， pH， redox potential and nutrients）； The role of tailings pretreatment， mutation breeding， and use of catalysts in enhancing the leaching effect was introduced. Finally， the development direction and prospect of microbiological leaching technology in the harmless and resource-oriented treatment of non-ferrous metal mine tailings were forecasted.
    Research Progress on Preparation of Microcrystalline Foam Glass Using Solid Waste
    SUN Xiao-Gang, Wang-Hai-Long, XING Jun, QIU Jing-Ping, LI Cui, LIU Jian-Kun
    2019, 48(11):  204-206. 
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    In order to realize the high-value utilization of solid waste， the feasibility of preparing microcrystalline foam glass using industrial solid waste is analyzed from preparation mechanism， technological process and temperature schedule. The domestic and overseas research progress on preparation of microcrystalline foamed glass using solid waste， such as metal mine tailings， red mud， blast furnace slag， coal gangue and fly ash， was discussed with emphasis. Furthermore， the research and development trend of microcrystalline foamed glass were prospected.