Table of Content

15 April 2026, Volume 55 Issue 4

Previous Issue   

High-level Safety for High-quality Development of Non-coal Mines

PEI Wentian, ZHANG Dan

2026, 55(4):  1-4. 

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Non-coal mines,as a fundamental,supporting and safeguarding industry of the national economy,their highquality
development is directly related to the security of strategic mineral resources and the stability of the industrial chain and
supply chain. Based on the development practice of non-coal mines during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period,the achievements
in aspects such as safety production,legal construction,regulatory system,technological support,and guarantee capabilities have
been systematically summarized. The multiple challenges faced in the field,including industrial layout,mining conditions,and
talent supply,have been deeply analyzed. Combined with the requirements of the "15th Five-Year Plan" and the new qualitydriven
development orientation,strategic paths for the high-quality development of non-coal mines have been proposed from six
dimensions:industrial structure optimization,technological equipment innovation,precise disaster governance,intelligent construction,
risk monitoring and early warning,and solidification of safety foundation. These provide theoretical support and practical
references for the formulation of relevant industrial policies and the improvement of safety regulatory systems by the country.


Intelligent Calculation Method for Rock Core RQD Based on Improved SAM Model

ZHANG Yanbo, 　WEI Ziwei, 　LI Qun, 　WANG Shuai, 　RONG Hui　LI Tao

2026, 55(4):  5-14. 

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Rock Quality Designation (RQD),as a key indicator for evaluating the integrity of rock masses,is widely used
in geological and mining engineering,providing important basis for engineering design and construction. Traditional RQD determination
methods rely on manual measurement,which suffer from issues such as low acquisition efficiency and large error in results.
To address this,an intelligent RQD calculation method based on image detection and object segmentation is proposed.
This method first constructs a rock core image dataset through perspective transformation,data augmentation,and image annotation
techniques. Subsequently,structural improvements are made to the Segment Any Model (SAM) in two aspects:firstly,an
Adapter module is introduced into the image decoder for fine-tuning to enhance the model′s representation ability for rock core
features;secondly,the loss function is optimized to improve the segmentation accuracy of rock core edges and achieve precise
extraction of individual rock core segments. Finally,to address the issue of rock core inclination,the Hough transform is used
for pose correction,and the rock core length is measured using the median line-pixel statistical method to complete the RQD
calculation. Experimental results show that the improved SAM model yields clear rock core boundaries and complete contours,
with an F1 value of 95. 21% and an Intersection over Union (IoU) of 88. 91%. The average absolute error between the intelligent
RQD calculation results of rock cores and traditional manual calculation results is no more than 5%,indicating high accuracy.
Compared to manual measurement,the intelligent RQD calculation of rock cores significantly reduce the time consumption and effectively improve the efficiency of RQD calculation.


Study on the Impact of Ultimate Pit-limit Geometry on Carbon Emissions from Open-pit Mining

GU Xiaowei, ZHU Zhenguo, XU Xiaochuan, WANG Qing,

2026, 55(4):  15-24. 

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Under the Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Goals strategy,open-pit mining is advancing toward green,
low-carbon,and sustainable development. This study develops a process-wide carbon-accounting framework for open-pit operations,
integrating direct emissions (electricity and fossil-fuel use,explosives,and mineral processing) and indirect emissions
(loss of ecosystem carbon-sequestration capacity due to land disturbance,plus the embodied carbon of construction materials).
A large open-pit iron mine is used as a case study to quantify how the ultimate pit limit (UPL) scale and pit-wall slope-angle
schemes jointly shape total emissions,emission composition,and economic performance. Total emissions increase approximately
linearly with pit expansion and tend to accelerate at larger scales. In terms of composition,direct emissions contribute 96. 2% to
96. 8% of the total,with mineral processing as the dominant source (54% to 68%),whereas indirect emissions account for
3. 2% to 3. 8% and are mainly driven by sequestration loss from pit-area land disturbance (1. 61% to 1. 88%). Steepening pitwall
angles improves economic performance;meanwhile,total emissions exhibit marked non-linear fluctuations across adjacent
slope-angle schemes,with a maximum difference of 0. 427 Mt CO2. Despite these changes in magnitude,the relative shares of
major emission categories remain broadly stable across schemes. Overall,the case mine exhibits an emission intensity of
0. 044 9 t CO2 per tonne of ore under the accounting boundary and assumptions adopted in this study. Beyond providing a
transparent emissions inventory,the proposed framework supports design-stage screening and comparison of alternative pit limits
and slope-angle configurations. It also offers a quantitative basis for further decision-making extensions,such as internalizing
carbon costs into economic evaluation or identifying Pareto-efficient trade-offs between economic returns and emissions. These
capabilities allow environmental constraints to be incorporated proactively into mine design,thereby facilitating low-carbon
planning and sustainable development of open-pit mines.


Review on Damage Characteristics and Numerical Simulation of Freeze-Thaw Rocks in Cold Region Open-Pit Mines#br#

LIANG Shiyuan, XU Chuanhua, LIU Yixin, SHAN Yuxiang, SONG Tianming

2026, 55(4):  25-42. 

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With the continuous development of open-pit mines in the western alpine region,the problems of rock mass
damage degradation and slope instability caused by the coupling of freeze-thaw cycles and engineering loads are becoming more
and more serious. Therefore,the research progress of macro-meso damage mechanism,constitutive model improvement and numerical
simulation technology of freeze-thaw rock is systematically reviewed. It is generally believed that the evolution process
of pore expansion and fracture coalescence driven by frost heaving stress on the mesoscopic scale is the root cause of the deterioration
of macroscopic mechanical properties of rock,which is manifested in the decrease of strength,the decrease of elastic
modulus and the change of failure mode. By introducing meso-damage variables and combining multi-field coupling theory,the
established statistical damage model,temperature-seepage-stress-damage coupling model and macro-meso correlation segmentation
model can more accurately describe the nonlinear mechanical response of rock under the combined action of freeze-thaw
and load. In terms of numerical simulation,discrete element method,phase field method and other techniques provide effective
means to reveal the evolution law of frost heave cracks,realize multi-scale damage process simulation and evaluate rock mass
stability. At present,there are still some deficiencies in the cross-scale correlation mechanism of macro-meso damage,the multifield
coupling model under complex geological conditions and the deepening of simulation technology. Future research needs to
deepen the cross-scale quantitative correlation of macro-meso damage,improve the temperature-seepage-stress-damage fully coupled model suitable for complex geological environments,and develop numerical simulation methods and intelligent damage
prediction models based on artificial intelligence. The integrated research framework of " mechanism-prediction-prevention and
control " is constructed to form a complete technical system from damage mechanism analysis to engineering risk prevention
and control,which provides theoretical and technical support for safe and efficient mining in cold regions.



Roof Protection Technology of Concrete-filled Steel Tube Pillar for Underground Metal Mine Stope

FENG Fan, WU Yuzhi, LIU Bin, CHEN Pengyu, ZHANG Wenfeng, YAN Lingpeng

2026, 55(4):  43-50. 

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In order to solve the problems of serious ore loss and poor stope stability in the point column upward horizontal
layered filling method,a new type of concrete filled steel tube pillar suitable for underground metal mine stope was developed.
Based on the engineering background of a stope in Hongbu mining area of Xincheng Gold Mine,the roof protection technology
and effect of concrete-filled steel tubular pillars are introduced. The results show that the new concrete-filled steel tube pillar
has the characteristics of " active support "," decompression and subsidence prevention "," blasting and collapse prevention
" and " collaborative control",which breaks through the limitation of the application of concrete-filled steel tube pillar in under-
ground metal mine stope. When the concrete-filled steel tube pillar roof protection technology is used to mine the ore body,
the plastic zone and the maximum displacement of the roof are controlled within a small range,which ensures the stability of the
stope. Compared with the method of supporting the overlying roof with point pillars,the roof protection technology of concretefilled
steel tubular pillars can realize the full recovery of ore in the stope under the premise of ensuring safe production,and has
significant economic benefits. The research results can provide new ideas for safe and efficient mining of ore bodies under similar
mining technology conditions.


Study on the Influence of Cementitious Materials on the Dynamic Characteristics of Tailings Cemented Backfill at High Temperature#br#

WU Haonan, CHENG Aiping, MEI Linfang, WANG Ping, FENG Jun

2026, 55(4):  51-58. 

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Aiming at the stability problem of filling body under dynamic disturbance in deep high-temperature mines,taking
the -675 m level (ground temperature 40 ℃) of a mining area as the engineering background,the effects of cement and cementitious powder (water-quenched slag-based cementitious material) on the dynamic characteristics of tailings cemented filling body at different temperatures were systematically studied. Through the dynamic impact test of split Hopkinson pressure bar,combined with scanning electron microscope observation and PCAS image analysis,the dynamic mechanical properties,
failure characteristics and microstructure evolution of the two cementitious materials under 20 ℃ and 40 ℃ curing conditions
were compared and analyzed. The results show that the dynamic stress-strain curve of the filling body shows obvious three-stage
characteristics,and the dynamic compressive strength is positively correlated with the strain rate. The increase of temperature
significantly promotes the hydration reaction. At 40 ℃,the dynamic compressive strength of the cemented powder filling body is
significantly better than that of the cement filling body at each impact speed. The microstructure analysis shows that the formation
of a more developed ettringite network with optimized spatial distribution in the cemented powder backfill is the key microscopic
mechanism for the dynamic mechanical properties of the cemented powder tailings backfill to be significantly better than
that of the cement system. This study provides an important theoretical basis and practical guidance for the selection of filling
materials in deep high-temperature mines.


Coalbed Methane Wellbore Instability Mechanism and Consolidation Optimization in Permian Coal-rock Strata#br#

WEI Qiming, HU Yajun, YANG Zongquan, LI Jiawen

2026, 55(4):  59-67. 

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Aiming at the engineering problem of wellbore instability in Permian coal-rock strata in Huainan mining area,
the coupling instability mechanism of ′coal-rock-drilling fluid-consolidation agent′ multiphase medium is studied,and the wellbore
stability control theory suitable for Permian broken soft coal roof is established. Through XRD,SEM and macro-micro mechanical
analysis,the instability essence of ′clay mineral enrichment (illite accounted for 28. 7%),micro-fracture network development
(connectivity rate of 65%),and significant stress sensitivity (confining pressure gradient of 25 MPa/ km)′ was revealed.
The mechanical model of ′borehole-surrounding rock-consolidation agent′ is constructed under the framework of elastic
mechanics. It is confirmed that the consolidation measures can reduce the concentrated stress of the borehole wall by 6. 0 MPa
(a decrease of 22%) and the radius of the plastic zone by 41%. Based on this,an engineering process of ′low-pressure progressive
injection + fine water long-flow glue addition′ was proposed. After field application in Xinxie-1L well,the hole enlargement
rate was reduced from 28% to 9%,and the problem of collapse and sticking was successfully solved. The research results
not only provide a complete theoretical support of ′mechanism-model-process′ for wellbore stability in Permian coal-bearing
strata,but also provide a replicable technical paradigm for drilling engineering in similar complex coal-bearing strata.


Study on the Evolution of Physical and Mechanical Properties and Tensile Failure Law of Cemented Jointed Granite under Freeze-thaw Cycles#br#

ZHOU Tao, LI Rui, CUI Xiaohang, LI Junyan, FAN Qing

2026, 55(4):  68-80. 

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In view of the problems that the engineering rock mass in cold regions is often subjected to freeze-thaw erosion,
the freeze-thaw cycle test and Brazilian splitting test were carried out on the granite with natural cemented joints. Combined
with optical microscopy,digital speckle (DIC),three-dimensional surface topography scanning,SEM and other technologies,
the physical characteristics,tensile mechanical characteristics and failure mode evolution after freeze-thaw cycles were explored.
The test results show that after 60 freeze-thaw cycles,the porosity of granite with natural cemented joints increases by
17. 91%,the wave velocity decreases by 8. 28%,and the average growth width of cracks reaches 3~8 μm. With the increase of
the number of freeze-thaw cycles,the micro-cracks of the sample gradually increase and form holes with the increase of the pore
size. After 60 freeze-thaw cycles,the tensile strength of the cemented joint decreases by 32. 23%,and the peak strain increases
by 18. 41% . Through DIC technology,three-dimensional morphology scanning and SEM analysis,it is found that the cemented
joint shows a mode of expanding from the center of the joint to both ends in the Brazilian splitting test. The sharpness of the cemented
joint failure surface decreases significantly with the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycles,and the overall morphology
tends to be homogeneous and smooth,reflecting the obvious freeze-thaw cycle effect.


Mechanical Properties and Damage Failure Law of Parallel Fracture Composite Rock

DING Wangji, SHE Haicheng, SHE Haidong, LIU Siqi,

2026, 55(4):  81-92. 

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In order to explore the mechanical properties and failure mechanism of fractured composite rock mass,the mechanical
response,crack propagation and damage evolution of composite rock samples under different fracture configurations
were systematically studied by combining indoor mechanical test with acoustic emission and digital image technology. The results
show that the mechanical properties of composite rock samples are dominated by sandstone,but the response of peak stress
and elastic modulus to fractures is controlled by local lithology and fracture spatial configuration. The crack position controls the
crack propagation path:sandstone cracks induce single-wing butterfly failure,central cracks induce ′Y′-shaped failure,and
limestone cracks induce butterfly penetration failure ;the mode of rock bridge penetration controlled by fissure dip angle can be
divided into three typical types. The acoustic emission ringing count characteristics are affected by the fracture position and dip
angle. The first peak time decreases first and then increases with the increase of dip angle,and there are obvious differences in
the dominant damage stage under different fracture positions. The proportion of tensile cracks decreases first and then increases
with the increase of inclination angle. The damage constitutive model based on acoustic emission energy characteristics effectively
reveals the damage evolution law of rock samples under uniaxial compression:the damage develops slowly in the initial
compaction stage,the damage level increases gradually in the elastic deformation stage,the damage amount increases sharply in
the pre-peak failure stage,and the damage variable tends to be stable in the post-peak stage. The research results reveal the
control mechanism of fracture geometric parameters on the mechanical behavior and failure mode of composite rock mass,and
provide a theoretical basis for the stability evaluation of fractured rock mass engineering.


Mechanical Properties Simulation and Preparation Optimization of 3D Printing Transparent Rock-like Materials Based on Machine Learning#br#

HE Yilin, QIAN Ziwei, XIE Shiping, LIU Jufeng

2026, 55(4):  93-107. 

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In this study,a transparent 3D printing rock-like material system based on light-cured resin was constructed to
solve the contradiction between the transparency and mechanical properties of rock physical simulation materials. Based on the
3D printing resin material,a standard sample was made. Through 25 sets of uniaxial compression tests with two factors and five
levels,the data of transmittance,elastic modulus,compressive strength and peak strain of the material were obtained,and the
sensitivity of different material components to these performance indexes was discussed. Subsequently,the random forest algorithm
and NSGA-Ⅱ multi-objective optimization method were used to systematically explore the coupling mechanism of the ratio
of flexible resin and cleaning agent on the optical-mechanical properties of materials. It is found that the content of flexible
resin plays a dominant role in the regulation of light transmittance and peak strain. The cleaning agent mainly affects the attenuation
law of elastic modulus and compressive strength. The multi-objective optimization results reveal the performance trade-off
law of ′high transmittance-high elastic modulus′ and ′high peak strain-high compressive strength′,and screen out the optimal
formula matching the mechanical characteristics of sandstone,mudstone and coal rock. The synergistic regulation of transmittance
and mechanical parameters is realized,which lays a material foundation for the visualization study of rock mass deformation
and failure.


Preparation of Alkali-Activated Filling Cementitious Material by Ultrafine Iron Tailings-Calcium Oxide Co-firing and Slag#br#

ZHAO Liding, WANG Kaifeng, SHI Zhengkun

2026, 55(4):  108-115. 

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Improving the utilization rate of iron tailings is of great significance to promote the sustainable development of
iron ore mines. Sulfate-activated composite filling cementitious materials were prepared by co-combustion of iron tailings and
calcium oxide with slag. The effects of slag content on the fluidity,mechanical properties and microstructure of filling slurry
were systematically studied under fixed cement-sand ratio and mass concentration. The results show that the slurry expansion
decreases slightly with the increase of slag content. The strength of the filling body is significantly improved,but the strength increase
slows down after the content exceeds 50% . The microscopic analysis shows that abundant hydration products are formed
in the coexistence system of modified iron tailings and slag,and the hydration product network formed by the interweaving of CS-
H gel and ettringite significantly improves the compactness of the microstructure of the filling body. The synergistic mechanism
of the two is that the gel product generated by the rapid hydration of slag constructs the early strength skeleton,and the
modified iron tailings particles effectively fill the internal pores through the micro-aggregate effect,and its active components also
participate in the hydration reaction. The coupling effect of physical filling and chemical reaction significantly improves the
overall strength of the filling body. The scheme of modified iron tailings with 30%-50% slag content can achieve the balance
between performance and economic benefits,which provides new ideas and technical support for the resource utilization of iron
tailings.


Progress and Prospect of High-Gradient Magnetic Separation of Microfine Weak Magnetic Minerals Synergistically Strengthened by Composite Force Field#br# #br#

JI Yunheng, ZENG Jianwu, ZHANG Haotian, LAI Yuhang

2026, 55(4):  116-124. 

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High-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) is a key technology for processing weakly magnetic mineral resources,
offering advantages such as high throughput and effective tailing discarding,yet it suffers from limited separation precision
and selectivity. To address these limitations,coupling high-gradient magnetic fields with additional force fields (e. g. ,hydrodynamic,
vibrational,or centrifugal) to form a composite force field separation mode has emerged as an effective strategy for
enhancing separation efficiency and selectivity. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of the developments and research
status of composite force field HGMS technology over the past two decades. Firstly,focusing on three core coupling modes:magneto-
hydrodynamic,magneto-vibrational,and magneto-centrifugal,the paper delves into their underlying strengthening mechanisms
(e. g. ,utilizing pulsating inertial force to reduce mechanical entrainment,employing vibration to disrupt magnetic agglomeration)
and summarizes the optimization principles for key operational parameters. Secondly,it reviews the progress in numerical
simulation technologies,such as FEM and CFD-DEM,for multi-field coupling analysis,equipment optimization,and visualization
of microscopic separation mechanisms. By integrating specific application cases (e. g. ,the separation of low-grade iron
ore and fine-grained copper-molybdenum ore,and iron recovery from red mud,with recovery rates exceeding 37%-40%),
this paper illustrates the industrial application potential of the technology. Finally,based on a synthesis of existing achievements,
current challenges are identified,including the quantitative characterization of composite field coupling mechanisms,the
scaling-up and intellectualization of equipment,and the development of green,low-carbon processes. Future development directions
in secondary resource recovery and environmental protection are also prospected.


Key Technologies and Research Advances in Efficient Separation of Fine-Grained Lean Magnetite

YUAN Gaige, MA Xingyu, WANG Ruijie, WANG Jiaze, GUO Xiaofei

2026, 55(4):  125-133. 

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Iron ore resources in China are increasingly characterized by low grade,fine dissemination,and complex composition,
making the efficient processing of fine-grained lean magnetite a critical challenge in mineral processing. This paper
aims to systematically review the resource characteristics,processing difficulties,and technological advancements for this type of
ore. It begins by outlining the resource overview and the impact of its basic characteristics on separation. Subsequently,by synthesizing
recent research,the paper focuses on analyzing the current status and application effectiveness of three core technologies.
① Novel comminution technologies (High-Pressure Grinding Rolls and Tower Mills),which enhance mineral liberation
and adhere to the principle of "more crushing and less grinding," optimizing separation indices while saving energy;② Magnetic-
gravity combined force field separation equipment (exemplified by magnetic separation columns),which effectively improves
concentrate quality and shows potential in coarsening the grinding fineness to reduce energy consumption;③ Low-intensity
magnetic separation-reverse flotation technology,which efficiently disrupts magnetic entrainment,achieving iron upgrade
and silica reduction while decreasing the required grinding stages. The conclusion indicates that the integrated application of
these technologies provides an effective pathway for the efficient processing of fine-grained lean magnetite. Finally,future development
directions for related technologies are discussed.


Application Research of High-Pressure Grinding Rolls Technology on a Hematite Ore in India

LI Ye, DENG Jie, SUN Yechang

2026, 55(4):  134-139. 

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To investigate the application performance of high-pressure grinding rolls (HPGR) technology in a low-grade
hematite ore from abroad,this study takes a representative hematite sample from the mine as the research object. The effects of
roll surface pressure and feed moisture content on the particle size distribution,specific energy consumption,and grindability of
HPGR products were systematically investigated,and the separation efficiency of the crushed products was verified through wet
pre-concentration tests. The results of closed-circuit tests with 3 mm screening show that under the conditions of roll surface
pressure of 5. 54 N/ mm2,feed moisture content of 3%,and stable operation,the -3 mm fraction in the final discharge increased
from 9. 10% to 49. 46%,an increase of 40. 36 percentage points,with an F50 / P50 ratio of 6. 21,indicating satisfactory
crushing performance. The circulating load was 115. 95%,specific energy consumption was 1. 75 kWh/ t,and specific throughput
was 280. 16 t·s/ (h·m3). Relative grindability tests indicate that the HPGR closed-circuit product (-3 mm) is more readily
grindable than the coarsely crushed ore,requiring less grinding time to achieve the same fineness. Wet pre-concentration
tests using two stages of high-intensity magnetic roughing separation at a background magnetic induction intensity of 1. 4 T yielded
a combined concentrate with an iron grade of 42. 20% and iron recovery of 96. 32%,while the tailings had an iron grade of
7. 60% with a yield of 17. 54%. The research findings provide technical support for optimizing HPGR process parameters and
implementing pre-concentration strategies for this low-grade hematite ore in abroad.


Process Mineralogy Characteristics and Flotation Process Optimization of Micro-fine Encapsulated Gold in a Refractory Gold Mine in Gansu#br#

ZHOU Shijie, WANG Zihang, ZHU Xinran, TANG Zhidong,

2026, 55(4):  140-145. 

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To promote the efficient development and utilization of the Jiutiaogou Gold Deposit in Gansu Province,this
study conducted systematic process mineralogy research to characterize the ore and guide the optimization of mineral processing
technology. Methods including mineral liberation analyzer (BPMA),optical microscopy,X-ray diffraction (XRD),and scanning
electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were employed to investigate the chemical composition,
mineral composition,occurrence state,and dissemination characteristics of gold. The results show that the major valuable
element in the ore is gold with a grade of 1. 28 g/ t. Gold mainly occurs in petzite (distribution rate of 77. 36%) and native
gold (distribution rate of 22. 64%). The primary metallic mineral is pyrite (content of 1. 37%),and the main gangue minerals
include muscovite,quartz,and dolomite. Gold minerals are fine-grained and unevenly distributed,closely associated with pyrite,
wherein enclosed gold accounts for 51. 77% and fissure gold accounts for 33. 93%. Pyrite exhibits relatively coarse dissemination
size,which favors liberation. Based on the mineralogical characteristics,a closed-circuit flotation flowsheet consisting of one
roughing,two cleaning,and one scavenging stages was adopted. Under the optimal conditions with grinding fineness of 70%
passing -0. 074 mm and a reagent regime,a gold concentrate assaying 75. 60 g/ t Au with a recovery of 92. 80% was obtained,
while the tailings grade was reduced to 0. 09 g/ t. This study provides reliable mineralogical basis and technical support for formulating
beneficiation processes for such finely disseminated gold ores.



Enhancing Flotation Mechanism of Azurite via Staged Sulfidation:Progressive Construction and Densification of Surface Sulfide Ph#br#

MA Yingqiang, HUANG Yaokun, HUANG Xin, LUO Sen, YIN Wanzhong, RAO Feng

2026, 55(4):  146-154. 

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To elucidate the enhancement mechanism of staged sulfidation process on the flotation behavior of azurite and
the growth law of surface sulfidation products,this study systematically investigated the effect of staged sulfidation on the recovery
of azurite through pure mineral flotation tests. The evolution of surface micromorphology and chemical states was analyzed
using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The flotation behavior study
showed that under optimal single-stage conditions (Na2S of 160 mg/ L,butyl xanthate of 160 mg/ L,sulfidation time of 1 min,
pH=9),the recovery was 75. 59%. Maintaining the total reagent dosage constant,the highest cumulative recovery of 97. 15%
was achieved with a four-stage sulfidation process and a reagent mass ratio of 4∶3∶3∶2. Surface analysis indicated that sulfidation
led to the formation of a multiphase composite sulfide film (comprising CuS,Cu2S,and CuSx ) with nano-sized irregular
flaky morphology on the azurite surface,where sulfur was preferentially enriched at particle edges and protrusions. XPS analysis
further revealed that compared to single-stage sulfidation,the relative surface content of S and Cu increased after four-stage
treatment,with the proportions of stable sulfide (S2- ) and reduced copper (Cu(Ⅰ)) significantly enhanced,while the proportion
of oxidized sulfur species (SO2- n ) decreased. This confirms that staged sulfidation promotes the formation and growth of
more stable and compact sulfide phases through a "gradual" reaction mechanism,thereby significantly improving the floatability
of azurite.


Study on the Flotation Process of a Molybdenum Ore from Inner Mongolia

QIN Guanglin, JING Xiaolei, LIU Yunzhi, SUN Lianxi, ZHANG Hao, DENG Chao

2026, 55(4):  155-160. 

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To achieve the efficient recovery of a low-grade,finely disseminated molybdenum ore from Inner Mongolia,this
study,based on systematic process mineralogy analysis,conducted research on a short-flow flotation process. Process mineralogy
study show that the ore contains Mo of 0. 15%,with 93. 33% of the molybdenum occurring in molybdenite. The gangue minerals
are mainly calcium silicates,containing easily slimed minerals like chlorite and epidote. Molybdenite is finely disseminated;even
after primary grinding to 70% passing 200 mesh,27. 07% of it remains as poor middlings. To overcome slime interference
and simplify the flowsheet,a stage grinding and flotation process was developed. Conditional tests determined the optimal primary
rougher flotation parameters:a grinding fineness of 70% passing 200 mesh,using a combined collector of kerosene (20
g/ t) and DJ-327 (15 g/ t),along with sodium sulfide (1 500 g/ t) as a modifier,yielding a rougher concentrate assaying
7. 49% Mo with an operational recovery of 84. 52%. For the rougher concentrate,a pre-desliming,regrinding and cleaning
process was adopted. The optimal regrinding fineness was 65% passing 325 mesh,and pre-desliming effectively removed fine
gangue. Closed-circuit tests finally produced excellent indicators:a molybdenum concentrate grade of 46. 53% with a recovery
of 85. 15%,representing a concentration ratio of 304,while the tailings grade was reduced to 0. 023%. This process effectively
addresses the separation challenges of this type of finely disseminated,refractory molybdenum ore with high calcium-magnesium
gangue.


Study on an Intensified Classified Flotation Process for a Micro-fine Disseminated Copper Sulfide Ore

DUAN Hao

2026, 55(4):  161-167. 

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To address the problem of low flotation recovery of a micro-fine disseminated copper sulfide ore,a study on
classified flotation process was conducted. The run-of-mine ore assayed Cu of 4. 86%. Process mineralogy showed that at a
grinding fineness of 80% passing 53 μm,the content of -25 μm fine particles was as high as 56. 45%,and the liberation degree
of copper sulfide minerals was only 54. 68%;The unliberated minerals were mostly locked with gangue and enriched in the
fine fraction. Consequently,a process was proposed which involved splitting the pulp at 25 μm and optimizing flotation conditions
for the coarse (+25 μm) and fine (-25 μm) fractions separately. For the -25 μm fraction,flotation was intensified using
a dispersant and high-intensity agitation. Closed-circuit test results demonstrated that this classified flotation process could
produce a final concentrate grading Cu of 51. 33% with a recovery of 95. 20%. Compared with the original production process
(recovery of 88. 78%),the new process significantly increased recovery by 6. 42 percentage points while meeting the concentrate
grade requirement,providing a technical reference for the efficient beneficiation of similar micro-fine disseminated copper
sulfide ores.


Study on Reasonable Delay Between Holes of Parallel Empty Hole Straight Hole Cut Blasting

LOU Xiaoming, TAO Yi, XIE Yelong, HU Yan

2026, 55(4):  168-176. 

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The single free face cutting blasting in roadway excavation is the key. In order to explore the calculation method
of delay time of straight-hole cutting blasting,a three-dimensional physical model of rock fragment throwing was established
based on the field blasting parameters and the formation process of blasting cavity. Then,based on the analysis of the dynamic
resistance of the throwing,based on the one-dimensional kinematics and gas-solid two-phase flow theory,the relationship between
the different positions of the rock fragments in the groove cavity and the initial velocity of the throwing,the formation time
of the groove cavity,and the delay time are derived. Finally,the influence of different delay time on blasting effect is analyzed
by SPH-FEM coupling numerical simulation and similar model test designed on the background of engineering site. The research
shows that after the blasting of the cut hole,the initial velocity of the rock fragment is generated under the expansion
pressure of the detonation gas,which determines the time for the rock fragment to be thrown into the cavity. The velocity of rock
fragments at different positions in the cavity can be calculated by the expansion time of explosive gas,and the closer to the face
of the tunnel,the greater the initial throwing velocity of rock fragments. The setting of delay time is closely related to the formation
time of the cavity. The theoretical calculation results show that the optimal delay time between the cut holes per meter is 15
~28 ms. The results of numerical analysis and similar model test show that the optimal delay time between the cut holes per
meter in the engineering site is 15~22 ms. The research results provide a certain reference for the selection of delay time of
straight cut blasting.


Research on Blasting Delay Time Optimization Based on the New Free Surface Hypothesis

WANG Yang, XU Zhenyang, LIU Xin, WANG Xuesong, CHANG Hengrui,

2026, 55(4):  177-186. 

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In open-pit mine step blasting,the reasonable setting of the delay time has a decisive impact on the blasting
effect. In order to solve the problems of reliability and high block rate of delay time calculation in blasting,the optimal range of
moving average velocity of blasting rock breakage is 11. 6~13. 6 m/ s based on energy conservation,and the calculation method
of "new free surface hypothesis" is optimized,and the influence mechanism of delay time on stress wave propagation,rock mass
damage evolution and post-explosion block distribution is systematically studied by combining numerical simulation and field
experiment. The results show that the delay time obtained by the model is in line with the physical process of the formation of
the new free surface,and the theoretical value is positively correlated with the measured data,and the coefficient of determination
R2 reaches 0. 927 3,which verifies the prediction reliability and universality of the model. Numerical simulations show that
the "relay style" crushing mechanism effectively promotes the formation of new free surfaces and the efficient utilization of energy,
and avoids the energy escape caused by the premature formation of the blasting funnel. The field experiment further shows
that the calculation model compensates for the energy dissipation caused by the short action time and significantly improves the
uniformity of the explosion stack. The research results provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the design of intelligent
blasting in open-pit mines.


Study on Blasting Vibration Attenuation Law and Cavity Effect of Shallow Soft Rock Tunnel

DAI Zhouchao, LI Chaopeng, LI Li, LI Qiyue, XIE Guoshen, LI Xiaoliang, ZHANG Guocai

2026, 55(4):  187-193. 

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The blasting vibration effect is significant in the construction of shallow soft rock tunnel,which is easy to cause
the instability of surrounding rock and surface subsidence,threatening the construction safety and the stability of the surrounding
environment. In order to effectively predict and control blasting vibration,the blasting vibration effect of shallow buried soft
rock tunnel is studied based on a large number of tunnel internal and surface blasting vibration monitoring,taking Qimeiluqu
shallow buried soft rock tunnel project crossing the nature reserve as the research background. The results show that there is an
exponential correlation between the maximum component of the peak particle vibration velocity and the horizontal proportional
distance,and the goodness of fit of the attenuation model of the inner wall of the tunnel and the surface of the non-cavity section
is higher than 0. 88. The prediction effect of horizontal proportional distance is slightly better than that of spatial proportional
distance. At the same proportional distance,due to the more complex diffraction and reflection of seismic waves in the tunnel,
the peak vibration velocity of the surface is higher than that of the inner wall of the tunnel. In the near range from the explosion
source,due to the existence of the cavity effect,the peak vibration velocity of the surface in the cavity section shows a more obvious
vibration velocity amplification phenomenon,which is higher than that of the surface in the non-cavity section.


Lightweight ZeroDCE Model for Video Image Enhancement in Mine Virtual Reality

SONG Yaxin, ZHANG Wei, SHI Linjie

2026, 55(4):  194-201. 

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The virtual reality video images of mines often encounter problems such as low brightness,noise,and blurriness,
which seriously affect the effective operation of the subsequent intelligent recognition and safety monitoring systems in the
mines. To address the issue of image quality degradation caused by weak illumination in mines,an image enhancement model
based on the improved Zero-reference Deep Curve Estimation (ZeroDCE) is proposed. Based on the traditional ZeroDCE model,
a Depthwise Separable Convolution (DSC) method is adopted to replace the convolution layer in the traditional model. At
the same time,the reuse of curve estimation parameters,downsampling,and pruning operations are adopted to achieve lightweight
processing of the model,generating a lightweight ZeroDCE model. The results show that after the image is processed by
the lightweight ZeroDCE model,not only the brightness is improved,but more details are retained,and the original tone is not
changed;the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Visual Information Fidelity (VIF) of this model reach 26. 84 and 3. 85
respectively,which are superior to the DeepUPE,EnlightenGAN,and URetinexNet models,and also have advantages in running
time,which can meet the dual requirements of image quality and real-time processing of the mine virtual reality system to a certain
extent.


Research Advances in Intelligent Mineral Identification Using Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Technology Based on Deep Learning#br#

LI Boyuan, YANG Min, ZHANG Xin, REN Guangli, FU Weishun, XIE Zechen

2026, 55(4):  202-212. 

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To systematically elucidate the research status and technical pathways of near-infrared hyperspectral mineral
intelligent identification driven by deep learning,this paper begins with a bibliometric analysis of 1 362 publications (2014—
2024),revealing the research hotspots and growth trends in this field,with ″hyperspectral imaging″ and ″convolutional neural
network″ as the core. Furthermore,it comprehensively reviews the technological evolution from traditional machine learning to
deep learning,and dissects the key workflow encompassing feature extraction,model construction,and evaluation. Through performance
comparisons and case studies of mainstream models such as CNN,ResNet,U-Net,and MineralNet,it is found that targeted
algorithm improvements (e. g. ,introducing attention mechanisms) can significantly enhance model performance,while
multi-modal fusion strategies effectively improve identification accuracy. However,current techniques still face challenges including
the scarcity of high-quality labeled data,and insufficient model generalization and interpretability. Finally,future directions
are prospected,including developing few-shot learning paradigms,constructing integrated ″spatial-spectral″ end-to-end systems,
and enhancing the physical interpretability of models,to promote the deeper application of this technology in fields such as geological
exploration and extraterrestrial detection.


Online Identification of Ore Grindability and Human-Machine Cooperative Control in Grinding Process Based on Mechanistic Model Inversion#br#

LUO Jun, WANG Jiankun

2026, 55(4):  213-219. 

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To address the issue in the grinding process where the core disturbance—ore grindability—cannot be measured
online,leading to production control that relies on subjective experience,delayed adjustments,and high energy consumption,
this paper proposes a novel online identification method based on the inversion of a coupled mechanistic model. The core
innovation of this method lies in reducing the dimensionality of the high-dimensional selection function matrix,which describes
ore breakage characteristics,into a dimensionless " online grindability index" (Kg ) with clear physical significance through
parametric modeling. This transforms a complex ill-posed inverse problem into a robust single-variable parameter optimization
problem. By utilizing easily accessible real-time measurements from the Distributed Control System (DCS)—specifically,mill
power and circulating load—as observations,the method dynamically estimates the optimal Kg value by minimizing the deviation
between the mechanistic model predictions and actual measurements online. Furthermore,standardized operating procedures
(SOPs) are established based on the identified Kg to form a human-machine collaborative operation strategy. Dynamic
simulation verification demonstrates that the proposed method can accurately and rapidly track changes in ore grindability.
Compared to the experience-dependent operation mode,applying the proposed strategy can reduce the maximum deviation of
product particle size (P80) by 73. 4%,shorten the adjustment time by 66. 7%,increase the particle size qualification rate from
68% to 92%,and improve system throughput by approximately 3. 7% when the ore is easily grindable,achieving significant
quality improvement,production stabilization,and efficiency enhancement. This study provides an effective theoretical solution
and technical pathway for transforming the grinding process from passive,lagging control to active,predictive optimization control.

DEM-Based Optimization of Roller Surface Structure in High-Pressure Grinding Rolls#br#

WU Changjun, GUO Shuai, XIE Guizhong, LI Hao, WANG Haoqi, ZHANG Yuyan, WANG Yuehui, LIANG Yuanji

2026, 55(4):  220-228. 

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The roller surface structure is a critical factor influencing the crushing efficiency of high-pressure grinding
rolls (HPGR). To investigate the influence of structural parameters on the comminution performance,this study established a
numerical model of the HPGR using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) based on the Rocky-DEM platform. Through orthogonal
experiments and single-factor tests,the effects of stud diameter,spacing ratio,interval angle,and stud height on the average
roller force,mean comminution ratio,and system energy dissipation were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that
the interval angle has the most significant impact on both roller force and the degree of material breakage,while the spacing ratio
is the key parameter governing system energy dissipation. Single-factor analysis further revealed that the mean comminution
ratio is negatively correlated with stud diameter,spacing ratio,and interval angle,but positively correlated with stud height. The
optimal parameter combination was determined as follows:a stud diameter of 10 mm,a spacing ratio of 1. 6,an interval angle of
3°,and a stud height of 7 mm,achieving a mean comminution ratio of 5. 30. This research provides a theoretical basis for the
optimal design and efficient operation of HPGR roller surfaces.


Effects of Fire Location and Ventilation Rate on Smoke Spread and Evacuation in Leaky Roadways of Metal Mines#br#

LIANG Weikang, MA Xiaolong, JIA Mintao, HE Shun, ZHOU Wei, ZHAO Xu,

2026, 55(4):  229-236. 

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Contact lanes and air leakage channels are common in mine roadways. After the fire,the propagation path of
smoke under the action of airflow and air leakage is complex,which has an impact on the safe evacuation of personnel. In order
to analyze the law of fire smoke diffusion and personnel evacuation in metal mine roadway under air leakage conditions,the -
568 m horizontal roadway of a metal mine was taken as the research object,and the coupling simulation method of PyroSim and
Pathfinder was used to numerically analyze the smoke diffusion characteristics and personnel evacuation process under different
fire source locations and ventilation conditions. The results show that the location of the fire source has a significant effect on
the evacuation time. When the fire source is close to the main lane and the area where people are concentrated,the smoke is
more likely to enter the main evacuation channel and form a long-distance low-visibility area,thus significantly reducing the evacuation
efficiency. In the range of 13. 46 ~ 26. 46 m3 / s ventilation rate,the spatial distribution characteristics of smoke
change little,and the evacuation time is not sensitive to the change of ventilation rate. The existence of the air leakage channel
changes the flue gas propagation path and forms the phenomenon of flue gas retention or backflow in the local area. The research
results can provide reference for fire risk assessment and emergency evacuation organization of air leakage roadway in
metal mines.


Noise Reduction of Landslide Deep Deformation Monitoring Data Based on PSO Improved Wavelet Threshold#br#

CHEN Guangfu, ZHU Jintao, WANG Qing, ZHANG Guodong,

2026, 55(4):  237-244. 

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Aiming at the random noise problem of MEMS sensor signal in landslide deep deformation monitoring,an improved
wavelet threshold denoising method based on particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm is proposed. By introducing
PSO algorithm to optimize the key parameters in the improved soft and hard threshold compromise function,the effective denoising
of the monitoring signal is realized. The improved algorithm can suppress the random noise in the signal,and can better
retain the detailed information of the signal,improve the quality and reliability of the signal. Compared with the traditional hard
threshold and soft threshold denoising methods,the proposed method has a significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio,
reaching more than twice the original signal-to-noise ratio,and the root mean square error has also been significantly reduced,
indicating that the method can recover the signal more accurately. Through the experimental analysis of the selected bior3. 3
wavelet basis function,the superiority and practical application value of this method in the deep deformation monitoring of landslide
are further verified. The research results show that this method not only has strong noise suppression ability,but also can
retain more signal details,which is suitable for the field of geological disaster monitoring such as landslide. It provides a new idea
for MEMS sensor signal processing,and has strong universality and promotion value.


Landslide Deformation Prediction Method Combining Timing InSAR and VMD-ATL Model

WANG Ranxuan, HAN Yiming, HUANGFU Yingchun, YEERDINGDALA Yeerda, YANG Rong

2026, 55(4):  245-253. 

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The time series deformation signal of synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) usually contains trend
deformation and random fluctuation. As a noise component,the latter is easy to interfere with the extraction of key features by
the model,which affects the accuracy of landslide prediction. Therefore,a deformation decomposition prediction framework
based on time-series InSAR data is proposed. The original deformation signal is decomposed into trend term and random term
by variational mode decomposition (VMD) method. Then,the autoregressive moving average model (ARMA) and the improved
Transformer-LSTM hybrid model are used to predict and synthesize the final deformation prediction results. The landslide
deformation prediction test of a reservoir in Xinjiang shows that the prediction performance of this method is better than
that of traditional models such as long short-term memory(LSTM),and the goodness of fit (R2 )is higher than 0. 95. The root
mean square error (RMSE)and mean absolute error (MAE)of representative points were significantly reduced. The study reveals
that the improved Transformer-LSTM model can effectively capture the characteristics of sudden deformation fluctuations
in random terms. Combined with the advantages of ARMA model in stationary time series modeling,it can effectively improve
the prediction performance of complex landslide deformation sequences,and has important reference value for improving the
risk assessment and prevention and control of reservoir bank landslide disasters.


Synergistic Activation Mechanism and Effects of Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids and Mechanical Activation on Phosphorus in Vanadium-Titanium Magnetite Tailings#br#

JIN Haonan, ZHANG Xinhang, LI Fuping, FAN Lichao, AI Yanjun, GU Haihong,

2026, 55(4):  254-260. 

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Vanadium-titanium magnetite tailings are characterized by high total phosphorus content but extremely low available
phosphorus content,which severely restricts their ecological remediation efficiency. To enhance the phosphorus bioavailability
in tailings,this study adopted a synergistic approach combining mechanical activation and lowmolecularweight organic
acids (LMWOAs). The tailings were mechanically activated for different durations (0~60 min) using a planetary ball
mill,followed by leaching activation tests with different concentrations (0. 1,0. 2 mol/ L) of oxalic,tartaric,citric,and malic
acids. A pot experiment with alfalfa was then conducted using two variables:the proportion of activated tailings (1∶9) and the
oxalic acid concentration (0. 1 mol/ L). The results showed that mechanical activation significantly altered the physicochemical
properties of the tailings. After 40 min of activation,the particle size was minimized,the specific surface area reached its maximum,
and the particle morphology transformed into a porous flocculent structure. Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy revealed
the conversion of PO₄^3- and CO₃^2-groups and a decrease in crystallinity. The citratesoluble phosphorus content increased significantly with prolonged activation time,reaching 2. 88 g/ kg after 60 min,which was 4. 2 times that of the original tailings.
LMWOAs further promoted phosphorus activation,showing a synergistic effect with mechanical activation. Under the optimal
synergistic condition (40 min activation),0. 1 mol/ L oxalic acid exhibited the best activation effect,followed by 0. 2 mol/ L
tartaric,citric,and malic acids. The pot experiment confirmed that the combined treatment with proportioned tailings (1∶9) and
0. 1 mol/ L oxalic acid achieved the most significant enhancement in available phosphorus and its effective forms (Ca2-P and
Ca8-P). In conclusion,the coupling of mechanical activation and LMWOAs can significantly improve the phosphorus activity in
vanadium-titanium magnetite tailings,providing a theoretical basis and technical reference for tailings resource utilization and
phytoremediation.



Dynamic Prediction Method for Mining Subsidence Based on Non-steady Subsidence Data and Genetic Algorithm#br#

CHEN Jiawei, XU Liangji, ZHANG Kun, LIU Xiaopeng,

2026, 55(4):  261-271. 

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Dynamic prediction of coal mining subsidence is significant for surface damage assessment and land reclamation.
Current mainstream methods construct dynamic models by integrating maximum subsidence values with time functions,but
their parameters predominantly rely on existing data from working faces with similar geological conditions or are inverted using
leveling monitoring data after subsidence stabilization. To address the time-lag problem in subsidence prediction caused by parameter
inversion dependent on stable subsidence data when lacking analogous geological parameters,this study proposes a dynamic
mining subsidence prediction method based on non-steady subsidence data and Genetic Algorithm (GA),termed DSPGAUD
(Dynamic Subsidence Prediction via Genetic Algorithm with Unstable Data). The method first inverts parameters using
non-steady subsidence sample data during mining operations through GA algorithm to build a single-point dynamic subsidence
model. It then selects and couples models based on single-point predictions,and finally establishes a global dynamic prediction
model by integrating the probability integral method. Validated with a working face in Zhuxianzhuang Mine,Northern Anhui
Province,results demonstrate that:① Compared to conventional methods,DSP-GAUD improves timeliness by over 51%,while
reducing the average fRMSE and fMAE of early-stage predictions by 68%;② The coupled dynamic prediction model synergizes ad
vantages of multiple time functions,achieving superior accuracy (mean R2 =0. 96) to single-function models;③ The proposed
model for the emergence time (t1) of maximum subsidence velocity versus cutting-face distance exhibits stronger adaptability
than stable-subsidence-data-based models. This method significantly enhances prediction timeliness and early-stage accuracy,
offering certain practical value for real-time mining subsidence prediction.


Identification of Mining Subsidence Areas Using Drone Oblique Photogrammetry Technology Combined with K-Means Clustering

FENG Chao, ZHANG Gao, CUI Guoqing, ZHAO Taifei

2026, 55(4):  272-278. 

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With the continuous deepening of mining activities,the problem of mining subsidence has become increasingly
prominent,seriously threatening environmental safety and social stability in mining area. In response to the shortcomings of traditional
subsidence monitoring methods,such as high cost,low efficiency,and delayed data updates,a method for identifying
subsidence areas in mines by integrating unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) oblique photogrammetry technology and the K-means
clustering algorithm is proposed. Firstly,a UAV equipped with oblique photogrammetry equipment is used to collect high-resolution
images of the mining area from multiple angles and at multiple times. Then,a three-dimensional point cloud model of the
mining area is constructed through oblique photogrammetry technology to accurately locate the subsidence areas. On this basis,
the K-means clustering algorithm is applied to classify the point cloud data and automatically identify the subsidence areas.
Tests were conducted using the goaf area of the Guandi Coal Mine of Xishan Coal and Electricity as an example and compared
with 3D laser scanning technique,support vector machine (SVM),random forest (RF),DBSCAN clustering and convolutional
neural network. The results show that the accuracy rate of sinkhole identification by the proposed method reached 92. 5%. It
significantly outperformed the other algorithms in terms of identification accuracy and algorithm running efficiency,indicating
that this method has achieved significant improvements in both efficiency and accuracy compared to traditional algorithms,providing
technical support for mining sinkhole monitoring.


Study on the Engineering Characteristics and Improvement Mechanism of Expansive Soil Solidified by Ultra-fine High-strength Fly Ash-carbide Slag#br#

WANG Tongzhang, LI Wenwei, WANG Baotian, ZUO Jinyu, HAN Shaoyang,

2026, 55(4):  279-288. 

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To address the slope instability and foundation deformation caused by expansive soil in mining engineering,a
synergistic stabilization technique using superfine high-strength fly ash and calcium carbide slag was employed to treat expansive
soil. The effects of different mix ratios and dosages on the stabilized soil properties were investigated through compaction
tests,free swelling ratio tests,unconfined compressive strength tests at different curing ages,and scanning electron microscopy
analysis. The experimental results indicate that the optimal mass ratio of superfine high-strength fly ash to calcium carbide slag
is 7∶3,with an optimal total dosage of 15%-20%. Under these conditions,the free swelling ratio of the stabilized soil decreases to
27. 4% at 28 days age,reaching the non-expansive soil range;the unconfined compressive strength at 28 days age reaches 378. 1
kPa,which is 3. 5 times higher than that of untreated soil. Microstructural analysis reveals that the alkaline environment provided
by calcium carbide slag activates the pozzolanic activity of fly ash,generating calcium silicate hydrate and calcium aluminate
hydrate gels that fill pores and cement soil particles,forming a dense skeletal structure;calcium ions weaken the soil's swelling
potential through ion exchange. This technique effectively improves the engineering properties of expansive soil,providing an economically feasible foundation treatment solution for mining dump sites,tailings dams,and other engineering applications.


Performance Influence Analysis and Multi-objective Optimization of Coal Gangue-Basalt Fiber Masonry Mortar#br#

MENG Wenqing, LI Zekang, ZHOU Zhisheng, ZHOU Hongbiao, ZHANG Yapeng

2026, 55(4):  289-296. 

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In order to improve the utilization rate of coal gangue and improve the overall performance of coal gangue masonry
mortar,the effects of basalt fiber length,content and fly ash substitution rate on the consistency and mechanical properties
of coal gangue masonry mortar were studied by response surface method. Furthermore,the multi-objective optimization of coal
gangue-basalt fiber masonry mortar is carried out by combining NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm and entropy weight TOPSIS comprehensive
evaluation method. The results show that the appropriate amount of basalt fiber can improve the mechanical properties of coal
gangue mortar,but the addition will reduce the consistency of mortar. Appropriate amount of fly ash can improve the consistency
and mechanical properties of mortar. SEM analysis shows that the hydration products of coal gangue-basalt fiber mortar are
mainly Ca(OH)₂,Aft and C-S-H gel. Appropriate amount of basalt fiber can improve the internal structure of coal gangue
mortar and reduce pores and cracks. After multi-objective optimization,the best parameter scheme is obtained:the fiber length
is 9 mm,the fiber volume content is 0. 13%,and the fly ash replacement rate is 5. 1%. This study can provide theoretical support
and technical reference for the parameter optimization design of coal gangue-basalt fiber masonry mortar.


Study on the Engineering Characteristics and Improvement Mechanism of Expansive Soil Solidified by Ultra-fine High-strength Fly Ash-carbide Slag

WANG Tongzhang, LI Wenwei, WANG Baotian, ZUO Jinyu, HAN Shaoyang,

2026, 55(4):  297-307. 

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To address the slope instability and foundation deformation caused by expansive soil in mining engineering,a
synergistic stabilization technique using superfine high-strength fly ash and calcium carbide slag was employed to treat expansive
soil. The effects of different mix ratios and dosages on the stabilized soil properties were investigated through compaction
tests,free swelling ratio tests,unconfined compressive strength tests at different curing ages,and scanning electron microscopy
analysis. The experimental results indicate that the optimal mass ratio of superfine high-strength fly ash to calcium carbide slag
is 7∶3,with an optimal total dosage of 15%-20%. Under these conditions,the free swelling ratio of the stabilized soil decreases to
27. 4% at 28 days age,reaching the non-expansive soil range;the unconfined compressive strength at 28 days age reaches 378. 1
kPa,which is 3. 5 times higher than that of untreated soil. Microstructural analysis reveals that the alkaline environment provided
by calcium carbide slag activates the pozzolanic activity of fly ash,generating calcium silicate hydrate and calcium aluminate
hydrate gels that fill pores and cement soil particles,forming a dense skeletal structure;calcium ions weaken the soil's swelling
potential through ion exchange. This technique effectively improves the engineering properties of expansive soil,providing an economically feasible foundation treatment solution for mining dump sites,tailings dams,and other engineering applications.


Study on the Preparation and Properties of Waste Incineration Ash Slag-Based All-Solid Waste Lightweight Aggregate#br#

LI Tingting　LUO Yuxin　LI Yongtao　JI Xiaoping　SONG Houfu

2026, 55(4):  308-313. 

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To promote the full-component resource utilization of waste incineration ash and slag (WIS),this study employed
fly ash-based geopolymer (FAP) as the cementitious material,synergistically utilizing fine slag (0~ 2. 36 mm) and
coarse slag (2. 36 ~ 4. 75 mm). Lightweight aggregates were prepared via an ambient-temperature extrusion granulation
process. Orthogonal experiments were conducted to systematically investigate the influence of FAP content,fine-to-coarse slag
ratio,and water-to-binder ratio on the properties of the lightweight aggregates. The results show that the ambient-temperature
extrusion process enables the full-component resource utilization of WIS. The optimal mix proportion was determined as 40%
FAP content,a fine-to-coarse slag ratio of 5∶5,and a water-to-binder ratio of 0. 28. Under these conditions,the lightweight aggregate
achieved a cylinder compressive strength of 14. 1 MPa,a bulk density of 1 164 kg/ m3,and a water absorption of
8. 6%,meeting the requirements for the 1200 density grade,with a freeze-thaw mass loss rate of 17. 6%. Range analysis indicated
that the order of factors affecting the properties primary and secondary order was FAP content,fine-to-coarse slag ratio,water-
to-binder ratio. An appropriate amount of FAP forms a three-dimensional network gel that encapsulates slag particles,significantly
enhancing material compactness and strength. Suitable gradation and water-to-binder ratio play a crucial role in maintaining
structural stability. Under the optimal mix proportion,the leaching concentrations of Cr,Cd,Pb,and Ni were 4. 69 μg/ L,
0. 46 μg/ L,3. 62 μg/ L,and 1. 17 μg/ L,respectively. These values are all lower than the limits specified in the Identification
Standards for Hazardous Wastes and meet the Class Ⅱ limits of the Quality Standard for Groundwater (GB/ T 14848—2017),
confirming the significant solidification effect of FAP on heavy metal ions.


Study on Mechanical Properties and Mechanism of Basic Magnesium Sulfate Cement Synergistically Reinforced by 5·1·3 Whisker and Steel Fibers#br#

TAO Xuan, XU Xun, YANG Xiaochen, LI Peili, ZHANG Jie, YAN Meiguo

2026, 55(4):  314-320. 

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This study focuses on the multi-scale synergistic enhancement effect of 5·1·3 type magnesium hydroxide
sulfate hydrate whiskers (MHSHW-513) and steel fibers in basic magnesium sulfate cement (BMSC). Comparative experiments
were conducted with single-doped steel fibers and composite-doped MHSHW-513 and steel fibers. The fluidity,flexural
strength,compressive strength,and water resistance of BMSC were systematically tested,and its microstructure was observed using
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that steel fibers play a dominant role in improving the mechanical
properties of BMSC. With a single doping of 2% steel fibers,the 28-day compressive strength increased significantly by 41. 7%
compared to the reference group. Meanwhile,MHSHW-513 significantly improves the water resistance of the material by filling
pores and optimizing the interface. When the steel fiber content was fixed at 2% with 1% MHSHW-513 added,the softening coefficient
of the specimen remained at a high level of 0. 90 even after 56 days of water immersion. SEM analysis revealed that the
externally added MHSHW-513 and the endogenous whiskers form a multi-level crack-blocking system at the steel fiber-matrix
interface zone,delaying crack propagation at the micro-scale,while steel fibers consume energy through bridging and pulling out
at the macro-scale. Their synergy achieves a stepwise improvement in the mechanical properties and durability of BMSC.