Table of Content

15 May 2026, Volume 55 Issue 5

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Application Status and Prospect of Axial Boom Roadheader for Non-coal Mine Extraction Engineering

WANG Shaofeng, YIN Leilei, SHI Xinlei, ZHOU Zilong

2026, 55(5):  1-16. 

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The intensity of non-coal mining resource development is progressively increasing,with diminishing shallowlevel
resources driving the focus of extraction towards deeper strata. This shift imposes increasingly stringent demands on the efficiency,
safety,and intelligent capabilities of mining equipment. As one of the core pieces of equipment for roadway excavation,
the technical performance of boom-type roadheaders directly impacts mining efficiency and production safety in non-coal
mines. Consequently,their application and development remain a focal point of industry research. This paper focuses on the application
of boom-type roadheaders in non-coal mining excavation projects,systematically summarising their developmental history,
key technologies,and current application status. It analyses the core theories and technologies of boom-type roadheaders,
including rock-cutting tool types,peak cutting force theoretical models,and equipment structural design. The research indi
cates:① Boom-type roadheaders have undergone multiple stages of technological iteration. abroad,from structurally imperfect
models in the late 1930s to intelligent equipment capable of cutting ultra-hard rock layers with compressive strengths of 170
MPa to 200 MPa;domestically,from technology introduction in the 1960s to achieving independent research and development,
now forming a full product series encompassing light,medium,heavy,and super-heavy types,laying a solid technical foundation
for mechanised mining in non-coal mines. ② The rock-cutting tools of boom-type roadheaders primarily utilise pick-type cutting
bits. Their rock-breaking mechanism comprises stages of elastic deformation,crack initiation,macro-crack formation,and rock
fragmentation. Peak cutting force models provide theoretical support for equipment design. ③ Boom-type roadheaders have been
successfully deployed in non-coal mines including gold,lead-zinc,potash,mirabilite,and phosphate deposits,demonstrating advantages
such as high tunnel formation precision and enhanced safety. However,challenges persist including insufficient adaptability
to varying rock properties,limited equipment intelligence,and mismatched mining techniques. Building upon this,the
challenges currently faced by cantilever roadheaders in non-coal mining applications are analyzed,with prospects outlined for
the development direction in this field during the 15th Five-Year Plan period and beyond. It is argued that current challenges in
this field stem from the unique geological and operational conditions of non-coal mines constraining equipment performance.
Complex rock mechanics,diverse ore body formations,equipment limitations,low intelligence levels,and inadequate mining
techniques represent pressing issues requiring resolution in the application of cantilevered roadheaders in non-coal mines. Future
development should concentrate on cutting tool innovation,integrated auxiliary rock breaking,optimised cutting tooth structures,
machine-rock matching and intelligentisation,and optimised mining and excavation techniques. Based on the above,a future
development concept for a fully intelligent,transparent working model encompassing “monitoring-sensing-adjustment-rock
breaking” was proposed. Real-time monitoring of the geological environment,equipment status,and working conditions at the
mining and excavation face is achieved through LiDAR,mine pressure monitoring systems,and multi-sensor arrays. Dynamic identification
of rock mass characteristics and equipment failure risks through in-situ sensing technologies during mining/ excavation.
Implementation of combined auxiliary rock-breaking techniques such as high-pressure water jets and microwaves,coupled
with dynamic adjustment of cutting parameters,to mitigate rock strength and reduce tool wear,ultimately achieving efficient
rock breaking and safe operations. By integrating IoT,artificial intelligence,and digital twin technologies,support adaptive
cutting and remote unmanned operation of roadheaders,promoting the development of non-coal hard rock mining equipment towards
mechanisation,intelligence,unmanned operation,and informatisation.

Study Progress and Prospect of Decision Optimization for Underground Mine Production Scheduling

LI Ning, DING Yi, DAI Bibo, WANG Liguan

2026, 55(5):  17-29. 

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Underground mine production scheduling is the core component of intelligent mining production. Its decision
optimization faces complex challenges of multiple constraints and dynamic environments. Based on the study progress in the industry
and the team′s study accumulation,the system has proposed three key scientific issues in this field. The difficulty of
multi-objective optimization lies in the efficient trade-off between conflicting objectives and the search for the Pareto frontier.
Uncertainty handling mainly involves shifting from preset probability models to data-driven robust modeling to cope with the
strong randomness of geology,equipment,and market. Real-time response requires the scheduling system to strike a balance between
decision speed and quality to quickly respond to production disturbances. Focusing on these issues,the study progress of
methods such as mathematical programming,meta-heuristic algorithms,and simulation optimization has been reviewed. The core
contributions and inherent limitations of these methods in addressing the three issues have been analyzed. Mathematical programming
provides a rigorous modeling framework,but the "dimension disaster" and parameter sensitivity reveal the structural
contradiction between it and the high-dimensional nonlinearity of underground mining. Meta-heuristic algorithms and simulation
optimization expand the solution boundaries for complex problems,but they are respectively constrained by the lack of convergence
theory guarantee and high modeling costs. On this basis,the transformative potential of machine learning technologies has
been explored. Deep learning provides a data-driven new paradigm for uncertainty modeling through high-precision prediction.
Reinforcement learning opens up an end-to-end decision-making path for real-time dynamic scheduling through continuous interaction
with the environment. Further analysis reveals the shortcomings of current study. Multi-objective optimization lacks an
effective decision preference guidance mechanism,uncertainty handling presents a disconnected state between prediction and
optimization,real-time response technology is still far from practical application,and systematic exploration of multi-method integration
is lacking. Correspondingly,the study focus in this field during the "15th Five-Year Plan" and beyond is to build a
full life cycle multi-objective collaborative optimization framework,develop a decision-making paradigm deeply integrated with
prediction and optimization",break through the real-time scheduling technology of safe and trustworthy reinforcement learning,
and promote the intelligent decision-making closed loop driven by digital twins,in order to push underground mine production
scheduling towards an intelligent and autonomous process.


Development and Prospect of Comprehensive Dust Prevention and Control Technology in Coal Preparation Plant

LI Shihang, CHAI Jiahua, HE Chang, ZHOU Gang, SHE Xiaodong, ZHANG Xu, HU Shuda

2026, 55(5):  30-43. 

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As the main energy source in China,coal supports the rapid development of the national economy. At the same time,the crushing,screening,transportation and other processes in the production process will continue to release high concentration
dust with complex components due to factors such as material kinetic energy conversion,mechanical friction and airflow
disturbance,which seriously endangers the occupational health of staff. The dust concentration in the operation area of coal
preparation plants generally exceeds standards,and its harm has evolved from a single occupational health issue into a multi-dimensional
challenge involving safety production,ecological environment,and economic benefits. Promoting systematic and intelligent
upgrades in dust prevention and control technology has become a key task for the industry′s green transformation since
the implementation of the 14th Five-Year Plan. The systematic upgrading of dust prevention and control technology is imminent.
Combined with the latest progress of dust prevention and control technology in coal preparation workshop and the accumulation
of team research,the dust production mechanism and law of key processes such as coal feeding,reloading,conveyor belt
transportation,screening and crushing are analyzed. The significant influence of coal quality characteristics and environmental
factors on dust production is summarized. The current mainstream dust prevention and control technology and its application
status and collaborative governance strategy in key dust sources are sorted out. Research shows that:① The dust generation
mechanism of key processes in coal processing plant such as coal feeding,transfer,conveyor transportation,screening and
crushing are all related to coal collision and friction,airflow disturbance and equipment structural characteristics,which are
specifically manifested in the collision of falling coal material triggering particles stripping and induced airflow,airflow disturbance
caused by the gap and movement of equipment leading to the diffusion of dust,and high-frequency vibration and structure
of the fallout to aggravate the dust flight,and so on. ② In the coal quality characteristics,the water content of coal is negatively
correlated with the dust production. The larger the coal flow rate and the smaller the coal particle size,the higher the dust production.
In terms of equipment process parameters,dust production is positively correlated with conveyor belt speed,transfer
point and chute drop. When the chute inclination angle deviates from the optimal range,the crusher speed is too high or the
tooth plate gap is too large,and the amplitude and frequency of the vibrating screen exceed the threshold,the dust production
will increase significantly. ③ Targeted dust control technologies must be implemented for different dust sources such as coal
feeding,transfer,conveying,screening,and crushing. The synergistic application of multiple technologies can significantly enhance
dust control effectiveness. Building on this foundation,the paper analyzes the shortcomings of existing research and outlines
the development direction for the 15th Five-Year Plan period and beyond. Current dust control technologies in coal preparation
plants still face critical challenges,including insufficient intelligent sensing capabilities,limitations in material performance,
poor system coordination,outdated personal protective equipment,and weak green efficiency. These issues constrain further
improvements in dust management effectiveness and sustainable development. Future research should focus on:① Intelligent
sensing and precise control,utilizing IoT,big data,cloud computing,and artificial intelligence technologies to achieve realtime
identification,monitoring,and analysis of dust emissions. By incorporating AI algorithms,adaptive adjustment of dust removal
equipment parameters can be realized to optimize dust removal efficiency. ② Material development and structural design,
establish a multi-level design theory spanning from the molecular to the macroscopic scale,construct a coupled model
linking material performance to environmental parameters,and integrate surface science,vibration fatigue theory,and controlled
release technology to develop filtration materials featuring highly efficient gradient structures. ③ System integration and collaborative
governance will drive the evolution of single dust control technologies toward multi-technology coupling and systematic
approaches,establishing a comprehensive dust prevention and control network encompassing "source control-process suppression-
end-of-pipe purification". ④ Personal protection and smart monitoring,occupational safety protection should evolve from
passive defense toward "high efficiency,low resistance,intelligent adaptation,and comfortable safety". Develop new high-efficiency,
low-resistance filter materials and optimize mask structures. Integrate external environmental data with wearable physiological
parameter monitoring to establish early health risk warning models,forming a dual-protection model of "equipment protection+
human monitoring". ⑤ Green,low-carbon,and sustainable development integrates intelligent control strategies and precision
airflow organization design concepts with the development of high-efficiency dust removal equipment. Through multidimensional
technological innovation,it achieves precise dust control and synergistically advances energy conservation and consumption
reduction in mining operations,supporting the vision of low-energy consumption,high efficiency,and zero pollution in
coal preparation plant dust prevention and control.


Study on Grouting Support for Fractured Surrounding Rock in Mining Drifts Under Sublevel Caving Mining Disturbance

TAN Baohui, ZHANG Chong, QIN Guoyu, HU Yingpeng, LI Hai, ZHANG Ganggang, SU Dengfeng, DING Hangxing

2026, 55(5):  44-53. 

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Regarding the instability failure of the stoping entry in the caving method stope of the West Ⅱ Mining Area at
Longshou Mine under the original shotcrete-bolt-mesh support system,field investigations and numerical simulation studies
were conducted. It was determined that the essential cause of the entry′s instability is the inherent fragmentation of the surrounding
rock mass and its continuous deterioration under the disturbance from caving mining. This led to the loss of integrity
in the self-supporting system,resulting in insufficient anchorage depth in the original support scheme,which failed to form an
effective load-bearing whole from the fractured surrounding rock. A grouting reinforcement scheme suitable for the fractured
surrounding rock of stoping entries under the disturbance conditions of caving mining was proposed through comprehensive theoretical
analysis and numerical simulation. The study determined that a reasonable reinforcement range should be no less than 2
m,and accordingly,five grouting hole layouts were designed,with their reinforcement effects systematically evaluated. The study
results show that as the number of grouting holes increases,the reinforcement effect continues to improve,but the rate of improvement
gradually decreases. After implementing the grouting support scheme,the range of the minimum principal stress zone
in the two sides of the entry significantly contracted,stress vectors shifted deeper into the surrounding rock,and a pressurebearing
arch formed jointly by the surrounding rock and support structure gradually developed,contributing to the stability of
the entry. Based on the numerical simulation results,the five-hole grouting scheme was ultimately selected,with a grouting hole depth of 2 m and a row spacing of 2 m. Field engineering applications demonstrated that the proposed grouting reinforcement
support scheme effectively controlled the deformation and failure of the entry,reducing deformation by 85% compared to the initial
support scheme,thereby ensuring the safety of mining operations.



Study on Simulated Annealing Bidirectional Decision Optimization of Paste Filling Cost Control

LI Gang, QIAO Dengpan, YANG Tianyu

2026, 55(5):  54-62. 

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With the advent of the Industrial 4. 0 era,the mining industry is also actively exploring intelligent and digital
transformation. The deep integration of emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence with paste
filling technology can make the filling process and quality control more precise and efficient,reduce costs and energy consumption,
and is of great significance for further promoting the construction of green mines. Therefore,research has been conducted
on the key issue of the optimal design of the mix ratio in filling decisions,and a precise design method for bidirectional decision-
making filling based on target strength inversion has been proposed. By effectively combining the feedback of simulated annealing
optimization with the forward analysis of machine learning prediction models,as well as the flexible application of filling
strength design theory,a bidirectional decision-making paste mix ratio optimization strategy for filling strength and mix ratio has
been constructed. An optimization decision algorithm based on cost control has been designed,which reduces the most critical
cost accounting indicators in engineering practice to a target linear programming problem,and builds a cost minimization objective
function under multiple constraints,further supporting filling decision support and achieving the re-optimization and rescreening
of paste mix ratio data. Finally,taking the open stoping and subsequent filling mining method of Luodang mining area
as an example,the proposed filling decision-making algorithm was practiced and analyzed. The SLAM Studio software was used
to obtain the stope structural parameters and derive the strength design values. Through simulated annealing and cost control
decision-making,the optimized paste material mix ratio combination was obtained,which not only meets the strength requirements
and transportation conditions but also achieves the economic engineering goal. This indicates that the proposed method
can assist in filling engineering applications economically and efficiently.


Distribution Law of Backfill Slurry in Pillar and Room Goaf and Its Influence on the Bearing Characteristics of Pillar

CHEN Lu, LIANG Chonghui, LUO Rong, CAI Xin, PAN Shiqiang, YU Qian

2026, 55(5):  63-72. 

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To investigate the distribution characteristics of manufactured sand backfill in pillar and room goaf and its influence
on pillar bearing capacity,a goaf backfill treatment project in Hunan Province was taken as the engineering background,
and physical model tests and numerical simulations were combined. The flow and roof-contacting laws of backfill slurry
in goafs under self-weight action were investigated. Then,the enhancement effect of backfill on pillar strength was revealed. The
results show that,when manufactured sand backfill slurry was injected based on self-weight,the angle of repose formed in the
goaf is approximately 14°. After adding fly ash and cement,the fluidity of the backfill slurry is significantly improved,and the
angle of repose is reduced to 10°. After backfilling,when the pillar is loaded,the backfill exerts a restraining effect on the lateral
deformation of the pillar. In this study,when the backfill rate is less than 50%,the restraining effect is relatively weak,and
the external load is almost borne by the pillar;the peak strength of the pillar increases slightly,and the failure mode shows as "
X"-shaped tension-shear cracks. When the backfill rate exceeds 50%,the restraining effect becomes obvious,and the backfill
shares part of the load. The peak strength of the pillar increases significantly,and the post-peak bearing performance is also effectively
improved. When the backfill rate reaches more than 90%,the peak strength and post-peak bearing capacity of the pil
lar are significantly improved. Due to the restraining effect of the backfill on the pillar,the bearing potential is fully exerted.
The cracks have little impact on the bearing capacity of the pillar. The study results have certain theoretical and practical significance
for goaf disaster prevention and control,and provide a reference for further study and engineering practice in related
fields.


Study on Energy Dissipation and Damage Mechanism of Tailings Cemented Filling Under Dry-Wet Cycle

LIU Zhiyi, 　LI Zesen, 　WANG Yidan, 　GAN Deqing,

2026, 55(5):  73-81. 

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Based on the mining environment and stress characteristics of the filling body in the upward horizontal layered
filling mining method,with the number of dry-wet cycles and the ash sand ratio as variables,uniaxial compression tests and nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy were conducted on the filling body after different ash sand ratios and dry-wet cycles. The
energy dissipation and damage evolution laws of the filling body were explored,and the relationship between energy,damage,
and porosity was analyzed. The study results show that ① after seven cycles of dry-wet cycles,the total energy required for the
filling body with ash sand ratios of 1∶4,1∶6,and 1∶8 to reach peak stress decreased by 3. 00×10-3 J,1. 25×10-3 J,and 4. 30
×10-3 J,respectively. The energy storage limit of the filling body is negatively correlated with the number of cycles,and the decrease
in the ratio of elastic strain energy to total energy indicates a decrease in the compressive performance of the filling body
and a reduction in the internal stored elastic strain energy. ② The peak stress damage of the filling material is positively correlated
with the number of cycles and follows an exponential growth law. The damage evolution process of the filling body can be
divided into two stages:stable damage development and rapid damage growth. The dry-wet cycle mainly affects the pre peak
strain stage,and as the number of cycles increases,the growth rate of the damage development stage gradually increases. ③ The
damage mechanism of the filling body under the action of dry-wet cycles can be summarized as follows:The repeated entry and exit of water cause the loss of weakly cemented products inside the filling body and the expansion of micro-cracks. The alternating
dry-wet action makes the defects of the filling body continuously develop and the damage continuously accumulate,ultimately
leading to the deterioration of the performance of the filling body.



Random-System Time-segmented Asynchronous Collaborative Support Technique and Its Engineering Application

XU Shuai, ZHANG Yuanbo, WANG Yongjie, WANG Ruiqiang,

2026, 55(5):  82-89. 

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Aiming at the problem that immediate support and permanent support are difficult to balance during deep mining,
a random-system time-segmented asynchronous collaborative support technique is proposed. A support system of " initial
rapid support-secondary collaborative reinforcement" is constructed to achieve the balance between early deformation suppression
and overall stability enhancement of surrounding rock. Time-segmented asynchronous collaborative support components are
developed,and their mechanical properties are verified through laboratory pull-out tests. The test results show that the peak load
of the component is 124. 25 kN,and the slip load can reach 96 kN,which is obviously about 3 times superior to that of split set
bolts,and it can quickly suppress the loosening of surrounding rock in the early stage of roadway construction. Based on this
technique,external bolts are quickly arranged for random support,and then internal bolts are collaboratively reinforced with
metal meshes to form a dynamic reinforcement system characterized by " point-surface combination,time-segmented construction,
and asynchronous collaboration". To further evaluate its effectiveness,FLAC3D software is used for numerical simulation.
The results indicate that the collaborative support method optimizes the stress distribution of surrounding rock,makes stress
transmission smoother and wider,significantly reduces the development of plastic zones,and lowers the risk of local damage.
Compared with conventional support,the position of the maximum vertical stress under collaborative support shifts backward to
1. 4 m,the stress peak is gentle,the maximum depth of the plastic failure zone decreases by about 1 m,and the failure range
and degree are both reduced. This technique has been applied in the fractured roadway of a lead-zinc mine through a unique
construction method. Monitoring results show that the cumulative increase in bolt axial force is 1. 34 kN,and the maximum displacements
of the roof,floor,and two sides are stably controlled at 1. 8 mm and 0. 8 mm respectively,indicating that the surrounding rock deformation is effectively restrained. The research demonstrates that the random-system time-segmented asynchronous
collaborative support technique can meet the requirements of both immediate support and permanent support,providing
an efficient and reliable support solution for the stability of deep high-stress roadways.



Stability Analysis of Surrounding Rock and Optimization of Lagging Support Scheme for Open-type TBM Excavation Roadway

CHEN Xian, LIU Yao, ZHANG Jiwei

2026, 55(5):  90-101. 

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The open-type tunnel boring machine (TBM) has been widely adopted in underground coal mine roadway excavation
projects,owing to its significant advantages including high tunneling efficiency,minimal disturbance to surrounding
rock,superior construction safety,and strong adaptability to complex geological conditions. However,in the engineering practice
of TBM-driven roadway construction,particularly in deep coal mines characterized by high in-situ stress and strong mining disturbance,
roof collapse,instability,and other failure accidents are frequently encountered during the delayed support stage following
TBM excavation. This prominent engineering challenge has become a key technical bottleneck restricting the large-scale
application of TBM tunneling technology in coal mine roadway construction,and has also severely challenged the precise control
of surrounding rock stability as well as the safe and efficient production of underground coal mines. To address the above technical
constraints,the TBM excavation project of the floor gas drainage roadway in Wangfeng Coal Mine,Shaanxi Province,China,
is taken as the engineering background and research object in this paper. As a core infrastructure for mine gas disaster prevention
and control,the floor gas drainage roadway has strict requirements for the long-term stability of its surrounding rock. In
addition,the roadway is subject to strong horizontal tectonic stress at the project site,which further intensifies the difficulty of
surrounding rock control during the delayed support stage. A three-dimensional numerical calculation model consistent with the actual engineering geological conditions and TBM excavation process was established. Using this model,the evolution laws of
the plastic zone,displacement field,and stress field of the surrounding rock in the TBM-excavated roadway under horizontal
tectonic stress were systematically analyzed. On this basis,the control performance of two support schemes full bolt support and
bolt-cable combined support on roadway roof deformation,plastic zone expansion range,and surrounding rock stress distribution
under different delayed support distances was systematically compared and quantitatively evaluated. Based on the numerical
simulation results and field engineering requirements,an optimized delayed bolt-cable combined support scheme tailored to the
TBM-driven roadway of this project was proposed,and a full-scale field industrial test was conducted. The engineering reliability,
surrounding rock control effect,and long-term service performance of the optimized scheme were comprehensively verified
via continuous field monitoring data. The key research findings are summarized as follows:① Under horizontal tectonic stress,
an oblate plastic failure zone dominated by shear plastic damage is formed in the surrounding rock of the TBM-excavated roadway.
The continuous development and expansion of this plastic failure will not only induce large-scale fragmentation and loosening
of the roadway roof,but also trigger significant convergence deformation of the two roadway ribs,this is the intrinsic mechanism
leading to roof collapse and instability accidents during the delayed support stage. ② For the full bolt delayed support
scheme,the anchorage section of the rock bolts cannot fully penetrate the roof plastic zone,resulting in insufficient effective anchoring
force;thus,its surrounding rock control effect cannot meet the safety requirements of engineering construction. For the
bolt-cable combined support scheme,the surrounding rock control performance gradually degrades as the delayed support distance
increases;accordingly,the reasonable delayed support distance should be strictly controlled within 4 m to ensure active
and effective control of the roadway surrounding rock. ③ At the same delayed support distance,the optimal surrounding rock
control effect is achieved by the bolt-cable combined support scheme compared with the full bolt support scheme:the maximum
roof displacement of the roadway is reduced by 41. 71%,and the shear plastic zone area is reduced by 46. 25% relative to the
unsupported scheme. In addition,the compressive stress level of the roadway surrounding rock under the bolt-cable combined
support is significantly elevated,and it is fully demonstrated that the proposed delayed support scheme can effectively improve
the self-bearing capacity of the surrounding rock mass and realize active and stable control of the surrounding rock in TBMdriven
roadways. It is confirmed by the field monitoring results that the optimized delayed bolt-cable combined support system
can effectively restrain roof deformation of the TBM-driven roadway,with the full-section deformation of the roadway controlled
within the allowable range for engineering safety. As a result,the on-site engineering problem of frequent roof collapse and instability
is successfully solved,and the safe and efficient tunneling of the TBM roadway is ensured. The research methods and
conclusions presented in this paper can not only provide direct technical guidance and field basis for surrounding rock control
in this project,but also serve as an important theoretical reference and engineering paradigm for the design and optimization of
delayed support schemes for similar TBM-driven roadways in deep,high-stress coal mines.



Study on Optimization of Pressure Relief Method of Roadway with Roof Excavation under Dynamic Pressure

CHEN Denghong, ZHANG Jinjing, YU Xuelei, LU Depei, HE Daoshun

2026, 55(5):  102-112. 

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To achieve precise roadway pressure relief and address the deterioration of surrounding rock stability caused
by blind pressure relief in high-stress and fractured zones under dynamic pressure influence,a pressure-relief method based on
borehole position optimization was proposed. Pressure-relief schemes with different borehole positions,including the roof,floor,
30° shoulder,60° shoulder,and sidewall,were designed. The reasonable advanced borehole position of the roadway under dynamic
pressure and the control effects of different schemes on surrounding rock stress and deformation after pressure relief were
investigated. The results show that:① a reasonable borehole arrangement can induce stress redistribution in the surrounding
coal and rock mass,alleviate stress concentration,reduce surrounding rock stress,and thus decrease roadway deformation;
② roof drilling and sidewall drilling can effectively control the vertical and horizontal displacements of the roadway. After sidewall
drilling,the peak stress on the coal-wall side decreases,and the peak stress position shifts deeper into the surrounding rock
at the sidewall. The 30° shoulder drilling scheme can intercept stress transmission to a certain extent,whereas the pressure-relief
effects of floor drilling and 60° shoulder drilling are not obvious. On this basis,combined with numerical analysis results,
the pressure-relief schemes were optimized,and roof drilling and sidewall drilling were identified as the two superior schemes.
Considering the production conditions of the 823 working face in Yuandian No. 1 Coal Mine,the sidewall drilling scheme was
selected for an industrial test. Field measurements showed that roadway displacement in the pressure-relief section was reduced,
anchor cable load decreased,and the growth trend of roof separation was slowed. The study results can provide a reference
for the design of pressure-relief borehole schemes in mines under similar conditions.


Design and Application Prospects of Overhead Bridge-Suspended Haulage System in Open-pit Mines

LIU Xige, ZHU Wancheng, CHEN Qingkai, TANG Shaohui, HAN Zhiyong, GUAN Kai, ZHANG Xiongwei, LI Huahua, WANG Zhongkang, HUANG Chenchun, ZHANG Zixuan, WU Zihao, DENG Wenxue

2026, 55(5):  113-123. 

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To address the high energy consumption and carbon emissions associated with conventional transportation systems
in open-pit mines,this paper proposes an overhead bridge-suspended haulage system. The system comprises an engineered
bridge spanning the mine′s upper and lower walls,equipped with multiple tracks operated by drag winches. Under the drag winches,
a steel-wire-rope-suspended skip is deployed. The ore is hoisted to the open-pit mine surface via the skip,then unloaded
into either an ore collection bin or a fixed crushing station,and finally transported to the processing plant. The overhead bridgesuspended
haulage system primarily comprises the bridge,conveyor tracks,a control system,drag winches,and ore skips. Using
an iron mine case study,this paper conducts a techno-economic comparative analysis of the proposed system. Results indicate
that the horizontal transport speed of the drag winch constrains the overall mine transportation efficiency more significantly than
the vertical lifting speed of the ore skip. Although bridge construction may impose minor adverse effects on slope stability,such
impacts remain negligible and do not compromise overall slope integrity. By comparing the capital expenditures and operational
costs of the original mine transport design,we conclude that if the bridge-suspended system′s construction cost is capped at
￥835. 436 million and the drag winch′s horizontal energy consumption remains below 146. 7 kW/ kt,the system demonstrates
superior cost efficiency over existing solutions. This novel transportation solution demonstrates significant potential for optimi
zing spatial utilization in open-pit mines while advancing intelligent,unmanned mining operations. By enabling vertical integration
of material handling processes,the system provides a sustainable pathway for the digital transformation of metal open-pit
mining.


Study on Prediction of Blasting Lumpiness in Open-pit Mines Based on Oblique Photography

YU Jianxin, CHUI Jintao, JIA Haipeng, WANG Dengke, YU Peng, CHEN Qi, FANG Yicheng

2026, 55(5):  124-131. 

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Optimizing blasting schemes based on the fragmentation distribution characteristics of muck piles is crucial for
improving production efficiency in open-pit mining. However,theoretical models are susceptible to on-site factors,leading to deviations,
while 3D laser scanning has limitations such as complex procedures,high cost,and significant risks. Therefore,taking
the Mo′ergou open-pit limestone mine in Sichuan as an example,this study used UAV oblique photography to obtain multi-angle
muck pile image data and proposed a fragmentation prediction method based on a 3D muck pile model. To address the issue
that particle size analysis of muck pile surface images cannot reflect the internal distribution,a distribution coefficient was introduced
to correct the difference in fragmentation distribution between the surface and the interior,thereby estimating the overall
fragmentation distribution of the muck pile,and the corrected results were validated. Finally,using the boulder yield as an evaluation
index for blasting effectiveness,the size threshold for boulders was defined based on actual production requirements,
and the boulder yield of blasted rock was predicted. The results show that:① The constructed 3D model meets the mapping accuracy
requirement of 1∶500,and the average error between the corrected overall fragmentation distribution and the measured
results is only 4. 26%;② Rocks and ores with a side length greater than 80 cm are defined as boulders,and the measured
boulder yield is 3. 85%,meeting the mine′s production requirements. The proposed method can provide a useful reference for
evaluating blasting effectiveness in open-pit mines.


Study and Application of Pneumatic Fog Curtain Dust Control Technique at Mine Belt Transfer Points

JING Deji, CHEN Xu, LI Qingjian, LIU Hongwei, LIU Shaohang, REN Shuaishuai

2026, 55(5):  132-141. 

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The belt conveyor transfer point is one of the most severely dust-polluted areas in underground mines,characterized
by multiple dust sources and rapid dispersion,posing significant threats to occupational health and safety. Conventional
spray techniques are limited by large droplet sizes,insufficient coverage,and strong susceptibility to airflow disturbances,making
them ineffective for capturing fine particulate dust. To address the complex airflow conditions in underground environments,
a coupled flow field-dust field model of the transfer point was established using COMSOL numerical simulation. The airflow variation
characteristics and dust migration features were systematically analyzed. The results indicate that the airflow field in the
transfer area exhibits a distinct stratified structure,where velocity gradients and local vortices jointly drive particle-size-dependent
migration:coarse particles predominantly settle under gravity,while fine particles are transported by the airflow and tend to
accumulate in the breathing zone and upper regions. Based on these findings,a pneumatic fog curtain dust control technology
integrating supersonic atomization and a spiral pneumatic structure is proposed. Through the combined effects of fine droplet
capture and spiral airflow entrainment,the proposed system effectively interferes with dust migration paths and enhances source
control. Comparative experiments demonstrate that the pneumatic fog curtain outperforms conventional spray systems in terms of
wind resistance,coverage,and dust suppression efficiency. Field application results show that,under a pressure of 0. 4 MPa,the
maximum deflection angle of the fog curtain does not exceed 6. 1°. The total dust concentration at the transfer point is reduced
by 43. 28%,the dust suppression efficiency exceeds 90% at 10 m downwind,and the respirable dust concentration decreases to
1. 2 mg/ m3,with an overall efficiency of 86. 78%. The proposed technique provides an effective solution for dust control at coal
mine transfer points and contributes to improving mine working environments and occupational health conditions.


New Method for Predicting Surface Subsidence in Non-full Mining of Thick Weakly Cemented Overburden Considering Fault Distribution Differences

LI Huaizhan, HU Yonghua, GUO Guangli, DU Qiu, ZHA Jianfeng, LI Yunjiang, ZHENG Hui, SHI Yin

2026, 55(5):  142-154. 

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Billions of tonnes of coal are compressed under oil and gas pipelines in the mining areas of Shaanxi and Mongolia,
China,which seriously restricts the high-intensity mining and sustainable development of regional coal mines. The key to
solve this problem is to accurately predict the surface subsidence caused by underground mining,so as to provide an important
basis for the formulation of scientific mining schemes. However,due to the widespread distribution of thick bedded argillaceous
weakly cemented sandstone with different particle sizes in the regional overburden,the surface subsidence law is quite different
from the conventional understanding,which makes the prediction results of the probability integral method established by the
discontinuous medium model significantly different,especially in the stage of insufficient mining,the surface subsidence is
small. Based on this,this paper proposes a prediction idea of surface subsidence under insufficient mining considering overburden
structure and rock properties. Firstly,according to the fault exploration results of Jining No. 3 Mine and Shilawusu Mine,
the distribution differences of faults in the two mining areas in the east and west are compared and analyzed,and the reasons for
the small subsidence of deep mining in the extremely thick and weakly cemented mining area are discussed. It is found that the
faults in the eastern coal mines are dense,and the faults with a drop value of more than 20 m are common,while the faults in
the western coal mines are basically undeveloped,and the integrity of the extremely thick and weakly cemented overburden is better. Based on this and combined with the field measured data,the Vlasov thick plate theory and the equivalent subsidence
space principle are used to establish a surface subsidence prediction model for the non-full mining of extremely thick and weakly
cemented overburden,and the Shilawusu Mine is taken as an example for application. The results show that the root mean
square error of the traditional probability integral method is 1 125. 3 mm,and it is still 83. 84 mm after correcting the parameters.
The prediction error of the model is reduced to 8. 73 mm,and the prediction error is reduced by 89. 59%,which verifies
the reliability and accuracy of the model. The study results can provide technical support for the coordinated protection of coal
mining and oil and gas pipelines in Shaanxi-Inner Mongolia mining area.



Three-dimensional Deformation Monitoring in Mining Areas Based on InSAR and Offset Tracking Technique

CHEN Yuejuan, WANG Keying, HUANG Pingping, YIN Bo, BAI Dongyan, TAN Weixian, QI Yaolong, WANG Zhiguo

2026, 55(5):  155-165. 

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China possesses abundant coal resources,whose exploitation has made significant contributions to economic
development. However,large-scale mining has also caused severe ecological damage and surface subsidence. Interferometric
Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has become an essential technique for monitoring surface deformation in mining areas. Nevertheless,
Differential InSAR (D-InSAR) and Offset Tracking (OT) primarily retrieve line-of-sight (LOS) and azimuthal displacements,
which cannot fully capture the true three-dimensional (3D) surface deformation. To address this limitation,this paper
proposes a 3D deformation extraction method that integrates D-InSAR with an improved offset tracking technique. By establishing
a mathematical relationship between mining-induced horizontal displacement and ground tilt,the method reconstructs
the 3D surface deformation field in mining areas. Firstly,a dynamic-window offset tracking scheme with local feature selection is adopted,in which GLCM-based texture measures,Canny edge features,and Hu invariant moments are used to extract local
image characteristics. A dynamic adjustment factor based on the coefficient of variation,together with a comprehensive feature
score,is then applied to adaptively refine the initial matching windows. Secondly,a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is employed
to dynamically determine the threshold range for fusing deformation estimates from D-InSAR and OT. Finally,a proportional
relationship model between horizontal displacement and subsidence gradient is constructed based on the probability integral
method. Combined with the spatial relationship between LOS deformation and true ground displacement,this enables quasi-
3D reconstruction of mining-induced surface deformation fields from the fused LOS measurements. By processing two Sentinel-
1 images over the study area,the 3D surface deformation field was successfully retrieved. The reconstructed 3D deformation derived
from the proposed fusion method shows good agreement with the measured data,with root-mean-square errors of 0. 376 m,
0. 502 m,and 0. 430 m in the vertical,east-west,and north-south directions,respectively. Compared with 3D inversion based
solely on D-InSAR,the proposed method improves the accuracy of vertical subsidence estimation and enhances the spatial continuity
in regions with large displacements and low coherence. Moreover,it maintains consistent deformation trends and meterlevel
accuracy under both long and short temporal baseline conditions. The study results can provide methodological reference
and technical support for surface deformation monitoring and subsidence evolution analysis in mining regions.



Precursor Deformation Detection of the Highway Collapse in Zhashui County,Shaanxi Province in 2024 Based on Time-temporal InSAR

YU Chen, LÜ Bo, HU Xiaoning, LI Jie, SONG Chuang, LI Zhenhong

2026, 55(5):  166-174. 

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On July 19,2024,a bridge on the Daning Expressway in Shazhou County,Shaanxi Province collapsed due to
sudden flash floods and a sharp rise in water levels,causing significant damage. To effectively detect and warn of such disasters,
the PS-InSAR technique was adopted,combined with high-resolution drone images and rainfall data,to conduct a systematic
analysis of the surface deformation in the collapsed area from June 2022 to July 2024. The study explored the temporal and
spatial evolution characteristics of the deformation and its potential correlation with the collapse event. The results showed that
the collapsed area exhibited significant abnormal deformation signals within 2 years before the collapse. The spatial and temporal
distribution of surface deformation in the collapsed area and its surrounding regions was uneven,and the deformation rate in
most areas was -5 mm/ a to 5 mm/ a. Through the time series analysis of typical deformation points,it was found that the deformation
had seasonal variation characteristics,with the uplift rate slowing down in summer and turning to subsidence in winter.
Five days before the collapse,the deformation volume suddenly increased to -10 mm to -20 mm,indicating that the surface
deformation had entered an abnormal fluctuation stage. Additionally,the abnormal deformation signals on August 6,2022,and
July 14,2024,were both synchronous with intense rainfall events,with the maximum rainfall reaching approximately 12 mm/ d.
The intense rainfall caused the groundwater level to rise rapidly,exacerbating the uneven subsidence of the strata,and subsequently
triggering abnormal surface deformation. The study results revealed the intrinsic relationship between rainfall changes
and surface deformation,providing a scientific basis for the early warning of sudden geological disasters on expressways,and having significant theoretical and practical significance for the safety guarantee of transportation infrastructure.


Underground Roadway LiDAR SLAM Method Based on Multi-sensor Fusion

JIANG Song, LIU Jianhua, CUI Zhixiang, WANG Wei, XU Zhonghua, WANG Jing

2026, 55(5):  175-182. 

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The advent of the intelligent era has brought great changes to many fields. In the coal industry,the popularization
and application of autonomous truck have promoted the modernization of the industry. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping
(SLAM) technology is the key method to solve the autonomous transportation and navigation of autonomous truck. In the
underground environment,the uneven illumination conditions,the degradation of roadway characteristics,and the complex road
conditions of the working face all pose challenges to the traditional laser SLAM algorithm. Aiming at the above problems,a Li-
DAR SLAM based on multi-sensor fusion method for under roadway (ISC-LIWO) is proposed. Firstly,based on the Extended
Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm,the wheel odometer and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) data are fused to achieve high-precision
odometer output,which enhances the robustness of the algorithm in underground mine environment. Secondly,the Intensity
Scan Context (ISC) is proposed as a descriptor for loop closure detection,and the candidate point cloud descriptor is
searched through a two-stage retrieval strategy based on the rotation invariance of the descriptor,which effectively improves the
retrieval speed and the accuracy of position recognition,and reduces the matching error of the downhole map. The experimental
data are obtained from the actual mining and public data sets of a coal mine in Jining City. The results reflect that the square
root of the absolute pose error of the ISC-LIWO algorithm is 33. 96 % lower than that of A-LOAM,44. 17% lower than that of
LeGO-LOAM,and 10. 02 % lower than that of LIO-SAM. Experiments show that the algorithm has higher robustness for the characteristic degradation environment of underground roadway,which can effectively reduce pose drift and map ghosting,and
provide reliable underground map and state estimation for autonomous truck.



Study on the Evolution Law of Three-dimensional Seepage in Deep-buried Tunnels Induced by Lining Fracture Development

LIU Wu, CHEN Shiwei, JIANG Hao, YAO Huayan, CHENG Jin

2026, 55(5):  183-192. 

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In complex geological environments,deep-buried tunnel linings are prone to cracking,which in turn affects
their seepage behavior. This study,based on the water conveyance tunnel of the Jiangxi Yanshan Pumped Storage Power Station,
employs a three-dimensional numerical seepage simulation method to systematically analyze the influence of lining crack
development length,depth,spatial distribution,and permeability on the seepage field of the water conveyance tunnel. The results
indicate that the water pressure around the tunnel and the overflow volume are significantly affected by the length and permeability
of lining cracks. An increase in crack development length and permeability weakens the anti-seepage capacity of the
lining structure,leading to a notable increase in leakage at the cracked sections. The presence of cracks in the tunnel lining
causes a rapid attenuation of water pressure in the surrounding rock near the affected area. The larger the development length
and depth of the cracks,the more pronounced the decrease in water pressure around the tunnel,with the attenuation being more
severe closer to the cracked regions. The increase in seepage flow diminishes as the permeability coefficient rises. When cracks
are dispersed,the overflow volume of the tunnel increases by 11% compared to when cracks are concentrated,with the middle
section experiencing an increase of up to 31. 8%. Tunnels with dispersed lining cracks exhibit a higher overall risk of seepage,
while those with concentrated cracks show a greater decrease in water pressure. As the circumferential development range of
lining cracks expands,both the unit-length overflow volume and the decrease in water pressure around the tunnel increase.
Compared to the scenario where cracks develop only at the vault,when the crack development range extends to the spandrel,
haunch,and invert the decreases in water pressure in the surrounding rock at the vault are 7. 9%,14. 2%,and 19. 3%,respec
tively. At a distance of 40 meters from the tunnel cracks,the decreases in tunnel water pressure are 20. 5%,24. 5%,26. 1%,
and 28. 1%,respectively. The water pressure in the surrounding rock at the vault of the cracked tunnel decreases significantly,
whereas that of adjacent intact tunnels shows only a slight decrease,approximately 26. 2% of the decrease observed in the
cracked tunnel.


Recent Developments and Emerging Trends in Collectors for Malachite Flotation

LI Rui, SHI Lianjun, SHAO Hongsheng, LI Zhili, HE Dongsheng, TANG Yuan, FU Yanhong, LI Wanqing

2026, 55(5):  193-205. 

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As the world′s easily beneficiated copper sulfide resources become increasingly depleted,the efficient development
and utilization of copper oxide ores,particularly malachite,have become a research hotspot in mineral processing. Flotation
is the core technique for malachite separation,and the selection and application of collectors directly determine the flotation
performance. Starting from the crystal structure and surface characteristics of malachite,this paper systematically reviews
the research progress of collectors used in malachite flotation. Based on the flotation process,collectors are divided into two major
categories:direct flotation collectors and sulfidization flotation collectors. They are further classified by functional groups into
fatty acids,fatty amines,oxyacid collectors,chelating collectors,and combined collectors. This review highlights the structural
features,interaction mechanisms with the malachite surface,and application scopes of each collector type. It analyzes the chemisorption
mechanism of fatty acid collectors,the electrostatic-hydrogen bonding synergy of fatty amines,the electrostatic and coordination
adsorption of oxyacid collectors,the multidentate coordination behavior of chelating collectors,and the synergistic
effects of combined collectors. In view of the limitations of direct flotation and sulfidization flotation processes,the paper summarizes
the molecular design strategies and modification research progress of typical collectors such as hydroxamic acids,xanthates,
and thiol compounds. Additionally,novel systems including hydrophobic particle collectors and bifunctional collectors in
malachite flotation are introduced. Finally,current challenges for collectors—including insufficient selectivity,high reagent cost,and significant environmental impact-are identified,and future directions are proposed:design of highly selective collectors
via molecular engineering,development of green and environmentally friendly reagents,deeper understanding of synergistic
mechanisms in combined collectors,and their industrial application in complex ore systems. This review aims to provide a theoretical
basis for the molecular design and process optimization of malachite flotation collectors and to serve as a technical reference
for the efficient recovery of copper oxide resources.



Inhibition Mechanism of Xanthan Gum on Molybdenite During Reverse Flotation of Talc-Type Molybdenum Ore

REN Yuqiang, YIN Wanzhong, FAN Yuxuan, MA Yingqiang, ZHANG Xishan, ZHANG Yunxin

2026, 55(5):  206-214. 

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To address the challenge in the flotation separation of molybdenite and talc due to their similar surface properties,
a reverse flotation system using xanthan gum (XG) as a depressant and dodecylamine (DDA) as a collector was developed
to achieve selective separation. The separation efficiency was evaluated through flotation tests on single minerals and artificially
mixed ores. The depression mechanism of XG on molybdenite and talc was systematically investigated using Zeta potential
measurements,contact angle tests,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),SEM-EDS,and X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS). Single-mineral flotation results showed that without DDA,XG significantly depressed both molybdenite
and talc. However,after the addition of DDA,the floatability of talc was restored,while molybdenite remained depressed. The
artificially mixed ore flotation results further confirmed that the combined action of XG and DDA enables effective separation of
molybdenite from talc. Mechanism studies revealed that in the system with XG alone,XG covered the surfaces of both minerals
through physical adsorption. In the XG+DDA system,XG formed a dense hydrophilic barrier on the molybdenite surface,blocking
the electrostatic adsorption of DDA and maintaining molybdenite in a hydrophilic,depressed state. In contrast,on the talc
surface,the pre-adsorption of XG did not hinder the further electrostatic adsorption of DDA,thereby restoring the hydrophobic
floatability of talc. The reverse flotation system composed of XG and DDA achieves efficient separation of molybdenite from talc
through a selective adsorption mechanism,providing a feasible approach for the flotation separation of talc-bearing molybdenum
ores.


Experimental Study on Recovery of Silver,Copper,Zinc and Sulfur From a Low-Grade Shaking Table Middling Ore From Tin Polymetallic Ore in Inner Mongolia

LIAN Zhenwei, ZOU Jianjian, NIU Yaohui, LOU Bin, LI Bo, LI Yu′an, HU Zhen, LI Rongfeng, LI Yaoheng, WU Yaxuan

2026, 55(5):  215-221. 

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The shaker middlings produced from a silver-tin polymetallic mine in Inner Mongolia contain multiple valuable
elements and have a complex mineral composition. The sample assays 9. 8 g/ t Ag,0. 06% Cu,0. 41% Zn,and 1. 41% S,among
which 75. 60% of the silver is hosted in silver-copper minerals. Based on the ore characteristics,a flotation flowsheet of “isoflotation
of Ag-Cu-S,separation of Ag-Cu from S,bulk flotation of Zn-S and separation of Zn from S” was adopted for the beneficiation
tests. Sodium carbonate + zinc sulfate was used as the zinc depressant,lime as the sulfur depressant,ammonium dibutyl
dithiophosphate (ADDP) + SAC as the collector for silver-copper minerals,and ethyl xanthate as the collector for the Zn-S
separation stage. The full-flowsheet test yielded the following results:a silver-copper concentrate with an Ag grade of 3 287. 9
g/ t and Ag recovery of 70. 61%,and a Cu grade of 16. 34% and Cu recovery of 60. 40%;A zinc concentrate with a Zn grade of
41. 09% and Zn recovery of 60. 99%;And a sulfur concentrate with an S grade of 38. 84% and S recovery of 65. 30%. This
flowsheet achieves efficient recovery of valuable elements from the shaker middlings.


Study on the Auxiliary Collection Effect and Mechanism of Sulfur on Smithsonite

FAN Yuxuan, YIN Wanzhong, REN Yuqiang, MA Yingqiang, ZHANG Yunxin, ZHANG Xishan

2026, 55(5):  222-230. 

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To address the difficulty in flotation of smithsonite,this study employed fine sulfur particles as an auxiliary
collector and systematically investigated the flotation behavior of smithsonite in the Na2S-DDA-sulfur system. Combined with
surface characterization techniques including contact angle,Zeta potential,and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),
the adsorption and collection mechanism of sulfur on the sulfidized smithsonite surface was explored. The flotation results
show that with the addition of fine sulfur alone,the recovery of smithsonite increased from 28. 46% (with only frother) to
59. 00%. In the Na2S+DDA system,the recovery was 84. 10%,which further increased to 92. 93% after sulfur addition. Mechanism
analysis indicates that fine sulfur particles,characterized by large specific surface area,and abundant reactive sites,effectively
enhance the floatability of smithsonite through their inherent hydrophobicity. Moreover,sulfur adsorbs onto the DDA-coated
sulfidized smithsonite surface via electrostatic interaction,modifies surface roughness,and synergistically strengthens collection
together with DDA and Na2S. Therefore,fine sulfur can serve as an efficient auxiliary collector in the Na2S-DDA system to
significantly improve the flotation recovery of smithsonite.


Experimental and Mechanistic Study on Enhanced Flotation of Bayan Obo Rare Earth Ore Using New Surfactants

LIU Wenli, ZENG Yongjie, HE Tong, CHEN Hongchao, ZHU Wenqiang, TANG Jiayan, WANG Jieliang, CAO Zhao

2026, 55(5):  231-236. 

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To address the issues of high dosage and insufficient selectivity of the hydroxamic acid collector No. 8 in the
flotation process of Bayan Obo rare earth ore,this study investigated the synergistic effect and mechanism of an environmentally
friendly ether surfactant BS-03. The effects of the BS-03 and hydroxamic acid combined system on the flotation behavior of rare
earth minerals were examined through actual ore flotation tests,single mineral flotation tests,Zeta potential measurements,adsorption
capacity determination,and XPS analysis. The results show that using BS-03 as a combined reagent under flotation
conditions of pulp concentration of 40%,temperature of 55~60 ℃,pH = 8. 5,sodium silicate at 0. 75 kg/ t,8# reagent at 1. 5
kg/ t,and BS-03 at 0. 15 kg/ t,an open-circuit flotation process consisting of one roughing stage and three cleaning stages yields
a rare earth concentrate with a REO grade of 55. 85% and a REO recovery of 55. 14%. BS-03 significantly enhanced the collecting
ability of benzohydroxamic acid (BHA) for bastnaesite,increasing the recovery to 93. 9%. Mechanism analysis indicated
that BS-03 promoted both chemical and physical adsorption of BHA on the bastnaesite surface,resulting in a larger negative
shift of Zeta potential,increased surface adsorption capacity,and improved pulp and froth properties. Therefore,BS-03 is an effective
synergist for rare earth flotation,capable of reducing the dosage of hydroxamic acid and improving separation performance.


Application of Field Strengthening Technology in Preparation of High-purity Quartz Sand

XIONG Huan, BAI Ziyang, LI Maohui, HE Yupeng, WANG Jianjun, LU Youjun

2026, 55(5):  237-245. 

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As the core raw material for semiconductor-grade quartz crucibles,the occurrence form and content of impurities
in high-purity quartz sand (SiO2≥99. 99%) directly determine crucible performance and the growth quality of monocrystalline
silicon. Conventional purification processes face bottlenecks such as high thermodynamic energy barriers,low removal efficiency
of lattice-hosted inclusions,and complex process flows. External field enhancement technology,utilizing a non-contact
energy input mechanism,offers a new pathway to overcome these limitations. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms
and application progress of multi-physical fields,including magnetic,microwave,ultrasonic,temperature,and pressure fields in
the purification of high-purity quartz sand. Magnetic separation technology achieves preliminary removal of magnetic impurities
based on differences in mineral magnetic susceptibility;High-gradient and superconducting magnetic separation significantly
enhance the capture capability for weakly magnetic particles. Microwave technology promotes the release of inclusions through
selective heating and micro-explosion effects,while ultrasonic technology enhances interfacial reactions and impurity detachment
via cavitation effects;Their combination markedly improves the utilization efficiency of chemical reagents. Temperaturepressure
fields induce polymorphic phase transitions and lattice reconstruction of quartz,enabling deep activation and selective
migration of impurity elements. Recent progress in multi-field synergistic processes,such as magnetic separation-acid leaching,
microwave-acid leaching,ultrasonic-flotation,and temperature-pressure-chemical treatment,is further summarized. It is emphasized
that the combined removal of isomorphous impurities such as lattice-bound aluminum is key to achieving high purity. Finally,
challenges in the practical application of external field enhancement technology,including high equipment costs,difficulty
in precise control of process parameters,and obstacles to large-scale production,are analyzed. Future research should focus on exploring novel external field mechanisms,achieving breakthroughs in the domestic core equipment development,and customizing
processes based on ore source characteristics,thereby advancing the development of green,efficient,and low-cost preparation
technologies for high-purity quartz sand.



Research on the Ozone Oxidation Regeneration Process of Iodine in Iodized Gold Leaching Lean Solution

CHEN Jie, ZHAO Liucheng, NIE Yimiao, LI Shaoying

2026, 55(5):  246-251. 

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Iodine leaching,as an environmentally friendly non-cyanide gold extraction process,is limited in industrial application
by the high consumption and cost of iodide reagents. Therefore,efficient recycling of iodine from the lean solution of iodine
leaching is key to reducing production costs. In this study,a simulated lean solution with an I2 concentration of 8. 128
g/ L and an I2 to I- molar ratio of 1∶6 was used as the research object. Ozone oxidation was employed to recover iodide ions,
and the effects of pH,ozone concentration,ozone flow rate,and oxidation time on the iodide ion recovery rate were systematically
investigated. The interactions among these factors were analyzed using response surface methodology. The results indicate
that strongly acidic conditions (pH=2) favor the oxidation of iodide ions by ozone. The iodide ion recovery rate first increases
and then decreases with increasing ozone concentration and flow rate,while prolonged oxidation time improves recovery. Significant
interactions exist among ozone concentration,flow rate,and oxidation time,which collectively determine the effective amount
of ozone reacting with iodide ions. Through optimization via response surface methodology,the optimal process parameters
were determined as follows:pH=2,ozone concentration 30%,ozone flow rate 1. 1 L/ min,and oxidation time 85 min. Under
these conditions,the iodide ion recovery rate reached 98. 6%,indicating nearly complete recovery. In conclusion,ozone oxidation
can efficiently recover iodine from the lean solution of iodine leaching,providing a new pathway for the recycling of iodide
leaching reagents.


IMSSA-FDWA Model for Path Planning of Mine Inspection Robots

DU Yujun, YANG Guoshuan, MI Pengze

2026, 55(5):  252-259. 

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During the autonomous navigation process of underground inspection robots in complex and multi-obstacle tunnels,
they often encounter problems such as low path planning efficiency,poor obstacle avoidance stability,and insufficient realtime
performance. To achieve efficient autonomous navigation in complex mine environments,a path planning model integrating
the improved multi-objective salp swarm algorithm (Improved Multi-objective Salp Swarm Algorithm,IMSSA) and the fuzzy
dynamic window approach (Fuzzy Dynamic Window Approach,FDWA) is proposed (IMSSA-FDWA model). By improving the
multi-objective salp swarm algorithm,a chaotic initialization strategy is introduced to enhance population diversity,and an energy
consumption adaptive weighting mechanism is adopted to balance path length and energy loss,thereby improving global
search and path optimization capabilities. On this basis,the fuzzy dynamic window approach is combined to adjust the linear
and angular velocities to achieve real-time obstacle avoidance control in dynamic obstacle environments. Experimental results
show that the average planning time of this model is 0. 67 s,the path length is 57. 8 m,the variance of continuous turning segments
is 0. 016 5 rad2,the path deviation error is 0. 09 m,the obstacle avoidance success rate is 96. 59%,and the average response
delay is 35 ms. Compared with algorithms such as the Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO),the A∗ with Dynamic
Window Approach (A∗-DWA),and the Artificial Potential Field with Dynamic Window Approach (APF-DWA),the
IMSSA-FDWA model plans smoother paths,has stronger obstacle avoidance stability,and better real-time response capability.
The IMSSA-FDWA model can achieve high-precision path generation and autonomous obstacle avoidance in complex underground
environments,providing a feasible technical path for the safe and efficient operation of intelligent inspection robots in
dynamic and highly constrained roadways.


Inactivation Effects and Mechanisms of Pyrite-Simulated Sunlight System on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Sludge Microorganisms

XU Danning, WU Li, HUANG Xinhui, RU Xuan, SHU Xiaohua, LI Zongchen, ZHANG Qian

2026, 55(5):  260-267. 

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To address the serious pollution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in excess sludge and the low treatment
rate,this study aims to develop an efficient and low-cost technology for inactivating sludge microorganisms based on the photocatalytic
effect of natural pyrite (FeS2),and to evaluate its feasibility for practical sludge treatment. Using methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a typical ARB,the inactivation performance of the FeS2 photocatalytic system and its effect
on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MRSA were investigated under different FeS2 dosages and pH conditions.
On this basis,a " CaCO3 +FeS2 +light" composite system was constructed and applied to inactivate microorganisms in actual
sludge thickening tanks. The microbial removal efficiency,sludge settling performance,and underlying mechanisms were analyzed.
The FeS2 photocatalytic system achieved optimal inactivation of MRSA at a dosage of 0. 25 g/ L under acidic conditions,
leading to complete inactivation and a reduction of the MIC value to one-quarter of its initial level. Under neutral conditions
(mediated by CaCO3),the "CaCO3 +FeS2 +light" system achieved over 99% removal of microorganisms from actual sludge,
without negatively affecting sludge thickening performance. Mechanistic analysis revealed that FeS2 photocatalysis accelerated iron
cycling through photoinduced electron transfer,promoting the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) with an accumulated
concentration of 7. 17 μM,which subsequently disrupted the cell membrane structure and metabolic functions of the microorganisms.
The "CaCO3 +FeS2 +light" system based on FeS2 photocatalysis combines high efficiency,low cost,and good compatibility
with practical applications. It represents a promising technology for inactivating sludge microorganisms and provides theo
retical and technical support for controlling ARB in sludge.

Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Soil Microbial Communities and Metabolite Profiles in Lead-Zinc Mining Areas

ZHAO Bin, YANG Haobin, HE Yanyan, LÜ Yutian, YANG Shangzhao, SHI Qingbo, ZHU Sixi

2026, 55(5):  268-280. 

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To explore the characteristics of soil microbiota and metabolites in the lead-zinc mine pollution area of
Guizhou,soils from the low-pollution area (LP),high-pollution area (HP),and the rhizosphere of the high-pollution area of
Mangsinensis (HPR) were selected as research objects. Through metagenomics and non-targeted metabolomics techniques,the
characteristics of soil microbiota and metabolites were analyzed. The results indicated that with the intensification of heavy metal
pollution in the soil,the α diversity of both bacteria and fungi decreased significantly (P < 0. 05). The rhizosphere of
Miscanthus significantly increased the diversity of soil flora (P<0. 05). In highly polluted soil,Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria
were the dominant bacterial groups,and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria decreased significantly (P<0. 05). The
fungal colonies were primarily composed of Ascomycota and Mucoromycota,and the relative abundance of Aspergillus in the rhizosphere
soil of Miscanthus increased significantly (P<0. 05). The differential metabolites between HP and LP are mainly
down-regulated,with lipids and lipid molecules accounting for 27. 10%. The differential metabolites between HPR and HP are
mainly down-regulated,with lipids and lipid molecules accounting for 43. 46%. The plant hormone signal transduction and linoleic
acid metabolic pathways in the rhizosphere soil of Miscanthus were significantly enhanced (P<0. 05). The association between
soil microorganisms and differential metabolites shows obvious microbiota differences. Among them,bacteria and metabolites
are mainly negatively correlated,and heavy metal pollution inhibits the growth and metabolic activities of bacteria. Fungi are mainly positively correlated with metabolites and participate in detoxification and the synthesis of symbiotic signaling substances.
Therefore,the rhizosphere of Miscanthus can alleviate the effects of heavy metal pollution by regulating microbial interactions
and metabolite synthesis pathways,providing scientific and technological guidance for soil phytoremediation in lead-zinc
mining areas.



Release Mechanism and Response Characteristics of Heavy Metal Sb from Antimony Tailings under Rainfall Leaching

XIAO Guoxian, LI Peipei, MENG Yan

2026, 55(5):  281-289. 

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Aiming at the unclear release mechanism of heavy metal antimony (Sb) from open-pit antimony tailings ponds
in karst mountainous areas driven by rainfall and the difficulty in quantifying environmental risks,a typical antimony tailings
yard in Dushan,Guizhou Province was selected as the research object. The objective is to reveal the response characteristics of
Sb release under different rainfall conditions (rainfall intensity,intermittency) and the geological barrier of underlying carbonate
rocks,so as to provide a theoretical basis for pollution prevention and control of tailings ponds. A self-designed rainfall simulation
device was used to conduct simulated experiments of continuous rainfall (25,50,100 mm/ h),intermittent rainfall (alternating
at 100 mm/ h) and multi-layer leaching (passing through carbonate rocks). Combined with ICP-MS,the dynamic evolution
of Sb concentration in leachate was systematically analyzed,and the release kinetics were fitted by parabolic equation,
exponential function and modified Elovich equation. The results show that Sb release has a significant initial effect,and the cumulative
release amount and release rate of Sb increase significantly with the increase of rainfall intensity. At 100 mm/ h,intermittent
rainfall significantly promotes the activated release of Sb,with a maximum increase of 109. 20 μg/ L in the intermittent period. In the multi-layer leaching experiment,the buffering effect of carbonate rocks can effectively inhibit the migration of Sb,
and the initial release concentration is reduced by 74. 7% compared with single-layer tailings. The release process of Sb presents
an obvious coupling characteristic of diffusion and chemical reaction. Rainfall intensity and intermittent mode are the key
factors driving Sb release from tailings,while carbonate rock strata have significant adsorption,neutralization and control effects
on Sb. The kinetic fitting shows that the modified Elovich equation has the best fitting effect (R2 >0. 959),indicating that Sb
release is controlled by a complex process including diffusion,dissolution and surface reaction rather than a single mechanism.
The research results provide scientific support for ecological restoration and heavy metal pollution control of open-pit tailings in
karst areas.



Monitoring of Mining Subsidence Areas by Integrating Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry and LiDAR Technique

CHEN Xiaolei, LIU Hao, CHEN Liufang

2026, 55(5):  290-295. 

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The traditional methods for monitoring subsidence in mining areas have problems such as weak data processing
capabilities and poor adaptability to complex terrains,making it difficult to meet the requirements for high-precision and largescale
monitoring. By integrating unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry with LiDAR technique,a monitoring method
for mining subsidence areas was proposed. Firstly,the UAV photogrammetry technique was used to extract the texture information
of the mining area,and then the high-precision three-dimensional coordinates of the mining area were obtained through Li-
DAR technology. At the same time,the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) dynamic measurement was introduced into
the LiDAR,and finally,the LiDAR point cloud and the UAV image data were registered and fused in a unified coordinate system.
The monitoring data obtained using GPS measured data from a certain mining area in Shanxi Province,as well as the UAV
photogrammetry,LiDAR technique,and the proposed method were compared. The results show that the monitoring accuracy of
this method is better than 0. 5 mm,with an average absolute error (MAE) of only 0. 39 mm and a root mean square error
(RMSE) of only 0. 42 mm,which is significantly lower than that of UAV photogrammetry and LiDAR technology. This reflects
that the measurement accuracy of this method has certain advantages over UAV photogrammetry and LiDAR measurement,and
can meet engineering requirements to a certain extent.


A Noise Reduction Algorithm for Mining Remote Sensing Images Integrating NSCT-HMT and FLICM

LI Lin, YANG Zehui, WEI Wei, CHEN Wei, TANG Qiang

2026, 55(5):  296-302. 

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Mine remote sensing images play a crucial role in resource surveying and disaster warning. However,due to
complex imaging environments and scattering effects,they often suffer from severe noise and texture distortion,which compromises
recognition accuracy. To address this issue,a denoising algorithm is proposed for mine remote sensing images by integrating
the Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform (NSCT) with the Hidden Markov Tree (HMT) and Fuzzy Local Information CMeans
(FLICM). Firstly,NSCT is employed to perform multi-scale decomposition. Then,the HMT is used to model cross-scale
dependencies between parent and child coefficients. Subsequently,FLICM clustering is combined with a Graph Convolutional
Network (GCN) to enhance the aggregation of both spatial neighborhood and cross-neighborhood features,thereby effectively
suppressing complex noise while preserving fine details. Experimental results on the UCM and AID public datasets show that
the proposed algorithm achieves a Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 34. 59 dB and 33. 74 dB,a Structural Similarity Index
(SSIM) of 0. 917 and 0. 904,and a Gradient Magnitude Similarity Deviation (GMSD) of 0. 072 and 0. 082,respectively.
The per-frame processing latency is 35. 18 ms and 36. 29 ms. The performance outperforms that of Generative Adversarial Network
(GAN),Transformers,and hybrid self-supervised methods. The study demonstrates that the proposed algorithm possesses
high robustness and practical value in complex mine environments,facilitating mine remote sensing image denoising and hazard identification.


Structural Regulation of Kaolinite and Its Application in New Materials

LI Yingying, FU Liangjie, ZUO Xiaochao, PENG Jingtian, TANG Yili, YANG Huaming

2026, 55(5):  303-320. 

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Kaolinite,as the primary mineral component of kaolin,is widely applied in industries such as biotechnology,
chemical engineering,and environmental sectors,owing to its unique physicochemical properties and structural characteristics .
However,in practical applications,natural kaolinite exhibits inherent limitations,including strong interlayer forces and insufficient
active sites,which hinder its direct use. Furthermore,research on the structural regulation of kaolinite is still insufficient,
and the specific mechanisms and influencing factors remain unclear,which severely restricts the upgrading of its processing
technology and its high-value applications. To address these challenges,this study systematically reviews five major kaolinite
structural modification techniques:calcination,intercalation-exfoliation,mechanochemical activation,acid leaching,and alkali
leaching. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms of action,influencing factors,and the strengths and
weaknesses of each method. Furthermore,by examining the application advancements of kaolinite in fields such as biomedical,
energy storage,adsorption,and polymer materials,the paper demonstrates that structural modification technologies can facilitate
the transformation of kaolinite from a basic mineral resource into a high-performance functional material. Finally,the study critically
examines the limitations of current research,particularly in the areas of kaolinite crystallography and structural regulation
mechanisms,the utilization of low-quality ores,and the development of green processing technologies. The paper also outlines
prospective directions for research,including precise structure-activity relationship regulation,the high-value utilization of lowgrade
ores,and green synergistic modification. This research aims to provide theoretical support and technical references for the high-value and deep utilization of kaolin resources,contributing to the high-quality and sustainable development of the kaolin
industry in China.