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    14 February 2014, Volume 43 Issue 01
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    Upward Drift Backfill Mining with Roof Unconnected in Unstable Rock Mine
    LI Zhan-Jin, LI Li, YANG Li-Gang, LI Shi-Bo
    2014, 43(01):  1-4. 
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    Ludi Iron Mine belongs to the extremely unstable ore-body because of its fractured joints，poor coherence，and crushed rocks.The roof caving and side-fall phenomenon often happen in mining process with low production efficiency.In view of these unfavorable circumstances，the engineering geological conditions and mining technical conditions are investigated in detail through on-site investigation，laboratory tests and numerical simulation.A new proposal of “a half-light blast tunneling controlling the roadway，long advanced bolts actively supporting the roof，fiber reinforced shotcrete supporting the surrounding rocks at route，and the upward drift backfill mining with roof unconnected” is put forward.It has been applied in field test at 2073 and 2074 working faces of 190 m sublevel in Ludi Iron Mine.Roof-contacted filling was dropped from 3 times to 1 in one sublevel vertical height，and 2 times of backfilling was reduced at each stage.It simplifies the construction process and makes the production safer.The new proposal significantly improves the mining efficiency by 50% with good technical and economic benefits achieved.
    Numerical Simulation on Upward Sublevel Filling Method
    HU Li-Zhen, LI Yun-An, LEI Yin, WANG Qin-Gang, WANG Wei, LIU Sha
    2014, 43(01):  5-8. 
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    In order to make a scientific evaluation of pillar stability and ground subsidence in the mining area under the condition of water-rock coupling in the process of mining，the uncertainty and randomness of engineering experience analogy method should be avoided.On the basis of engineering geological investigation，as well as physical and mechanical test of rock mass，applying the theory of the unity of the stress and displacement field，with the engineering background of Sijiaying iron ore，the engineering geological profile of ore block is used to establish fine 3D numerical model in the finite element numerical analysis software ANSYS.It imports the FLAC3D numerical simulation software for numerical simulation of the mine under the condition of the coupling.Finally the surface subsidence maps，the pillar stress cloud maps and the vector distribution of the seepage field were obtained.On the basis of this，the ground displacement，pillar stress and seepage field distribution characteristics in the process of mining excavation，are analyzed to predict deformation of overburden and surface，and the stress of pillar.Final results can not only provide certain scientific basis for mine mining process at present stage，and also has an important guiding significance for mine safety in production.
    Research of Drilling and Blasting Technology for Deep Rock Roadway Across “Coal-limestone” Stratum
    LI Da-Chang, YANG Shuang-Suo, SUN Long-Hua, SU Xin
    2014, 43(01):  9-12. 
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    Combined with the actual situation of belt conveyer roadway in Yangmei No.five coal mine，a new blasting scheme is proposed for “coal-limestone” composite stratum.Through numerical simulation on the undercutting mode，the blasting energy's transmit is analyzed，and the “double-wedge” cut is put forward.Based on the smooth blasting，periphery hole and satellite hole for different rock stratum in gateway are optimized.At scene observation，the paper adopts blasting vibration testing technique and on-site intuitive measurement.The blasting scheme with the double-wedge cut and the reasonably adjusting periphery hole and satellite hole is determined as final proposal with the shot hole rate of up to about 90%.This scheme effectively improves the footage and ensures the high-speed and efficient drifting of rock roadway.
    Application and Study of Brief High Efficiency Deep Hole Undercutting Method
    LI Wei-Ming
    2014, 43(01):  13-15. 
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    Taking the deep hole large stope in Anqing Copper Mine as research object， through optimizing the blasting parameters，and transferring the traditional undercutting method，the methods of the deep-hole variable cross-section spherical charges extrusion blasting technology，deep-hole coping blasting technology，deep-hole lateral caving technology are adopted to eventually form a stable and available bottom structure.This greatly accelerated the speed of undercutting and improved the overall recovery efficiency of long-hole mining method.Tests of undercutting in a stope indicated that each technical and economic indicator was better improved.At the same time，comparing with the traditional medium-deep hole undercutting method，the efficient deep-hole undercutting method saved about 15 d.So，it is very simple and has a significance of promotion.
    Improving Mining Process and Reducing the Ore Loss and Dilution
    ZHANG Shao-Zhou, CHEN Yu-Ming, ZHANG Kun-Hua
    2014, 43(01):  16-19. 
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    The present situation of ore loss and dilution in mining process in Shizishan copper mine were introduced.Aiming at the difficulty in control of ore loss and dilution of complex ore body in mining process，studies were made from the improvement and optimization of mining method for mining technology to put forward the concept of “selecting mining method based on the ore body condition”，and the short hole shrinkage method with pillar and the sublevel caving method with pillar and vibrating ore-draw were chosen as the reasonable mining methods and their corresponding structure parameters were adjusted as well.With the improved process (phase forced caving mining process)，the average loss rate and the average dilution rate reached 7.56% and 17.01% respectively.Compared with the original mining method，the loss rate was reduced by 5.8% and the dilution rate was reduced by 8.09%.It has achieved good effect in field application and improves economic efficiency of mining enterprises.
    3D Visualization Programming Process of Production Plan Scheduling for Open Pit Mine
    XU Li-Sheng, DAI Bi-Bo, JIANG Peng-Fei
    2014, 43(01):  20-24. 
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    According to the basic characteristic of the open pit mine production and the requirement of production plan，some key techniques about the scheduling and the system structure based on 3D visualization were studied.3D database platform was built as the foundation based on 3D visualization modeling and design technology，and the open pit production was decomposed into individual task unit，on which were made the assignment，decomposition and sequencing to generate a variety of schedules through various statistical methods.Finally，the feasibility of this technology and its superior performance were verified through engineering examples.The results showed that the application of 3D visualization technology in mine production schedule planning was reasonable and efficient.The complex production schedule became clear in the 3D environment.It greatly reduces the complexity and difficulty of open pit production scheduling plan，and also plays a certain impetus role in digitized advancement of mine enterprise in our country and owns the significance in practice.
    Covering Layer Forming Method during Transition from Open Pit to Underground in Xingshan Iron Mine
    LU Hong-Jian, GAN De-Qing, CHEN Chao
    2014, 43(01):  25-28. 
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    Taking Xingshan Iron Mine as research background，combined with the actual situation of the mine，and based on the covering layer structure optimization theory of random media ore-drawing theory and natural grading theory of covering layer backfill from open pit to underground，the covering layer thickness of Xingshan Iron Mine is determined to be 45 m and the forming method is high step once dumping，which meet the safety functions of the anti-dilution losses，anti-rockburst，blocking water，reducing air leakage for cold proof，and forming the extrusion blasting and the end ore-drawing conditions.A detailed program and the technical guarantee measures are proposed.The main conclusions are as follows：①Xingshan Iron Mine overlay layer have overall downward layer and flowing layer.The waste rock backfill size at flowing layer is not less than 20 mm，rock content of 100 mm or above is not less than 40%，and the thickness is not less than 20 m.②The waste rock backfill size of overall downward layer is smaller than 5mm，and has a ratio of 3∶7 with that of greater than 5 mm.Its thickness is not less than 25 m.After the implementation of covering layer，Xingshan Iron Mine owned good evaluating index in the leakage rate，ore dilution rate，underground landslides and seepage time and other indicators.The research provides a guiding reference for similar mines.
    Study on Stress Distribution of Surrounding Rock at Repeated Mining Stope of Residual Coal Area
    LIU Chang, LI Song-Qi, FAN Xiu-Zhi
    2014, 43(01):  29-33. 
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    Through the investigation on existence structure of the residual coal area in Wangtian，3 kinds of roof mechanical models for different residual coal area was established.The analysis on the mechanical models shows that the maximum stress of the roof is nearby coal pillars.Numerical simulation on roof and coal pillar of the repeated mining stope across the gob and coal pillar in residual coal area was made with PFPA software.Such technical measures as grouting，filling，and forepoling to support the roof across the gob and coal pillar were initially proposed.
    Study on Effect of Large Fault Footwall Mining on Hanging Wall Coal Seam with Similar Material Simulation
    LIU Jiang-Bo, WANG Ya-Bo, WANG Huai-Yuan, CHEN Shao-Jie
    2014, 43(01):  34-37. 
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    Based on the actual practice of the thick coal seam mined at footwall of reverse fault (60~265 meters) in Yunhe coal mine，the effect of the large-fault footwall mining on hanging wall coal seam was simulated with similar material.The results show that the pressure increases nearby F10 fault and the stress distribution changes obviously after the footwall coal seam was mined.The pressure at footwall is much greater than that on hanging wall and stress concentration appears nearby the fault.The working face has less impact on the deformation and stress distribution of hanging wall coal seam，so the coal property keeps constantly and it has little influence on the hanging wall coal seam.Furthermore，the area near DF14 where is far away from the mining area is also influenced slightly.
    Effect of Blasting Vibration on Primal Dam of Upstream Tailing Reservoir
    YU De-Yun, 吕Shu-Ran , QIN Hua
    2014, 43(01):  38-42. 
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    In order to study the impact of the blasting vibration on the primary dam of the upstream tailing dam in Chengde，the finite element model was built taking the accumulative dam of a mining company as the sample.With the acceleration amplitude as the input load，ANSYS/LS-DYNA software was adopted to simulate the response of the primary dam of the upstream tailing dam to the stope blasting vibration under different input loads.The results showed that with the measured acceleration amplitude as the input loads，the horizontal displacement of all nodes on the slope moved towards the outer slope，while the vertical displacement moved downwards.Maximum horizontal and vertical displacements existed on the top of the primal tailing dam，and minimum displacement all near to the slope foot.All displacements increased with the increasing of height.When the amplified measured acceleration amplitude increasing to be a certain value，the horizontal displacement of each node near the slope were not uniform.The nodes at the slope foot moved towards external slope，and their maximum horizontal displacement increased with the increasing of acceleration amplitude，and decreased with the increasing of height.The other nodes moved towards internal slope，and the maximum horizontal displacement decreased with the increasing of acceleration amplitude，and increased with the increasing of height.The vertical displacement of nodes on the slope surface basically was not affected by the acceleration amplitude.
    Small Diameter Damping Blasting in Jinduicheng Molybdenum Mine
    YE Hai-Wang, HE Cheng-Bin, WANG Liang, XU Wen-Wen, ZHANG Ying-Ji, WANG Jian-Jun
    2014, 43(01):  43-45. 
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    In order to reduce the impact of mining blasting vibration on Dongchuan River tunnel，140 mm small diameter blasting test was carried out on 1 200 m plate of southern Jinduicheng molybdenum surface mine.The detected blasting vibration data and rock fragmentation were analyzed in accordingly.The results showed that the blasting vibration velocity of small diameter blasting was significantly reduced compared with conventional production blasting of the mine，and the damping rate arranged from 60% to 75%.The small diameter blasting has advantages of low bulk rate，small average fragmentation and good rock fragmentation.At the same time，the safe distance of small diameter blasting was obtained.The finite element model of bench blasting was established with ANSYS，and the numerical simulation results confirmed the credibility of safety distance and damping rates from small diameter blasting experiments.
    Effects of “S” type fractured rock anchoring and the distribution rule of stress field
    KANG Zhi-Qiang, ZHANG Xue-Yan, ZHAO Jing-Min, ZHANG Shu-Qing
    2014, 43(01):  46-49. 
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    Aimed at the mechanism analysis of the “S” type joints in the fractured rock mass，a numerical simulation of the anchoring effect of joint is made.Through numerical simulation software FLAC3D，a fractured rock mass model under single and double root is built to simulate the mechanical properties of the fractured rock mass under different anchor grouting method and compare their anchoring effect and the main failure mode.The results showed that：anchoring can effectively improve the mechanical parameters of the fractured rock mass，such as its strength and elastic modulus，and increase the overall mechanical properties of rock mass.Different ways of anchor injection has different anchoring effect on fractured rock mass.After “S”-type fractured rock mass is anchored，its stress concentration phenomenon can be alleviated，and the peak of tensile stress also falls.The bolt anchoring effect is better to install the bolt at the end of fracture than in central crack，especially in the peak strength and elastic modulus with bigger difference，and it presents better effect at the end of fracture anchor bolt after peak strength，and has good inhibition on later extension of crack.The study provides a theoretical basis for anchoring this type of fractured rock.
    Pelletizing Properties of Hematite Concentrate from Brazil
    WANG Dai-Jun
    2014, 43(01):  50-55. 
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    The effects of content and properties of raw materials and pelletizing parameters on properties of green pellet were studied in order to determine the appropriate technology parameters for pelletizing of a Brazilian Carajas hematite concentrate with Fe grade of 67.45%,SiO2 content of 2.54%, particle size of 95.72% passing -0.045 mm and specific surface area of 1 647 cm2/g as main raw material, the hematite tailings from Shanxi with Fe grade of 14.38%, SiO2 content of 67.22%,particle size of 87.27% passing 0.045 mm and specific surface area of 1 698.85 cm2/g produced from high intensity magnetic separation as silicon agents, bentonite with water absorption rate of 436.01%, montmorillonite content of 62.22% and particle size of 99.4% 0.074 mm used as binder, with drop strength, compressive intensity, and burst temperature of green pellet as evaluating index. The result showed that the optimum conditions for pelletizing were hematite concentrate specific surface area of of 1 768 cm2/g, bentonite dosage of 0.8%, ratio of tailings to hematite concentrate of 2.2%, moisture content of hematite concentrate at 8.0%, moisture content of green pellet at 10.0% during pelletizing, pelletizing for 12 minutes, revolving speed of the plate at 22 r/min, and the corresponding dropping strength and compressive strength were 6.8 times and 14.15 N respectively with critical burst temperature of 427 ℃.
    Iron Concentrate Process Optimized by using CH-CXJ63 Type Elputriation Magnetic Separator
    FAN Su-Yue, ZHANG Tong-Chuan, DENG Bao-Lei
    2014, 43(01):  56-59. 
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    The iron ore somewhere in Shandong was fine disseminated,with various complex iron minerals while mainly magnetite.Iron concentrate with iron grade merely 65.68% was achieved through a long separation process of one wet coarse magnetic pre-concentration，three-stage grindings of 91.25% passing -0.044 mm，five-stage low-intensity magnetic separations.Shunt sorting test was carried out by using CH-CXJ63 type elputriation magnetic separator in order to explore the new process of cost decrease and efficiency increase.And on-site process was optimized.The results showed that ①Through the separation of secondary grinding-separation concentrate by using CH-CXJ series elputriation magnetic separator，iron grade of iron concentrate was increased by 0.20 percentage point and iron recovery lowered by 0.16 percentage point than on-site process，which simplified the process and reduced the production costs.②Through the separation of third-stage grinding-classification overflow by using CH-CXJ63 type elputriation magnetic separator，iron concentrate with iron grade and recovery about 3 percentage point higher than on-site process was obtained respectively.The iron concentrate obtained from latter process with high quality and less metal loss，thus has more competitive advantages.
    Beneficiation Experiment of a High Aluminum and Silicon Hematite Ore from Guizhou
    LIU An-Rong, NIE Deng-Pan, ZHAO Wei-Yi, WANG Zhen-Jie, WU Su-Bin, XUE An
    2014, 43(01):  60-64. 
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    The low grade hematite ore from Guizhou is a typical high Al-Si and low S-P hematite.It is difficult to obtain qualified iron concentrate by conventional beneficiation methods due to fine disseminated iron minerals in the ore.Beneficiation experiment of selective flocculation-reverse flotation was carried out on the ore with the purpose of better developing and utilizing the resources.The results showed that with the grinding fineness of 0.045 mm 88% passing，iron concentrate with Fe grade of 61.20%，SiO2 content of 6.30 %，Al2O3 content of 2.58 %，and iron recovery of 66.48 % was obtained with the closed-circuit reverse flotation process of one roughing-one cleaning-one scavenging-middles back to the flow-sheet in turn after secondary flocculating sedimentation.Compared with the conventional flow-sheet of reduction roasting-magnetic separation，this process has the significant advantages as simple flow，low energy consumption and low production costs.
    Process Mineralogy Research on a Tungsten-molybdenum Poly-metallic Ore
    LIANG Dong-Yun, HONG Qiu-Yang, ZHANG Li-Li, LI Bo
    2014, 43(01):  65-68. 
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    Process mineralogy research on representative samples of the tungsten ore was carried out in order to explore a reasonable exploitation and utilization scheme.The result indicated that the valuable elements of the ore include wolfram，molybdenum and copper and their corresponding valuable minerals are scheelite，molybdenite and chalcopyrite respectively.The valuable minerals are complexly and finely disseminated with each other.The scheelite is finely and evenly disseminated，while chalcopyrite and molybdenite are micro-finely and unevenly disseminated.The grade of WO3 in scheelite reached 74.76% and 95.30% of wolfram exist in scheelite.The grade of molybdenum in molybdenite and scheelite was 57.84% and 2.83% respectively.And 58.25% of molybdenum exists in molybdenite and 33.20% of molybdenum existed in scheelite.The copper grade in chalcopyrite is 31.24% and 87.92% of copper exists in chalcopyrite.The scheelite is easier to be liberated，followed by molybdenite，while chalcopyrite is the hardest.The liberation degree of scheelite，chalcopyrite and molybdenite were 97.48%，89.20 and 91.67% respectively at the grinding fineness of 65.81% passing -0.074 mm.
    Research of Processing Mineralogy of a Lead-zinc Ore from Jiangxi
    WEN De-Xin, ZHOU Xiao-Wen
    2014, 43(01):  69-73. 
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    A new relative large ore body was found under the present mining realm in a lead-zinc mine in Jiangxi.The processing mineralogy of the ore was studied in order to explore a suitable method to develop the new resources.The results showed that there were variety of complex minerals in the ore.Pb，Zn，Ag，Au，i.e.were the main valuable elements，and Pb，Zn，Ag mainly exist in galena，sphalerite，brongniardite and polybasite.Lead-zinc minerals have complex dissemination and are closely associated with each other.Sphalerite is broken into pieces with the destruction of the tectonic stress action and is cemented with calcite and pyrite.The silver minerals present in galena，which intersect the sphalerite in wormlike or micro-vein form.Galena and sphalerite are dispersed as various sizes of grains in the ore，therefore it was very difficult to liberate and separate.Finally,several issues should pay attention to during mineral processing of the ore were put forward
    Progress of Pressure Hydrometallurgy of Molybdenite Concentrate
    XIE Keng, WANG Hai-Bei, ZHANG Bang-Sheng
    2014, 43(01):  74-79. 
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    Research progress of pressure hydrometallurgical technologies in treating molybdenite concentrate was summarized in order to make molybdenite conlentrate pressure hydrometallurqical professionals understanding oxygen pressure cooking method more comprehensive and system thereby promoting the development of oxy pressure cooking technology.The physical and chemical principles，process features and industrial application of acid leaching as well as alkaline leaching in extracting molybdenum from molybdenite concentrate were introduced.Both advantages and disadvantages of different pressure hydrometallurgical technologies in treating molybdenite concentrate were stated.Pressure acid leaching technology，which usually employs nitric acid as a catalyst，can realize oxidative decomposition of molybdenite concentrate at high temperature and high oxygen pressure; It has advantages of fast reaction rate，great investment benefit and high molybdenum conversion rate，but also suffers from serious equipment corrosion，uncontrollability of reaction parameters and nitrogen pollution etc.Compared with the pressure acid leaching technology，pressure alkaline leaching technology has advantages of higher metal recovery，less corrosion，milder reaction condition，lower impurities in resultant solution etc..However，there are some shortcomings in alkaline leaching，such as higher consumption of NaOH，large quantilies Na2SO4 which was difficult to handle.Based on analysis of the present pressure leaching technologies，technical problems to be solved and new research directions were raised for further study of pressure hydrometallurgy of molybdenite concentrate.
    Research Status of Potassium Salts Flotation Regents
    GAN Shun-Peng, JI Rong, TANG Jian-Liang
    2014, 43(01):  80-83. 
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    Various collectors，regulators and froths that were widely used in potassium salts flotation at home and abroad were introduced，in order to make potassium salts technology workers better understand the current situation and development trend of potassium salts flotation.The research and application status of collectors，such as C18 alkyl primary amine and sodium dodecyl sulfate，used for potassium salts flotation were emphasized.And flotation reagents of coarse potassium salts at home and aboard were introduced prominently，such as the mixture of abietate and C8～C18 carbamate aliphatic acid，mixture of hydrogenated abieticalcohol-kerosene and aliphatic amine，and mixture of aliphatic amine and alkoxy-propylalcohol.It was pointed out that research and development direction about potassium flotation regents in the future would include the diversification and multi-functionalization of alkyl chain structure in a collector molecule，and several regents combination etc.It is emphasized that the research on flotation regents of coarse potassium salts plays a significant rule in development of potassium flotation industry in future.
    Analysis on the Iron Resource Potential in Anshan-Benxi Area Based on MRAS
    YAO Zhi-Hong, SUN Peng-Hui, LIU Chang-Chun, LI Zhi-Feng, WANG Cheng-Long
    2014, 43(01):  84-87. 
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    The regional geological features，aeromagnetic and gravity field features in Anshan-Benxi area are introduced briefly.The regional prediction model of the Anshan-type iron deposits is established according to the prediction results：Iron ores deposit is located in Archean greenstone Basin of Anshan-Benxi area，and the metallogenic epoch is in Neo-archean.The ores occur in metamorphic rock of Yingtaoyuan formation and Cigou formation.Minerals are mainly magnetite and hematite.With the characteristics of ferromagnetism of magnetite，magnetic anomalies can be as an important prospecting sign.The predicting units for Anshan-type iron ores in Anshan-Benxi Area are delineated by adopting the comprehensive information method based on the mineral resource assessment system (MRAS).According to the predicting model，10 predictive variables are structured，among which six ones are retained by screening，including magnetite quartzite existence symbol and its area，magnetic anomaly existence symbol and its area，ore formation existence symbol and iron ore deposits existence symbol.The metallogenic favorability degree of each prediction unit is classified，so as to realize the optimal selection of prediction units.So，11 A-level predicting areas，9 B-level predicting areas and 24 C-level predicating areas are delineated eventually.The iron ore resources of Anshan type is quantitatively analyzed by using the geological economic method (non-total evaluating)，and the about 4.76×1010 t of resources is predicted.
    Characteristics and Comprehensive Utilization Prospect of Scandium in Bauxite Mine in Southeast Wing of Chepan Syncline
    LING Xiao-Ming, ZHAO Xiao-Dong, LI Jun-Min, 吕Tao
    2014, 43(01):  88-91. 
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    Taking the ore-bearing rock series of Bauxite in southeast wing of Chepan syncline of Chongqing as research object，the main content and trace elements of 41 samples were analyzed by adopting the inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy method and the distribution characteristics of scandium was discussed.The research results showed that the grade variation coefficient of scandium in bauxite and the rock types is 50，which are unevenly distributed.Then content of scandium in iron clay rock of seam floor is higher，following by the clay rock roof.In general，the content of scandium has no relationship with the ore-body thickness.Scandium often replaces iron and magnesium and other elements as isomorphous form.There has no correlation between scandium content and Al，w(Al2O3)/w(SiO2)，SiO2.According to the content of Sc in ore bearing rock series in bauxite in southeast wing of Chepan syncline，most of them reach the comprehensive utilization grade.The preliminary beneficiation experiment results show that the impurities can be removed from the preliminary enrichment so as to obtain high purity scandium oxide，and recovery of scandium is basically higher than 95% by adopting the process of high iron bauxite roasting，chemical pre-desilication，Bayer process with flotation desulfurization of high sulfur bauxite，flotation desilication and Bayer process.Therefore，the associated scandium can be recovered during production of bauxite.
    Oxygen and Carbon Isotopic Composition and its Significance of 〖JZ〗Bangpu Molybdenum Polymetallic Deposit in Tibet
    ZHOU Xiong, WEN Chun-Qi, FEI Guang-Chun, ZHANG Yi, ZHOU Yu, YUE Xiang-Yuan, WEN Quan
    2014, 43(01):  92-95. 
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    The limestone and calcite of Bangpu Mo-Cu polymetallic deposit are surveyed by Carbon，oxygen isotope determination.The results show that there are high carbon (δ13CV-PDB =3.1‰~4.0‰)，oxygen isotope compositions (δ18OV-SMOW(5.2‰~12.5‰) and carbonate salinity index value of Z (136.44~141.72) from the early period of limestone，while low carbon(-5.6‰~-3.8‰)，oxygen isotope compositions(1.3‰~5.5‰) and Z value (118.57~120.17) from later period of calcites.δ13CV-PDB-δ18OV-SMOW diagram for the carbonate source shows that carbon mainly originates from the alteration of sedimentary carbonate rocks，δ13CV-PDB-δ18OV-SMOW diagram for the source of the fluid shows that carbon in the ore-forming fluid mainly comes from magma and dissolution of carbonate rocks which obviously mixed atmospheric precipitation.It is concluded that it is the syngenetic diagenetic environment during the early period while buried mixed water environment during the later period.Carbon in ore-forming fluid was mainly derived from the dissolution of marine carbonate formation，but magmatic rock is also an important factor of carbon formation.Carbon and oxygen isotope results shows that when rainfall intensity increased，δ13CV-PDB shift to a low and negative direction and δ18OV-SMOW with a negative xcursion which means isotope excursion.
    Ore-controlling Structure and Prospecting Direction of Zhesang Gold Deposit in Yunnan Province
    WU Zan-Hua, LI Zhong-Quan, SHI Yan-Hua, XIONG Chao, YANG Hai
    2014, 43(01):  96-99. 
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    In order to further prove the ore-controlling structure and prospecting direction of Zhesang Gold Deposit in Yunnan Province，the ore-controlling structural feature and geological characteristics are analyzed based on the outdoor investigation.According to the analysis results，there are three main types of ore-controlling structure in Zhesang gold deposit：NE-trending faults，secondary folds and contact zone.These ore-controlling structures provide heat，driving force，migration pathways and enrichment space for the reformation of gold deposit in the area.The mining area has experienced several tectonic evolutions，such as Caledonian movement，Indosinian movement and Yanshan-Himalayan tectonic activity.These make the controlling structures with multi-stage activity and the ore-forming elements activated repeatedly.So the superimposed mineralization becomes the typical feature of Zhesang gold deposit.According to the characteristics of the ore-controlling structure，the fault zone，secondary folds swell band，contact zone and parallel with NE-trending fault should be focused in further prospecting work.In particular，the secondary fragmentation of quartz is the fine sign of mineralization.
    Geochemical Characteristics and Prospecting Direction of Nanshan Tungsten-tin Polymetallic Ore Deposit
    CHEN Le-Zhu, XIAO Hui-Liang, BAO Xiao-Ming, FAN Fei-Peng, YAO Zheng-Hong, ZHU Yi-Ping
    2014, 43(01):  100-103. 
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    According to the 1:10,000 pedogeochemical survey results of Nanshankeng ore deposit，the geochemical characteristics of 13 elements such as W，Sn，Bi are summarized preliminarily.The results show that W，Sn and associated elements such as Bi，As，Mo are enriched in the mining area，the average value of W is 117.3×10-6 with peak value of 7 444.2×10-6，and the average value of Sn is 56.4×10-6 with peak value of 2 245.9×10-6.The statistics indicates that the correlation among elements of W，Sn，Mo is strong and according to the R-cluster analysis results，main element association include W-Bi-Sn-As and Cu-U-Pb.There are 2 composite anomalies mainly which are Songganggeng-Niujiaowo and Fubeiao-Shamuwo with W-Sn belt and EW direction，and both of them acquired a good prospecting result by adopting the exposition of shallow prospecting trench and the verification of deep exploration drilling method.So，multiple skarn type tungsten tin polymetallic ore body and granite type tungsten molybdenum polymetallic ore body are found.The favorable prospecting potential of tungsten-tin polymetallic mineral deposit is indicated，thus guiding a further prospecting direction in the mining area.
    Research of Production Scheduling of Mining Industry based on Queuing Models
    欧Yang-Hao , HUANG Zhen-Jin, RONG Lu-Qing, CHEN Bo
    2014, 43(01):  104-107. 
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    Production scheduling is an important issue in management of mining industry.The previous production scheduling does not consider the randomness and dynamics of the tasks，but there are many random service sections in production.In view of the matching of production tacks and service nodes，a production scheduling based on queuing models is proposed.This proposal satisfies the cost saving，and can assign tasks to different service nodes according to their characteristics so as to lower the production costs.The Matlab experiment shows that this proposal is effective.
    Structure Analysis and Design Improvements on the Traction Beam of the Mining Dump Truck
    LI Ji-Wei, TANG Kai-Lin, TANG Chun-Xi, LI Man, YUAN Qiang
    2014, 43(01):  108-111. 
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    The three-dimensional models and the finite element models of the two schemes (Scheme 1: The structure circular section of the traction beam；Scheme 2: The octagon section structure of the traction beam）for traction beam on the central frame is established. Under the same boundary conditions，the strength and stiffness of both schemes in extreme conditions are calculated，analyzed and compared. The results are shown as follows: at scheme 1，the maximum stress is 141.5 MPa，and the maximum deformation is 0.53 mm;at scheme 2，the maximum stress is 137.5 MPa，and the maximum deformation is 0.503 mm. According to the calculated result，the stress and deformation at scheme 2 are lower than that at scheme 1. So the scheme 1 is the better. Through comparing these two schemes from their manufacturing process，it is shown that the traction beam is made of large-diameter circular cross section structure in scheme 1，and molded with special equipment and complex manufacturing process. The traction beam in scheme 2 is made of octagon shaped structure，and formed by two welding and bending steel plate with simple manufacturability. So，the scheme 2 is the better in the manufacturing process. The conclusion is that scheme 2 with octagon section frame of traction beam is optimal because its strength and stiffness can meet the requirements with a better manufacturing process.
    Analysis on Damage Factors for Surface Miner
    CHANG Jun, SHANG Tao, FANG Jian, SUN Yu-Ting
    2014, 43(01):  112-115. 
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    As a continuous machine，surface miner integrates the technology of perforation，blasting and mining，which is widely used in separating coal from gangues.Three damage factors for surface miner play an important role in the safe production of surface miner，affecting stability of total mine，as well as guaranteeing the face advance.According to the on-site investigation，three damage factors for surface miner include human factors，equipment factors and environmental factors，and then are analyzed specifically.Based on this，the AHP model was established.Through MATLAB programming to deal with the results，the overall prioritization of damage factors is concluded after consistency test.The results show that sloppy staff work，contrary to the rules and low service quality are the top three factors，and the sum of the three factors' weight value accounted for more than half of the whole.The corresponding 5 improvement advices are given.The conclusion has reference value to the surface mines under similar conditions.
    The Optimal Design of Control System of SIMBA H1354 DTH Drill
    WANG Shi-Xin, MIAO Zhi-Nong, REN Xiao-Hua
    2014, 43(01):  116-119. 
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    The basic principles，device constitution and its application of the optimal scheme of the wireless control technology of the SIMBA H1354 DTH Drill are introduced.And a set of wireless control device and software control system with simple structure，easy maintenance，and flexible and reliable operation which is in line with our mining conditions are designed.The field performance and experiments showed that the optimized system made the realization of a reliable and efficient wireless control to the SIMBA H1354 DTH Drill.This design idea and optimized program improves the safety of the underground drilling work and the working environment.It also has important reference value to the transformation of existing DTH Drill control system.
    Tungsten Tailings Pond Safety Monitoring System based on Wireless ZigBee
    HE Xue-Wen, SHENG Ying-Fei, CAO Qing-Mei
    2014, 43(01):  120-124. 
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    In view of the existing problems of high installation and maintenance cost，complex wiring，limited transmission distance and energy in current safety monitoring systems of tungsten tailings pond，a new type of monitoring and warning system based on ZigBee wireless sensor network and LabVIEW is designed.The system chooses system-on-chip CC2530 as the radio frequency transceiver and completes hardware and software designing of the solar power sensor nodes，which could collect，transmit and process the data of tailings pond.The monitoring and warning interface of PC is completed with LabVIEW，which displays real-time monitoring parameters and warns in time.It uses VISA serial port resource module and Access database called by SQL to transmit and store the monitoring data.Through the Matlab Script node，data processing module of PC calls Matlab software and establishes the regression model of support vector machine (SVR) in the back panel of the LabVIEW.The experimental results show that the system could collect real-time monitoring parameters.The prediction error of SVR regression model is about 0.3%.It is suitable for predicting parameters of tungsten tailings pond.The system is of great significance to control the risk and ensure the security of tungsten tailings pond.
    School Civil and Enviromnental Engineering System of Tailing Pond bases on Wireless Sensor Networks
    LEI Ting, TAN Zhuo-Ying
    2014, 43(01):  125-128. 
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    According to the destruction of tailings，mainly in order to monitor rainfall and seepage，based on wireless communication technique，and integrated with pluviometer，piezometer，data acquisition and transmission unit，a data acquisition system for tailings pond is established.By warning alarm，warning lights and warning SMS module，a wireless sound and light alarm device is set up，forming a pre-warning device system for tailings ponds.Based on network programming techniques and SQL Server 2005 database，the pre-warming software system for management and analysis of tailings monitoring information and data with the integration of “remote monitoring，communication，forecasting and application” was developed，which realized the remote management，visualization，data analysis and remote pre-warning” of monitored information and data.According to the field application，this system can quickly acquire and analyze the monitored data and precisely forecast the situations.It has important guiding meaning for the safe operation of the tailings.
    Online Monitoring and Early-warning System of Tailing Reservoir Based on CAN Bus
    HUANG Xiang-Jun, XU Tong-Le, DU Hua-Cheng, HOU Meng-Meng, SONG Hong-Yu
    2014, 43(01):  129-132. 
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    The existing data communication based on RS-485 bus has shortcomings of low efficiency，low reliability，not flexible in application and higher post-maintenance cost.It is hard to meet the requirements of strong anti-interference，many nodes，long distance transmission in tailings reservoir engineering monitoring.In order to solve the deficiencies of tailing reservoir online monitoring system based on RS-485 bus in the aspect of data collection and transmission，the basic characteristics of RS-485 bus with CAN bus are contrasted，and the proposal for the CAN bus be used for the early-warning monitoring system communicate with monitoring equipment in the tailings reservoir engineering is put forward.Based on this，the tailings reservoir on-line monitoring and early warning systems based on CAN bus is established，and the monitoring system compositions and the basic functions of monitoring software are introduced.In practical engineering application，the saturation line monitoring system is established to monitor water level in each cross section of the tailings reservoir.Through the analysis of the monitoring system operation and the monitoring data of saturation line，it is shown that the system based on CAN bus is reasonable in design，which can effectively monitor the underground water level of tailings reservoir.Its real-time and reliable operation can meet the requirement of on-line monitoring in harsh environment.It has a certain application value in tailings security monitoring.
    Determination of Underground Mine Fire Optimal Path of Multi Rescue Teams by Swarm Intelligence Algorithm
    FAN Wen-Jing, LU Cai-Wu
    2014, 43(01):  133-136. 
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    Determining the optimal emergency rescue path is the primary task to deal with the mine fire.The equivalent length of roadway was calculated and the mathematical model of mine fire rescue path based on multi ambulance corps was built by judging the roadway passable resistance and the access difficulty coefficient.Meanwhile，a hybrid strategy has been proposed that based on merits of PSO and ACO-using，PSO was used to search parameters α，β，ρ of ACO，then back to ACO and search for optimal rescue path of multi rescue teams.Through the MATLAB software platform and using this hybrid algorithm，the optimal rescue path，the shortest path of equivalent length，was gained.It provided a theoretical basis for the mine accident rescue plan and the emergency escape plan of underground staffs.
    Application of K Shortest Path Algorithm in Avoiding from Mine Water Disaster
    CHENG Shao-Hui, ZHANG Xue-Ying, LI Feng-Lian, LI Yun
    2014, 43(01):  137-140. 
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    Mine water disaster seriously affects the life safety of the miners，so the miners should flee to safety site at the beginning of the water disaster as quickly as possible.Based on this，a mathematical model of optimal escape routes was conducted based on the improved Dijkstra algorithm，considering such influence factors as reliability factor，efficiency of passage，actual equivalent length of the tunnel etc..Then its solution was given，and the method of obtaining K shortest path was illustrated.The designing idea for the model and its implementing process were described in detail.As well，the accurate access to two routes and its interface display were realized combining with specific examples of the mine and using C# programming language.
    Numerical Simulation of Explosion Impact Load on Refuge Chamber
    LIU Chao, BAO Jiu-Sheng
    2014, 43(01):  141-144. 
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    Accidents in coal mine frequently happened in recent years，which makes refuge chamber become a hot and ideal life-saving device.Therefore，the safety performance of the refuge chamber，especially the anti-explosion performance，is particularly important.By adopting the finite element software AUTODYN，and combining with TNT equivalent method and fluid-solid coupling method，the incentive effect of the refuge chamber on the pressure of shock wave as the obstruction on shock wave propagation path is simulated，and the pressure curve of each surface on refuge chamber is drawn.The results provide some theoretical support for the following nonlinear dynamic loading.
    Study on Steady-state Properties of Saturated Tailings
    PAN Jian-Ping, LIU Xiang-Ping, WANG Yu-Ge, SHI Man-Sheng, PENG Bo
    2014, 43(01):  145-149. 
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    The steady-state strength and deformation characteristics of saturated tailings play a major role in flow slide of tailings dams.Through the tests，it is fully understood that the steady-state properties of tailings is an important content for dam stability evaluation.Taking a tailing dam of Jiujiang in Jiangxi as the research object，the steady-state properties of saturated tailings were studied by CU test.The results showed that triaxial shear curve of saturated loose tailings has obviously softening characteristic，and softening degree of curve decreases with increasing of confining pressure.Under the same confining pressure，the less the pore is，the more the softening phenomenon is not obvious.The steady line of tailings is established according to the test results，and it is proved that steady-state is inherent property of tailings，namely the steady state line is unique.The steady-state internal friction angle is the effective internal friction angle that tailings deformation ultimately can utilize，and then the value of internal friction angle is calculated.
    Adsorption of U (Ⅵ) by Deinococcus Radiodurans in Water
    DENG Qin-Wen, DING De-Xin, LIU Dong, WANG Yong-Dong
    2014, 43(01):  150-153. 
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    The factors influencing adsorption of U(Ⅵ) by Deinococcus radiodurans was studied in order to find out new methods of reducing uranium pollution.The Results showed that pH and adsorption time have significant effect on removal rate of uranium in solution.The removal rate of U(Ⅵ) reached 92.30% with wastewater pH value of 5，adsorption time for 180 minutes，initial concentration of 50 mg/L，and Deinococcus radiodurans dosage of 0.2 g/L.With the increase of U(Ⅵ）,initial concentration of uranium adsorption rate decreased slightly, the adsorption capucity almost proportional to U(Ⅵ) concentration. Research of adsorption mechanism revealed that the adsorption of U(Ⅵ) by Deinococcus radiodurans fixes the Freundlich model and pseudo-second dynamics model.
    Effect of Superplasticizers on the Fluidity of Microfine Slurry
    ZHENG Juan-Rong, ZHAO Zhen-Bo, 吕杉杉
    2014, 43(01):  154-157. 
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    Total tailings paste cemented backfill is a necessary choice of developing underground mining with environmentally friendly and resource efficient use of type.In order to resolve the problem of the fluidity and concentration fall of total tailings paste produced by refined tailings，effect of polycarboxylate and naphthalene sulfonate superplasticizers on the fluidity of cement and microfine tailings slurry was explored and the microscopic analysis of the flocculation structure of the test samples was carried out.The test results showed that polycarboxylate superplasticizer greatly increased the fluidity of cement and microfine tailings slurry，and naphthalene sulfonate superplasticizer also obviously increased the fluidity of cement slurry but less increased the fluidity of microfine tailings slurry.The cement slurry and microfine tailings slurry without superplasticizers had similar flocculation structures observed by microscope，and the flocculation structures of tailings slurry were smaller and their bond force was stronger because of finer particle size of tailings compared with cement slurry.polycarboxylate superplasticizer based on steric hindrance effect could break flocculation structures with strong bond and released more free water to increase slurry fluidity in comparison with naphthalene sulfonate superplasticizer based on electrostatic repulsion force effect.So，the conclusion is that polycarboxylate superplasticizer will be a potential excellent admixture in preparing total tailing paste cemented backfill slurry.
    Process Mineralogy Research on Iron Tailings from Qidashan
    LI Jin, NI Wen, FAN Dun-Cheng, LI Yuan, FU Cheng-Hong
    2014, 43(01):  158-162. 
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    Technology Beijing，Beijing 100083，China；2.Key Laboratory of High-Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines，Ministry of Education，Beijing 100083，China Iron extracting from Qidashan iron ore tailings is a subproject of State High-technology Research and Development Program (863 Program)，to efficiently concentrate iron from iron ore tailings.Mineralogy technology research on Qidashan iron ore tailings was carried out in order to make deep reduction raw materials of iron grade higher than 30%，iron powder of iron recovery higher than 80% and iron grade over 90%.The results showed that iron concentrated obviously at grain sizes of -0.038 mm，and the main iron minerals are hematite-limonite，siderite and followed by magnetite.Those minerals are extremely fine disseminated with average particle sizes of 0.022，0.009，0.011 mm and liberation degree of 61.78%，42.86%，45.64% respectively.Iron minerals are closely associated with gangues.The pre-concentration process of grinding-low intensity magnetic separation-high intensity magnetic separation was recommended，based on the process mineralogy of the iron ore tailings above.
    Research on Copper Recovery from a Copper Slag in Yunnan
    WANG Zu-Xu
    2014, 43(01):  163-166. 
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    The slag stemmed from copper metallurgy with copper and iron content of 0.62% and 35.58% separately was from Yunnan province.Main copper minerals in the slag were chalcopyrite，azurite and chalcocite.Copper minerals were finely disseminated and closed associated with olivine in the slag，which belongs to the refractory secondary copper resource.Concentration process for copper recovery was conducted in order to recover copper from the slag.The optimum conditions are determined as the grinding fineness of 0.074 mm 96.50% and butylamine dithiophosphate+butyl xanthate，sodium carbonate，matte dosage of 300+100 g/t，4 kg/t，15 kg/t respectively.Copper concentrate with copper grade of 21.30% and copper recovery of 86.20% was obtained by adopting the closed circuit flotation process of one roughing-one scavenging-two cleanings，and middles back to the flow-sheet in turn.The test result showed that for this micro-finely disseminated copper sulfide，matte as “carrier” in flotation plays an important role in getting an ideal flotation index.
    Research on Synthesis of Zeolite Using Coal Gangue in Inner Mongolia
    CHEN Li-Rong, ZHANG Na, DU Ming-Zhan, LIU Wen
    2014, 43(01):  167-171. 
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    As huge volume of solid wastes，study on how to exploit and utilize coal gangue has a vital significance to establishing an environment friendly and resource saving country.The effects of roasting temperature，solid-liquid ratio in aging，aging time，crystallization time on absorption properties of simulated ammonia nitrogen wastewater with zeolite synthesis were studied by process of alkali fusion-aging-crystallization，using coal gangue from Inner Mongolia as raw material and ammonia-nitrogen wastewater from simulating production of rare earth as absorbing object.The result showed that with the roast temperature of 600 ℃，the liquid-solid ratio 14 mL/g，for 20 h's aging and 1 h's crystallization，the synthesized coal gangue zeolite had a good adsorption property to ammonia-nitrogen wastewater，with the adsorption capacity of ammonia-nitrogen at 3.74 mg/g，and the removal rate of up to 74.80%.SEM and XRD analysis on the products showed that alkali fusion changed the composition of coal gangue，and the synthesized zeolite with relatively better crystallinity was obtained after alkali fusion product were aged and crystallized.This zeolite belongs to A-type zeolite.
    Influence of Autoclaved Curing System on the Mechanical Properties of Aerated Concrete Made from Iron Tailings
    LI De-Zhong, NI Wen
    2014, 43(01):  172-176. 
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    The autoclaved aerated concrete(AAC) were manufactured by using iron ore tailings as the siliceous materials and cement and lime as calcium materials in order to find a new way to efficiently and comprehensively utilize the iron ore tailings from Nanqi mill plant，Lingqiu in Shanxi province.Factors that affect on the mechanical properties of AAC，including heating-up time，constant time，constant temperature，cooling time were studied.The results showed that AAC products with the compressive strength of 5.28 MPa and the dry density of 597 kg/m3 was achieved at conditions of 2 h heating up，8 h constant temperature at 195 ℃(constant pressure 1.46 MPa) and 3 h cooling.The mechanical properties of AAC products well fit the level A3.5，B06 qualification requirements of GB/T11968-2006.XRD analysis showed that the main hydration products of AAC were tobermorite and hydroxyl hydrated calcium silicates.Quartz，plagioclase and other minerals from the iron tailings still exist in the AAC products，and can greatly increase the strength of AAC products as aggregate.
    Research Situation and Problem Analysis in Preparing Porcelain〖JZ〗 Vitreous Bricks with Domestic Iron Ore Tailings
    SUI Yan-Li, WANG Ji-Quan, YANG Fang, GUO Lei-Chen, SHI Qi, LI Bang-Cheng
    2014, 43(01):  177-180. 
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    To improve the understanding of preparing porcelain bricks with iron ore tailings and promote the quality of recycling economy and the utilization of mineral resource，the research statures of porcelain vitreons bricks made from iron ore tailings in our country was sumarized,the situation and the key techniques of preparing porcelain vitreous bricks with domestic iron ore tailings were summarized.Based on summarizing the key technical difficulties in the preparation above，the effect of common ingredient of iron tailings on preparing the porcelain vitreous bricks as building materials and the related countermeasures were analyzed.The previous research showed that it was entirely feasible to prepare porcelain tiles with iron ore tailings by adjusting the process and formula,but its instability in component is the key factor that limited the large-scale production of porcelain vitreous bricks with iron ore tailings.Although some calcium minerals in iron ore tailings could increase the strength of porcelain vitreous bricks and iron-bearing minerals could make bricks colorful，the minerals such as Ca，Fe and S，micas in iron ore tailings would influence the firing process and the strength of the bricks in different ways，which should be carefully studied and solved.