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Table of Content

    15 December 2014, Volume 43 Issue 12
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    Thinking about China's Shale Gas Industry
    YOU Sheng-Gang, GUO Qian, GENG Xiao-Jin, ZENG Chun-Lin
    2014, 43(12):  3-7. 
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    As clean energy,shale gas have gained widely attention in recent years.Successful experience in North American shale gas revolution,accelerates the pace of exploration and development of shale gas in global.China has huge energy demand on shale gas resource.But the shale gas industry of china is still in its infancy stage,and the successful experience in North America can be taken as reference for the development of the shale gas industry.Therefore,the history of the exploration and development of shale gas in North America is recalled,and the policy and the market environment for supporting the exploration of shale gas in North American are described.A contrast on the development status of shale gas industry in our country is made with the successful experience of American shale gas revolution.Several suggestions on the development of China's shale gas industry are given,including technique introduction jointing with innovation,idea changing in the subsidy,opening markets further,and implementation of legally quit for the conventional oil and gas blocks.Based on the situation of our resources,the geological conditions and the policy,and contrasting with the successful experience in exploration and development of shale gas at overseas,it is believed that China will has a good prospect in exploration and development of shale gas.
    Research Status of Detection Technology for Bolt Anchoring Quality
    SUN Bing, GUO Shan-Shan, ZENG Sheng, ZHENG Xu-Tao
    2014, 43(12):  8-12. 
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    With the wide application of bolt anchorage technology in the engineering，more and more engineering accidents and economic losses caused by the detecting technique for anchoring quality occurs.So the research of new theory and technology for anchoring quality testing becomes the problem that urgently needs to solve.A comprehensive description for the research status of the bolt anchoring quality detection technology is made from three aspects”,that is the research about the failure mechanism，influence factors and the numerical simulation of the traditional bolt drawing detection technology.The comprehensive analysis and summarization of the current research and application status of the nondestructive testing technology are given from the laboratory experiment and field test，numerical method，the stress wave reflection method，the signal processing technology to the intelligent evaluation.Finally，according to the present problems of the anchor nondestructive testing technology，proposing that a new technology that combine a variety of detection means，the superimposed effect research of influential factors and the construction of intelligent evaluation system will be the future development direction of anchor nondestructive testing technology.
    Development Progress and Trend of Whole-Tailings Particles'Migration Behavior during Preparation of Whole-Tailings Paste
    RUAN Zhu-恩, LI Cui-Ping, ZHONG Yuan
    2014, 43(12):  13-19. 
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    The large bulk key metallic mineral resources in China is in a low average grade.Coupled with sustainable growth in demand of mineral resources and constant pursuit for comprehensive utilization ratio of resources in recent years，tailing particles become more and more fine and tailing emissions continue to be grown.As a result，tailing has become a major hazard source of metal mines in our country.Currently，the disposal of whole-tailings basically includes over-ground stockpiling at lower concentration and underground filling.However，there are many problems in preparation and delivery of tailings in lower tailings concentration.With the consideration of safe production and environmental protection，pasty tailings stockpiling and whole-tailing paste filling will be the most effective and promising methods.Due to the low sedimentation velocity and poor permeability of whole-tailing with ultrafine particle，dewatering and thickening become difficult.So dewatering and thickening rapidly for whole-tailings with ultrafine particles is the key technology for preparation of whole-tailings paste.The development status of whole-tailings particles' migration behavior during whole-tailings paste preparation is outlined，including whole-tailings particle sedimentation，flocculation sedimentation，particle migration as well as sedimentation mechanism.Finally，the problems in and trend of development are analyzed.
    The Mechanism and Application of Concrete Hardening Accelerator
    WU Peng, 吕Xian-Jun , LIANG Zhi-Qiang, ZHU Cheng-Zhi, CHEN Ya-Nan
    2014, 43(12):  20-25. 
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    Concrete hardening accelerator is a kind of admixture which can accelerate the early strength development of concrete.It's very important for speeding up the construction schedule and improving velocity of engineering operations.Its content is generally not more than 5% of the mass of cement.Hardening accelerator is divided into inorganic,organic,composite hardening accelerators,and the component and dosage of each one are induced.In order to provide theoretical foundation for the development and combination of hardening accelerators,the mechanism of different hardening accelerators is summarized,which can explain how to improve the hydration reaction speed of the cement,and accelerate the setting and hardening of cement paste by the hardening accelerator in theory.Further,the current problems are concluded through analyzing the application properties of hardening accelerators,and the development direction is pointed out.Especially,the hardening accelerator with low concentration and low cement-sand ratio cementitious system should be emphasized.
    Optimal Research and Design of Development Haulage in Open Mining of Hongda Iron Mine
    MU Chuan-Wei, ZHANG Guo-Sheng, FAN Zhi-Guo, WANG Kun-Ju, LIU Cong
    2014, 43(12):  26-29. 
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    Different forms of development haulage in mines were investigated considering the production situation of Hongda Iron Mine，and four key issues in optimal design of development haulage were solved.Proper development haulage was firstly selected by comparison with truck and semi-continuous haulage.Secondly，reasonable crushing station was chosen by comparing four kinds of stations which are full movable，movable，semi-fixed and fixed respectively.Subsequently threshold point between truck and semi-continuous haulage was decided by using graphic method and through regression analysis of haulage costs.The moving step distance of crushing station was found by obtaining the optimal solution with quantitative solution and linear model.At last，a set of cost-effective semi-continuous haulage system composed of truck，movable crushing and belt conveyor was recommended to save haulage cost.It plays a significant role in increasing economic efficiency for the mine.
    Research on High and Steep Slope Stability based on Equivalent Model of Rock Mass
    LI Gang, YANG Zhi-Qiang, GAO Qian, WANG Lu-Liang
    2014, 43(12):  30-34. 
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    With the high and steep rock slope of open pit in Changba Pb-Zn Mine as the background，and on the basis of the orthogonal experiments on the design variables of rock parameters，the functional relationship between the parameters of the rock mass and the calculated displacements of the slope was established through the regression analysis by using the method of least squares.Then，taking the minimum sum of squares of difference between the measured displacement and the calculated displacement as the optimal goal，the equivalent parameter of rock slope corresponds to the status of monitoring phase was determined by the means of on-site monitoring information.On this basis，the research on high and steep slope stability in the state of dry and rainfall conditions were carried out respectively by numerical simulation method，obtaining that the result conformed to the current slope condition.The results showed that the slope stability is sensitive to rainfall infiltration that becomes the main controlling factor of the slope stability.This research approach provides the basis for the dynamic prediction of high and steep rock slope stability in different mining conditions.
    Study on Optimization of Stope Structural Parameters under Cemented Fill
    LI Long-Fu, JIANG Dong-Ping
    2014, 43(12):  35-39. 
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    To safely and efficiently mining the ore under large cemented filling body，reasonable stope structure is the first issue that need to consider in mining design.On the basis of comprehensive analysis on geological situation and current mining technical condition of some underground mine，stope structure parameters were calculated by using empirical method with theoretical calculation，and four kinds of the preliminary scheme about the stope structure were put forward.Then，the corresponding 3-dimensional numerical model is established，where the deformation，stress distribution of surrounding rock and the plastic zone size were taken as indicators to measure the performance of stope structure parameters.Based on the simulation results，the mechanical response of the various programs in the stope wall rock after room mining are comprehensively analyzed，obtaining the structural parameters under the most favorable mechanical state of the stope.Combining with the theoretical recovery rate of each panel，the programs of stope structure were optimized，that is，when the thickness of top column is at 6 m，the stope span at 38 m and the pillar width at 14 m，stope structural stability keeps in the most favorable state and the stope has a high theoretical recovery rate.The optimized results could provide reference for the follow-up mining design.
    Pillarless Ore-remaining Subsequent Fill Mining with Low Stage Height Applicable to the Exploitation of Hanging Wall Ore
    LIU Yan-Zhang, ZHANG Qun, YE Yi-Cheng, REN Xian-Feng, WANG Qi-Hu, SUN Yong-Jiu
    2014, 43(12):  40-44. 
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    The traditional underground mining methods to exploit the hanging wall ore on the slope of the open pit usually result in poor stability and low efficiency of the final slope and the underground stope because of the special occurrence conditions of the hanging wall ore in the open pit.Then，the pillarless ore-remaining subsequent fill mining with low stage height is put forward to exploit the hanging wall ore on the final slope of the open pit.This method shortens the height of the stages in order to reduce the exposure area of the stope.It has a higher efficiency by obligating no bottom pillar and blasting with deep hole and transporting the ore with scrapers.And by using this method，the deformation of the rock mass is limited temporarily with partial ore remaining in the stope and filling the goaf.In this method，the top inclined pillars are designed to improve the filling effect.This method was put into the exploitation of JianⅠN hanging wall ore of the east open pit in Daye Iron Mine.The application result showed that it guaranteed the stability of the final slope and the safe exploitation of the hanging wall ore at the stope，and effectively recovered the ores on the final slope of open pit under the conditions of keeping the safety pillars between reserved stope and the slope.
    Theory and Practice of Green Mining of Ore-body under Limestone District with Abundant Water
    LIU Pei-Zheng, SUN Xiang-Yuan, ZHOU Wei, ZHANG Chuan-Xin, HU Yong-Quan
    2014, 43(12):  45-48. 
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    Aiming at the complex mining conditions of heavy water inflow underground,subsidence of village and farmland not allowed,and saturated tailing pond in Wuzhuang Iron Mine,the theory and the related technological measures of green mining for the mine are proposed as follows.Adopting the water prevention and control program of “inner plugging and outer discharging with curtain grouting as main in surface and underground”,that is,stopping indirect water supply from surface to underground by irrigation channel cementing and anchoring.In this process,curtain grouting plugs the water-rich faults to cut off water from surface,at the same time the water-blocked wall at underground is built to prevent from the grouting liquid gushing and washing away from water gushing point.Taking the sublevel open-stoping method with subsequent backfill.Tailing cementing material are timely filled into the mined-out area to ensure the stability of goaf roof and grouting curtain and to prevent surface subsidence.Building the backfill station on surface for two kinds of feeding method.Dry materials from tailing pond are transported to the backfill station by truck and conveyed into sand bunker by large inclined angle belt conveyor,while the tailings from concentration plant are pumped by pipeline directly.After this program put into practice,underground water inflow decreased from 1 260 m3/h to 300 m3/h,lower by 76%,and also the drainage costs are saved and underground resources are protected.The backfill mining method avoids from surface subsidence,decreases land requisition and village relocation,and raises the mining recovery from 67% to 89%.Also,with tailings as backfill materials,the tailing stacking problem is solved.
    Optimization of the Cut Width in Dragline Stripping System
    BAI Run-Cai, SUN Lei, WU Dong-Hai, WANG Qiang
    2014, 43(12):  49-52. 
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    Dragline stripping technology is an advanced open-pit mining method which integrates mining，transport and dumping.If the geological condition and the production status fit for the dragline，the dragline stripping system is better than other digging and transporting system.In view of the dragline stripping technology，and in the principle of aiming at the maximum production，the cut width is optimized.The width of a mining panel is closely related to the swing of the shovel during working.Based on this，the functional relationship between the cut width and the total working time is established.By the analysis of the function，the rational cut width is determined as the value from 40 to 60 m.At the same time，in order to obtain good effect of the throw blasting and with reference for domestic and abroad experience，the final cut width is selected as 40 m.
    Reasonable Supporting Intensity in Shallow Short-distance Multi-seams Working Face under Room-Pillar Goaf
    ZHANG Xiao-Fu
    2014, 43(12):  53-56. 
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    In order to ensure the safe and high efficient production of the shallow short-distance multi-seams coal in fully mechanized coal face，the rational support strength of a room pillar beneath goaf is investigated by the theoretical analysis and the numerical simulation.The results show that the depth of stress concentration at the remained pillars is about 20 m，so the effect of concentrated stress at the under-part working face.In the support control area，the vertical stress concentration factor of the remained coal pillars on the under-part is 1.30.Based on “short voussoir beam” theory，the rational support intensity of the coal room pillars in Dadijing coal mine for the fully mechanized coal face under goaf is calculated as the value from 1.07 to 1.21 MPa.The research can offer some meaningful reference and guide for determining the reasonable working resistance of the support in the similar condition of fully mechanized working face.
    Research on Technology of Driving Anchor Machine Quick Tunneling in Changcun Coal Mine
    CUI Xu-Fang
    2014, 43(12):  57-60. 
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    In order to achieve driving anchor machine quick tunneling of S6-8 tail entry in Changcun Coal Mine with complicated geological conditions of high gas and thick coal seam，the temporary supporting device of driving anchor machine was improved，and gas control measures under quick tunneling were proposed to determine reasonable support parameters.Considering two factors affecting the excavation speed such as floor inclination and coal wall caving，the construction process was optimized.The application results showed that during the construction period，the driving anchor machine increased the tunneling footage to 20 m/d，and work efficiency to 0.44 m per man.These greatly improved the tunneling speed of coal roadway in Changcun Coal Mine and effectively alleviated the tensive situation of the relay between mining and tunneling.
    Effects of Components of Reductants on Direct Reduction of High-phosphorus Oolitic Hematite
    XU Cheng-Yan, SUN Ti-Chang, KOU Jue, GAO 恩Xia, CAO Yun-Ye
    2014, 43(12):  61-65. 
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    With activated carbon，coke，anthracite 1，and lignite as reductants，and with the addition of mixed sodium salts dephosphorization agent，through the direct reduction roasting-grinding-low intensity magnetic separation process，the experiment of iron increase and phosphorus removal for high-phosphorus oolitic hematite from Western Hubei Province was carried out.It is found that three components of ash，fixed carbon and volatile content in different lead to the different effect of four kinds of reductants on the obtained direct reduction iron(DRI) indexes(iron grade，iron recovery，and phosphorus content).However，due to the influence of three components in reductants is intertwined together，it is difficult to summarize respectively the influence law of each component on DRI index.Therefore，other 6 kinds of reductants were introduced.Through the blending of different single reductants，and the blended reductants has only one component changed，the further research was conducted.The results indicated that the reductants with higher volatile are beneficial to increasing iron recovery，but not beneficial to iron grade and phosphorus content.The reductants with higher fixed carbon are beneficial to iron recovery，and have little effect on iron grade，but not favorable for phosphorus removal.The reductants with over high ash are not benefit to iron grade，iron recovery，and phosphorus content.The above research results provide valuable references to selecting suitable reductants for iron increase and phosphorus removal by direct reduction roasting and low intensity magnetic separation technology for high phosphorus oolitic hematite.
    Experiment of the Process of Microwave Magnetization Roasting and Low Intensity Magnetic Separation for Fine Specularite at -1 mm of Jiugang
    MA Hao, CHEN Tie-Jun, LIU Wei, HUANG Xian-Bao, SU Tao, QU Wan-Gang
    2014, 43(12):  66-69. 
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    It is hard to obtain good separation index for the specularite at -1 mm in Jiugang company by conventional beneficiation process.In the conventional magnetic roasting-low intensity magnetic separation，the problem of pellets has to be solved.With Hami bituminous coal as reducing agent，the process of the microwave magnetization roasting-low intensity magnetic separation study for fine ore is carried out to investigate the effect of the dosage of pulverized coal，microwave power，roasting temperature，roasting time，grinding fineness of roasted products and low intensity magnetic field strength on the iron concentrate indexes.The test results showed that under the conditions of the mass ratio of pulverized coal to ore 5%，microwave power 1 kW，and calcined at 550 ℃，the raw fine ores were treated by the microwave magnetizing roasting for 15 min，and then the roasted products are ground to the fineness of -0.074 mm 85.65%.By this method，good indicators of iron concentrate with Fe grade of 55.10% and Fe recovery of 86.65% was achieved by adopting one-stage magnetic tube separation with magnetic field strength of 92.16 kA/m.The research provides a new idea for high efficient recovery of iron ore from fine specularite at -1 mm.
    Application of GYX High Frequency Vibrating Fine Screen in an Iron Dressing Plant from Henan Province
    ZHANG Chao-Da, WU Cheng-Cai, ZHONG Sen-Lin, YANG Zhao-Jun
    2014, 43(12):  70-74. 
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    Main iron minerals of an iron ore from Henan Province in China are specularite and magnetite，and the main gauges are quartz and mica.The dressing plant originally adopted the process of low intensity magnetic separation with stage grinding and stage separation，high gradient high intensity magnetic separation to produce the magnetite concentrate and speculartie concentrate.However，it is hard to realize grinding for the run-of-mine，and weak magnetic coarse iron-bearing mica are usually mixed into speculartie concentrate，resulting in specularite concentrate grade lower than 60%，and even greatly affecting the comprehensive grade of the concentrate.To solve this problem，the plant joints with the Guangzhou Nonferrous Metal Research Institute to carry out the relevant laboratory tests.Based on the laboratory test results，the GYX21-1210 type high-frequency vibrating fine sieve and the ordinary 6-S type fine shaking table are introduced to optimize the original beneficiation process.That is，the high gradient high intensity magnetic concentrate at two-stage are sieved by 0.074 mm fine screen.The under-screen is directly used as the specularite concentrate，and the over-size ores are separated by the table to obtain the remained specularite concentrate and discard a great deal of tailings.The middles from the table are back to the second stage process.After optimization，the specularite concentrate and the integrated iron grade reached 60.30% and 61.83%，improved by 3.55 percentage points and 1.98 percentage points respectively.Meanwhile，their iron recoveries were increased by 7.52 percentage points and 7.51 percentage points separately.
    Beneficiation Technology for a Low-grade Ilmenite Ore in Datan of Gansu Province
    LIU Xing, LI Cheng-Xiu, LIU Fei-Yan, CHENG Ren-Ju
    2014, 43(12):  75-78. 
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    Main valuable elements of a low grade ilmenite ore are iron and titanium.There is 12.07% TFe，5.56% TiO2 and trace sulfur and phosphorus in the ore.Titanium mainly exists in form of ilmenite，with distribution ratio of 81.82%，which is the main recovery object.In order to insure the scheme for develop the ore，magnetic separation-flotation tests is carried out.The results show that，at the grinding fineness of 38% -0.074 mm，magnetic intensity of 605.1 kA/m for rough concentration and 565.3% kA/m for cleaning separation，through one roughing-one cleaning separation，magnetic concentrate with TiO2 grade of 18.13% and recovery of 76.79% is obtained.Using high efficient EMG as collector and novel SF-101 as depressor through one roughing-two cleaning-one scavenging process deal with the magnetic concentrate，titanium concentrate with TiO2 grade of 47.46% and recovery of 88.08% is obtained，and recovery of 67.63% for the raw ore.The results can provide references for beneficiation of the ilmenite ore.
    Process Mineralogy of a Deep Iron Ore from Liaoning
    LIU Jie, WANG Yue, HAN Yue-Xin, LI Yan-Jun
    2014, 43(12):  79-84. 
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    A new large deep iron orebody was found in Liaoning.The process mineralogy of a Deep Iron Ore was investigated for its exploitation and utilization.The results show that the main iron mineral in the ore is hematite with subordinately magnetite and magnoferrite and rarely pyrite.And the iron is hosted by hematite and magnetite,which are separated and used from the iron ore.The mineral content of hematite with average Fe grade of 69.80% in the iron ore is 32.86% and then the average Fe grade 70.53% of magnetite is 7.12%,thus,the grade and recovery is up to 69.13% and 98.19% respectively in theory.The hematite with idiomorphic and allotriomorphic granular texture is occurred in such gangue mineral as quartz,dolomite,et al.On the other hand,the fine magnetite is often coated in hematite to form a metasomatic relict texture,which enhance the ferromagnetic property of hematite so as to upgrade hematite by magnetic separation.The particle size of hematite with uniform diameters vary from 0.02 mm to 1 mm,however,the particle size of more than 0.50 mm was little.The particle size of magnetite is less than 0.1 mm,and it changes between 0.02 mm and 0.05 mm.
    Research Status and Progress on Flocculation Separation Technology of Ultrafine Iron Mineral
    NIU Fu-Sheng, ZHANG Jin-Xia, BAI Li-Mei, NIE Yi-Miao, LIU Shu-Xian
    2014, 43(12):  85-89. 
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    The development status and industrial application of selective flocculation-flotation process，selective flocculation-magnetic separation process，and flocculation desliming process for the ultrafine iron minerals are summarized.Progress on research of the main factors for flocculation of ultrafine iron minerals including dispersant，flocculant，calcium and magnesium ions，flow-field characteristics are introduced.Finally，the development direction in flocculation technique of ultra-fine iron minerals is proposed in strengthening the investigation on the selective process of dispersion and flocculation，flow-field characteristics of in flocculation process，and high efficient flocculation process and equipment.
    Study on Lead Concentrate Index Improving of a Lead-zinc Dressing Plant in Guangxi
    LU Lin, LIU Pei-Jun, WU Fu-Chu
    2014, 43(12):  90-94. 
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    There is 1.5% lead in a high mud and low grade lead-zinc ore in Guangxi，and main lead mineral is galena，about 15% of lead being oxidized.The process of lead flotation first and then zinc flotation is brought for production of lead concentrate and zinc concentrate，but the flotation index is not well due to the interference of slime.The grade and recovery rate of lead concentrate are only about 45% and 65% respectively.Beneficiation experiments on lead concentrate index improving are carried out based on the characteristics of the ore.Spiral washing machine and spiral chute are firstly used to discard the 12.11% slime and then endure lead flotation，during which self made non-toxic organic depressor YJ is used to replace the original zinc sulfate and sodium sulfite，and combination collector GD-1 is brought to replace the original sulfur nitrogen.Lead concentrate with lead grade of 54.65% and recovery of 79.78% is obtained.Compared with the on-site process，lead grade is increased by 10 percentage points and lead recovery is increased by about 15 percentage points，providing a persuasive technical support for copper flotation process optimization.
    Experimental Study on Improving Separation Index of a Copper-zinc Sulfide Ore
    ZHANG Wen-Jun, ZHONG Hong-Hao
    2014, 43(12):  95-98. 
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    With the exploration of a copper-zinc sulfide ore extending to the depth，the geological conditions changed a lot，and a great deal of pyrrhotite appears among the ore with a more complex paragenetic relationship with minerals.The plant primarily adopted the original copper and zinc flotation process.The interference of pyrrhotite in copper concentration，and less grinding fineness resulted in worse separation index of copper and zinc，and the unreasonable flow-sheet in zinc separation resulted in lower zinc recovery.In view of these issues，the investigation on beneficiation process is carried out.Before copper concentration，pyrrhotite is removed from the ore by one-stage magnetic separation，and then the ore are re-grounded into -0.074 mm 80% from -0.074 mm 70%.At zinc concentration，the process of one scavenging，one cleaning and one clean scavenging is added to obtain the copper concentrate with Cu grade of 21.68%，Zn content of 0.62% and Cu recovery of 93.14%，and zinc concentrate with Zn grade of 48.87%，and Zn recovery of 74.92%.Compared with the closed-circuit tests index of the simulated field process，Cu grade and Cu recovery were increased by 0.70 percentage points and 1.45 percentage points and zinc content in copper concentrate decreased by 2.83 percentage points by adopting the optimized process.The zinc recovery in zinc concentrate was improved by 3.67 percentage points.Therefore，the optimized process has a good performance.
    Beneficiation of a Sulphide Ore with High Grade of Native Copper in Australia
    HU Gen-Hua
    2014, 43(12):  99-102. 
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    The main valuable minerals of a copper sulphide ore with high grade of native copper are native copper，chalcocite，chalcopyrite，pyrite，copper and cobalt sulfide and magnetite.According to the ore properties and the beneficiation tests from Australia，and in order to avoid the native copper with a good ductility from adhesion on the liners of the cone crusher and mill in dressing process to result in damage of the crusher and mill blockage，China Nerin Engineering Co.，Ltd.designs the targeted beneficiation process for the ore:In the crushing process，the roll crusher is used as the second and third crushing equipment，to make the native copper with size of greater than 40 mm be large flakes，and then separated from small one by sieving.The native copper ore in particle size of less than 40 mm after crushing are recovered by the process of the HPGR for comminution-drum washer+cylinder screen+vibrating screen for classification-jigging+spiral+table gravity separation.Then，through the process of grinding-flotation-low intensity magnetic separation，copper concentrate with Cu grade of 32% and Cu recovery of 95%,sulfur-cobalt concentrate with cobalt content of 1% and cobalt recovery of 65%，and iron concentrate with Fe grade of 68% and Fe recovery of 42% are achieved separately from the gravity tailings.This process design provides a new idea for efficient and rational development and utilization of the copper sulfide ore with high grade of native copper.
    Study on the Process Mineralogy of a Composite Sulfide-oxide Copper-cobalt Ore
    LI Bo, LIANG Dong-Yun, ZHANG Li-Li, HONG Qiu-Yang
    2014, 43(12):  103-107. 
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    The mineral composition of composite sulfide-oxide copper-cobalt ore and the occurrence state of copper and cobalt elements were investigated by the international advanced automatic quantitative mineral technology MLA combining with the traditional processing mineralogy.The magnetic analysis on the minerals is made，which provides the guide for the mineral processing.The research results indicated that ① The ore has a complex mineral composition，copper minerals are mainly chrysocolla，followed by chalcopyrite，chalcocite，malachite，as well as small amount or trace of tagilite，cuprite，bornite，brochantite，etc.，cobalt minerals are mainly copper and cobalt psilomelane；② Each mineral has complex symbiotic relationship with each other，and is widespread disseminated，which leads to lots of copper and small amounts of cobalt existing in gangue minerals of gold mica，pyrophyllite，chlorite，kaolinite and others；③ Major copper and cobalt minerals varies in size dissemination，chalcopyrite/chalcocite and copper cobalt psilomelane belong to the fine，micro-fine disseminated type;Chrysocolla/malachite belong to the crude-fine uneven disseminated type，and the tagilite belong to the coarse veins disseminated type；④ cobalt psilomelane，malachite，tagilite，limonite，most of chrysocolla and some gangue minerals own weak magnetic properties in different degree.Based on the findings above，it is recommended that the beneficiation adopts the following technical route with stage grinding and stage concentration: the copper-cobalt psilomelane，malachite，tagilite，chrysocolla，limonite and magnetic gangues are pre-enriched by high intensity magnetic separation.Then，copper and cobalt are extracted from high intensity magnetic concentrate by the hydrometallurgical mill，and some easy-floating minerals such as chalcopyrite，chalcocite，cuprite are concentrated from the high intensity magnetic tailings.
    Flotation Separation of a Refractory Molybdenum Ore in Liaoning
    WANG Xin-Yang, LIU Wen-Gang, WEI De-Zhou, CAO , LIANG , CUI Bao-Yu
    2014, 43(12):  108-111. 
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    College of Resources and Civil Engineering，Northeastern University,Shengyang 110819,China Main minerals of a refractory molybdenum ore is molybdenite，gangue minerals are quartz，feldspar，chlorite and calcite，bauxite，etc.the valuable elements is molybdenum.In order to develop and utilize the resource，stage grinding，stage flotation process is carried out.The results show that，at the grinding fineness of 60% passing 0.071 mm，with sodium silicate dosage of 2 000 g/t，kerosene of 200 g/t，2# oil of 70 g/t for rough floatation，rough concentrate grinding at 94% passing 0.071 mm through three cleaning operation，rough tailing through one scavenging process，molybdenum concentrate with molybdenum grade of 45.25% and recovery of 93.56% is obtained，which can provides basis for development of the ore.
    Research on the Adsorption and Desorption Characteristics of Xanthate on Malachite Surface
    REN Yang-Guang, XIONG Kun
    2014, 43(12):  112-115. 
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    To determine the adsorption form of xanthate on malachite surface，the residual concentration method was employed to study the adsorption and desorption properties of butyl xanthate on malachite surface.Results show that，butyl xanthate adsorption on the surface of malachite reach saturation requires mixing time of 3 min，4 min for desorption balance.Butyl xanthate adsorbed on the mineral surface with conditions of sodium sulphide dosage of 100 g/t，pH of 9，50 ℃.Infrared spectrum analysis show that hydrophobic materials such as xanthate copper is generated on the malachite surface，and adsorption form is mainly chemical adsorption of ion exchange adsorption.
    The Development Situation and Trend of Numerical Experimental Research on Beneficiation
    GAO Shu-Ling, HUANG Xiu-Ting, WEI De-Zhou, CUI Bao-Yu, SHEN Yan-Bai, YI Hao-Ran
    2014, 43(12):  116-121. 
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    Presently the experimental research of beneficiation is still carried out in laboratory,which will always cost many labors,materials and time.The computational numerical simulation is carried out without experimental equipment and repeated trials and can avoid the disturbance influence,so as to becomes gradually an effect approach to scientific research by its advantage above mentioned.In the field of mineral processing,many numerical simulation methods including Computational Fluid Dynamics,Discrete Element Method and the coupled method of CFD-DEM,are utilized broadly in the simulation of single phase flow and multiphase flow in separation field.Based on the development situation of experimental and numerical simulation of beneficiation research,the necessity of exploring numerical experimental research on beneficiation was analyzed in order to provide references for researchers working on numerical expeniment,furthermore the significant problems were discussed in details,including numerical simulations of flow field characteristics,magnetic field characteristics and particles motion behaviors in separation field.Finally the emphases and directions of numerical research of beneficiation experiment were brought forward.
    Bioleaching Development and Electrochemical Research Status
    ZHANG Chen, ZHENG Hong-Ai, ZHOU Xiao-Lu, WANG Zhong-Hong, WU Yang, LI Bing-Yue
    2014, 43(12):  122-128. 
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    Bioleaching technology has developed rapidly in recent years,which plays an important part in the leaching of low-grade ores with advantages of rich in processing target,simple process,low energy consumption,and environmental benign.Describes the historical development and applications status of bioleaching,summarizes the sorting technique,characteristics of microorganisms and community succession in bioleaching,presents the bioleaching electrochemistry,and brings foruard the prospective development of bioleaching.
    Preparation of Porous Non-sintered Ceramsite with Ion-absorbing Type Rare Earth Tailings
    XU Jing, YAN Yi-Yun, YAN Qun, JIAO Xiang-Ke, LUO Xian-Ping
    2014, 43(12):  129-133. 
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    In order to reduce the impact of rare earth tailings（RET）on the ecological environment and achieve the RET recycling，the ion-absorbing type RET was used as the main raw material for preparing the porous non-sintered ceramsite.The effects of binding material，activating agent and foaming agent amount on ceramsite performance were studied.Scanning electron microscope（SEM）was used to characterize the microstructure of the representative ceramsite.Results showed that the best formula for preparing the ceramsite with the ion type rare earth tailings was 76% RET，10% cement，8% quicklime，2% aluminum powder；Performance indicators of the ceramsite prepared were as follows:water absorption（W）was 30.28%，apparent porosity（P）rate was 49.96%，density（D）was 1.65 g/cm3，and compressive strength was 3.17 MPa；SEM analysis showed that the hole in the ceramsite was well-developed and calcium silicate hydrate（CSH）was generated on the surface of the particle.The study indicates that it is feasible for preparing the porous non-sintered ceramsite with the ion-absorbing type RET as main source material.
    Element Combination Anomalies and Prospecting Direction in Mazhala Gold-antimony Deposit
    QING Cheng-Shi, DING Jun, LI Ying-Xu, DONG Lei, DAI Zuo-Wen
    2014, 43(12):  134-137. 
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    Cuttings geochemical survey method as an initial exploration method is widely used in geological prospecting work.Due to the large distribution scope of secondary halo anomalies，how to narrow the scope of target zone，reduce the interference to mineralization anomalies and lower the workload anomalies verification to locate the ore-body accurately become the important problems that should be solved in the process of geochemical exploration work.Based on the 1∶10 000 cuttings geochemical survey data of Mazhala mining area in Comai county，Tibet，five types of element association Au-Sb-As，Pb，Hg，Zn，Ag，are divided by adopting the factor analysis method and cluster analysis method.Besides that，the factor score isopleth map is drawn so as to discuss the Au prospecting direction and narrow the target prediction area.Based on the actual geological situation of the mining area，it is concluded that the materials source of the Au，Sb and As are different to the other elements obviously in the mining area.The southeastern and northwestern corners are the good area of metallogenic potential.Further exploration should be conducted the tectonic intersection location area in mining area，and some exploration verifications should be carried out in the southern and northwestern corner in the mining area.
    Gold Geochemical Characteristic and Prospecting Prediction in Beita Mountain Pasture Region
    YE Zheng-Yu, KUANG Ai-Bing, LIAO Hong-Ming, LI Shuang-Jiang, LI Zheng
    2014, 43(12):  138-143. 
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    According to the 1∶50 000 geochemical survey results of Beita mountain pasture region，the gold geochemical characteristics is summarized preliminarily.The ore-forming geological conditions of Beita mountain pasture region are superior to others.The statistics indicate that，Baishanbao stratum of Silurian period is main gold ore-bearing strata in Beita mountain pasture region，and the average content of gold in Baishanbao stratum of Silurian period is higher than other strata.The mixed source series intrusive rocks of late carboniferous are beneficial to gold mineralization，and the granite porphyry vein which invaded into Baishanbao stratum is a direct prospecting criteria.The distribution of gold-anomaly is controlled by fault structure，stratum and magmatic rocks，gold occurrences and gold mineralization points arrangement along the NW-trending faults structure.There are many types of element anomaly combinations in which Au-Sb-Cu-Ag and Au-As-Sb are the main types.The average value of Au is 8.78×10-9 with peak value is 53.8×10-9 in HS-21# anomaly of the Aketasikuola gold mining area.After anomaly inspection，the gold mineralization points that have been found in this region have similar geochemical characteristics with Aketasikuola gold ore，and the genetic type is low medium temperature magmatic hydrothermal，showing that there is a good prospecting potential in this district.The research provides evidence for the mineral resources potential assessment and the basic geological research.
    Research and Application of the Wide Azimuth in 3D Seismic Exploration
    RAO He-Qing, LI Ping-Jun, HUANG He, MA Li
    2014, 43(12):  143-146. 
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    The characteristics of the azimuth angle，offset and full coverage number distribution about the wide azimuth observation system is analyzed from the perspective of theory.Taking the prospecting area of Mengcheng mining area which is located in the west margin of Ordos basin as an example,the geological structure of prospecting area is developed and the anisotropy of the prospecting area is significant.The exploration results between the wide and narrow azimuth observation system are compared.The results show that,compared with the narrow azimuth observation system,the wide azimuth observation system could make the transition from single coverage to full coverage more faster,the deformation observation of surface barriers can be conducted in the process of field data acquisition.The lateral observation ablity is imprved greatly and the observation azimuth is extended by the wide azimuth observation system,so,the seismic data obtained by the wide azimuth observation system tend to be more holographic 3D,and the azimuth distribution is more uniform.In the process of data processing,more attention should paid to the way of wavelet fidelity,far trace NMO and velocity analysis so as to obtaine the more high resolution and more clear seismic data.Compared with the narrow azimuth seismic exploration,the cover number of wide azimuth seismic exploration is more higher,however,its exloration cost is become higher accordingly.
    Research on Surface Movement and Deformation Law of Coal Seam Mining in Mu Us Desert
    GUO Qing-Biao, GUO Guang-Li, CHEN Long-Hao, 吕Xin
    2014, 43(12):  147-151. 
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    The ecological environment is very poor in the western area of China，and the surface movement deformation induced by coal seam mining is an important factor that weakens the ecological environment.In order to obtain the surface movement and deformation law of the coal mining in Mu Us Desert，the surface movement observation stations are built above the first mining face of a mine，and the space fitting RTK measurement technology is adopted to conduct surface movement deformation monitoring on a regular basis.Then the conclusions are obtained by analyzing the measurement data，showing as follows:①the surface deformation process is continuous gradient，and the boundary angle，movement angle and crack angle of surface movement basin are 58°，63°，79°respectively；②the surface subsidence velocity is faster than that of the similar geological conditions in the eastern area，with the maximum subsidence velocity 110 mm/d，and the maximum subsidence velocity coefficient value is 3.14；③the surface wedge appears as fracture，and most of them are located at the mining boundary and the area in front of mining area，the corner of ground fissures present the state of arc；④The distribution of surface movement deformation law can meet the model of the probability integration basically，and the parameters of probability integration model are obtained by using genetic algorithm.All the results above can provide some reference for setting all kind of protective coal pillars，pre-warning of surface subsidence and designing of the “three-under” coal mining.
    Cycle-slip Detection and Repair by Using MW/TECR Combination for Beidou Un-differenced Data
    WANG Hao, WANG Jian, BAO Guo
    2014, 43(12):  152-157. 
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    Mine slope deformation monitoring plays an important role in the sustainable security exploitation of mines.The cycle-slips of the Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS) original carrier phase observation data must be detected and repaired，when using GNSS technology to measure and monitor the mine slope with high precision.The method that combines with melbourne wubbena(MW) and total electron contents rate(TECR) is proposed to detect and repair the cycle-slips of Beidou carrier phase un-differenced observation data.Firstly，the MW/TECR is taken as the cycle-slip detectable amount to detect the cycle-slips accurately in the Beidou B1 and B2 carrier phase.Then，the least squares solutions of cycle-slip valuations can be repaired by using certain search radius to search and match cycle-slip by taking minimum 1 norm as the cycle-slip repair principle.Finally，experiments are carried out to test the cycle-slip detection and repair on small cycle-slips，large cycle-slips，insensitive cycle-slips and successive cycle-slips based on the actual Beidou un-differenced observation data of 1 s and 15 s sampling interval of an open pit mine.The experimental result shows that，the MW/TECR combination can detect and repair any added cycle-slip combination of the original observation data effectively.Therefore，using the MW/TECR combination to detect and repair cycle slip can improve the quality of Beidou phase observation data effectively，and has great significance to improve the accuracy and reliability of mining complex terrain slope monitoring.
    Research and Development of Virtual Reality Simulation System of NorthwestMining Area in Daxin Manganese Mine
    WEI Zhi-Xing, CHEN Qing-Fa, MO Zai-Bin, NIU Wen-Jing, DUAN Zhi-Wei
    2014, 43(12):  158-162. 
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    3D visualization technology and virtual reality simulation technology are important parts of digital mine and they are new understanding，expression as well as digitization of real whole mine and related phenomenon.Based on the 3DMine and VRP BUILDER，the virtual reality simulation system of northwest in Daxin Manganese Mine was developed，furthermore，the terrain model，tunnel model and matching model were established.The transitional docking of 3D mine and 3DS MAX was realized by considering the compatibility between the program file formats，and texture baking was done by using the Complete Map baking mode.Through using VRP-for-MAX card，the baking model was exported so as to be transferred and used by VRP editor.Some key techniques for 3D Mine model converted into VRP BUILDER scene were solved，the organic combination of mining engineering software and virtual reality software was realized，and the virtual mine system of high simulation effect was developed.The system consists of surface and underground scenarios，which has rich UI interface and interaction function.A variety of roam manners were set up in the system，in order to provide convenience for the users to understand and master the production state of overall mine quickly.Research results have great significance for improving the design quality，production and management efficiency in mine.
    Development and Application of Information Technology Based on AutoCAD Platform in the Open Mine
    CHEN Li-Qiang
    2014, 43(12):  163-168. 
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    Abundant entity objects in engineering are basically displayed by the AutoCAD's drawing，including the open-pit mine.AutoCAD electronics drawing can express and edit various contents of engineering entity object vividly and totally.This function can not be substituted in the production process.But the AutoCAD's weakness is also obvious:no ability in dealing with a great deal of data information in the drawing.How to make use of AutoCAD's natural advantage to carry out production management function in the AutoCAD's platform is with aid of AutoCAD linking an external database and other application procedures，and making use of their datum saving，and the ability of the datum search，the datum processing and datum commutation to make up AutoCAD's weakness，and make the drawing intelligent.Dbconnect function about databank link in the platform of AutoCAD is used to design AutoCAD VBA's secondary program for achieving informationizing management in some open pit mine's mining system by the technology of ActiveX Data Object（ADO）and Connectivity Automation Objects（CAO），combining with server SQL of multiple-inquiry，datum storage and EXCEL's advantageous datum treatment ability.
    Numerical Simulation Analysis of Ground Movement Deformation Law in Backfill Mining
    YANG Bao-Gui, PENG Yang-Hao, LI Yang, KUANG Han
    2014, 43(12):  169-174. 
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    In order to study ground movement deformation law in backfill mining，the impact of ground movement and deformation five indicators caused by underground mining on surface buildings are briefly introduced，the inner link between the five indexes and the direct cause of the damage to surface building is analyzed.Based on this，the conceptions of surface “subsidence gradient” and “horizontal displacement gradient” are introduced，thus a new evaluation index for filling mining effect and requirement is put forward.On the premise of slowing down the surface subsidence and horizontal movement at the same time，it's necessary to focus on the control of gradient.FLAC3D numerical model was set up based on field conditions of the tenth mining area 10203 backfill working face in Xinyang mine and the contrastive analysis of surface movement gradient variation rule between filling method and caving mining method was conducted.Research has shown that the backfill mining reduced the amount of surface subsidence and horizontal movement，significantly lowered the surface subsidence and horizontal displacement gradient.The surface tends to keep uniform movement and continuous deformation，which can effectively guarantee the safety of buildings.
    Application of Uncertainty Measurement Theory in Underground Goaf Risk Evaluation
    WU He-Ping, ZHOU Xu
    2014, 43(12):  175-180. 
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    Goaf disaster is one of frequently-occurred mining disasters.The uncertainty measurement theory is used to evaluate the risk of goaf.Considering that the factor value for affecting the stability of the goaf are easily grasped and of significance，13 factors of goaf risks are regarded as the discriminant index by comprehensive analysis，including rock structure，geological structure，intensity of surrounding rocks，hydrological condition，goaf shape，ore-body dip，high-span ratio，goaf volume，burial depth，maximum exposure area，exposure time，mining disturbances，and the condition of the neighboring goaf.The measurement function of each evaluation index is established based on the hazard degree of underground goaf and evaluation indexes' grading standards，and combining with the mechanism of underground goaf instability and some relevant research results as well.Then，the index weights and the comprehensive measurement of multiple indicators are calculated by using the information entropy theory.The hazard degree of underground goaf can be judged by credible recognition rule.This method is used to make evaluation on hazard of 12 underground goafs in a certain metal mine.The results show that the discrimination conclusion by this method is similar to the conclusion by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and the matter-element analysis method，proving that the method is reliable and practical and can be applied and promoted to the actual engineering.
    3D Laser Scanning Detecting Technology and Stability Analysis of Goaf
    LI Qun-1, LI Zhan-Jin, LI Li
    2014, 43(12):  181-184. 
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    Due to constraints from the geological conditions of goaf and the detection techniques,the traditional detection techniques for goaf cannot obtain accurate data from the area where the staff cannot enter in.The reliability based on these cavity data is so low for stability analysis of goaf.Therefore,3D laser scanning system(MDL-VS150) is used to make an accurate laser scanning.3D point cloud data,based on the 3D laser scanning,are adopted to build 3D entity model of the goaf by 3Dmine software.Based on FLAC3D software,the stability of goaf is analyzed.Then,the displacement and stress of the goaf in an Iron Mine are analyzed according to the simulation calculation results.The maximum vertical displacement is about 4.437 cm,and the maximum tensile and compressive stress in the surrounding rock are respectively 0.795 MPa and 3.221 MPa,which are lower than the tensile and compressive strength of rock.Therefore,goaf is presently in a stable state and collapse will not occur in a short term.However,the effective treatment measures should be taken timely for the long-term development of the mine.
    Non-probabilistic Reliability Analysis of Rock Slope Based on Polygonal Line Sliding
    WANG Yu-Bo, YANG Yong-Sheng
    2014, 43(12):  185-187. 
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    Stability study of high-steep slope is an important research topic in surface mining.Because of the complex compose of the rock and soil mass，the uncertainty of the parameter of the rock and soil mass can not be precisely described by the traditional safety factor method.Through the rock laboratory test on the polygonal line sliding failure mode partition，strength reduction on the rock laboratory test parameter was made according to the actual situation of the rock mass in this slope engineering.At the same time，the uncertainty parameter of the rock and soil mass of the slope was described.According to the failure mode of polygonal line sliding，combing with the transfer coefficient method，the performance function for solving the non-probabilistic reliability index of the polygonal line sliding has been deduced.Combining with the different interval value，the solution of the function will be obtained，and the final non-probabilistic reliability index is got as well.From the perspective of the non-probability，the slope reliability analysis has been studied.
    Impact of Tailings Dam Failure on the Downstream Flood and Collision
    CHEN Xing, ZHU Yuan-Le, XIAO Xiong, HE Zhi-Guo
    2014, 43(12):  188-192. 
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    Such factors as overtopping，collapse，landslide and leakage occurred at dam body give rise to the failure of tailing dam.After failure，the tailing sand with high potential energy will form sand debris flow rushing to the downstream，which brings great risks on the safety of lives and properties of citizens living at downstream.Aiming at the outstanding problem of tailing dam accidents-dam failure，and taking Heyetang tailing pond in Baoshan as an example，the step-by-step simulation method was adopted to analyze the impact of 4# tailing dam failure on the safety of Maanling road at downstream by combining with the momentum process of migration and submerging of tailing debris flow，and the mechanical process of collision between debris flow and obstacles.After failure，the road submerging at downstream by tailing sands and the migration regularity of tailings debris flow directly influence the variation of disaster energy.So，the investigation on the collision between tailing debris flow and obstacles and the variation of energy can reveal the migration regulation so as to discover the submerged area of tailing debris flow at downstream，the migration regulation of tailing sand and the collision on highway at downstream and to discuss the safety of the highway.
    Slip Distance Estimation of Tailing Dam-break Landslide
    GUO Tian-Yong, WU Wei-Wei, DUAN Wei-Ping, YANG Qiang-Sheng
    2014, 43(12):  193-197. 
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    Tailing pond is a great dangerous source of man-made mud-rock flow with high potential energy.Tailings dam-break accident will result in huge impact and destruction when it happens.In order to make emergency hedge plan timely and effectively at the limited time of emergency disposal to reduce the casualties，economic losses，and destruction of ecological environment caused by dam collapse，the slip range the buried tailing area after dam-break need to be correctly estimated，that is，mainly determining the slip distance of dam landslide.In view of the sliding distance estimation of dam-break landslide of tailings，two kinds of sliding model，the rigid sliding along the fold surface model and the rigid sliding along the circular arc surface model，are introduced，and their calculation formulas for dam landslide slip distance are set up.Several main problems related to the landslide of tailings dam-break including diffusion angle，aeration depth，air resistance，slip body height，residual strength，impact several main problems of dynamic pressure and dam are discussed.Through calculation，the results of the both sliding models approach to the actual situation.The two models can provide the reference for the safety management as well as the location of the tailings.
    Study on Early-warning System and Method for Tailings Dam Failure
    WU Zong-Zhi, MEI Guo-Dong
    2014, 43(12):  198-202. 
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    Early warning information of identification，acquisition and analysis are the key techniques to prevent tailings dam failure.Based on the domestic and foreign 121 tailings dam failure accidents，the early-warning system and method is analyzed by means of the principle of risk early warning.The results show that the typical tailings dam failure modes consist of seepage failure and dam overtopping；the warning factor index of seepage failure include water infiltration and dam swamp；the warning factor index of dam overtopping include rainfall，flood storage and discharge capacity of warning indicators；the warning factor index of seismic liquefaction include the earthquake intensity and earthquake liquefaction landslide；the source index system include natural sources warning，inherent sources and anthropogenic sources；the steps of comprehensive early-warning method to tailings dam failure include the acquisition of the flood storage capacity，analysis of the total amount of flood in reservoir，discharging capacity analysis，flood regulating calculation，seepage analysis and anti-slide stability analysis to ensure the stability condition of the dam.These indexes can be as the warning criterions to keep the safe operation of tailings pond.
    Numerical Simulation of Dust Distribution with Far-pressing-near-absorption Ventilation in an Excavation Roadway of High-altitude Mine
    GONG Jian, HU Nai-Lian, LIN Rong-Han, CUI Xiang
    2014, 43(12):  203-208. 
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    In order to study the issue of severe dust pollution in high-altitude mine,and taking a poly-metallic ore in Tibet autonomous region as the engineering background,the comparative experiments were carried out to identify the main particle size distribution in high-altitude mine and the theory of gas-solid two-phase flow was used to make numerical simulation on the efficiency of far-pressing-near-absorption(FPNA) ventilation,the best volume of pressed wind and the optimal ratio of absorption air volume to pressed air volume with FLUENT software.The simulation results were contrasted with the on-site tests.The results indicated that the dust was almost ejected at 1 200 s with FPNA system.The best volume of pressed wind was 150 m3/min and the optimal suction ratio was 0.9.Meanwhile,the simulation results were basically consistent with the on-site data with the dust collection efficiency of more than 90%.At this time,the dust mass concentration in the excavation roadway was maintained within 0.5 mg/m3.
    Wastewater Treatment from Fujian Copper Zinc Ore Flotation Plant with Fenton Reagent
    ZHOU Ji-Kui, YU Lian-Xiang-1, HU Jie
    2014, 43(12):  209-213. 
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    The production wastewater from a copper and zinc dressing plant in Fujian appears clear with neutral Ph value after primarily treated by the flocculating setting process.The content of suspended solids and heavy metal ion in wastewater reach the national emission standards，but it contains a lot of organic matter，such as butyl xanthate lifting the COD value up to 377.2 mg/L，neither directly discharged nor directly reused.In order to drop the COD value to be 100 mg/L or less to meet the requirement of discharge or reuse，Fenton reagent was adopted to carry out the experiments for removal of COD.The results showed that:with the initial pH of 3，the dosage of H2O2 solution(30% in concentration) 2 mL/L，and dosage of FeSO4·7H2O 0.5 g/L，and stirring for 60 min，COD value in the wastewater was reduced to 25.2 mg/L，and the corresponding COD removal was up to 93.32%，thus showing that Fenton reagent own a high efficiency in the degradation of xanthate and other organic matter in wastewater from beneficiation of non-ferrous metal ore.
    Progress on the Utilization of Inert Tailings to Produce Building Materials in China
    LI Ming-Dong, ZHANG Zhi-Feng, ZHU Li-Ping, WAN Feng, TIAN An-Guo
    2014, 43(12):  213-217. 
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    A large amount of tailings has been produced in mining industry，which occupy lands and pollute environment，and also induce hazard sometimes.Building materials demand is huge in China，meanwhile the natural resources has been in shortage.The utilization of tailings to produce building materials can solve the two problems mentioned above simultaneously.Cases of using active tailings to produce building materials are successful，but there are more difficulty in using inert tailings to produce building materials，and less successful cases.Successful application of inert tailings in sintered brick，autoclaved brick，concrete aggregate and aerated concrete are introduced，and progress on the utilization of inert tailings to produce building materials are reviewed and summarized.Inert tailings can be sintered or autoclaved to produce bricks of MU7.5-MU20.It can be as additive to improve the performance of the bricks，as well as fine aggregate in the production of concrete of C100.It can be autoclaved to produce aerated concrete with the highest strength 3~6 MPa.To promote the utilization of tailings，the misconception that products made from the waste are not good，should be converted.And more co-operation and coordination of different departments are needed.The research provides a reference for the utilization of inert tailings，environmental protection of the mine，and tailings management to avoid hazards.