Table of Content

14 April 2018, Volume 47 Issue 04

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Basic Theory and Development Trends of Ultra-deep Shaft Construction

ZHAO Xing-Dong

2018, 47(04):  1-10. 

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The definition of deep mining and its considering influence factors are introduced,which can be helpful to differentitate “deep mining” and “deep shaft”.Meanwhile,the critical depth of ultra-deep shaft also is given according to the requirement of different countries.The key problems of deep mining are high stress induced by deep mining,dynamic controlling and cooling technique.This issue summarizes the basic conditions of deep mining,the development of deep shaft construction,and analyzes also the distinction of deep mining in different countries in the world.The under (proposed) constructions of ultra-deep shaft in China have been statistics and summary.The constructions of deep shaft mainly distribute in the Gold,Non-ferrous and Iron industry,and the depth of shaft construction is about 1 500 m.In contrast to other countries,the deep mines have single kind ore and low grade in China.For theoretical analysis of ultra-deep shaft,the stress analysis of surrounding rockmass,design of cross-section shape and shaft lining respectively have been analyzed,and the key problem of theory and technique have been presented in deep shaft construction in China.For the sinking technique,the problems of drilling and blasting,systematic mechanized construction,platform and steel ropes respectively have been introduced in detail in China.On account of the stability of ultra-deep shaft under the complex stress circumstances,the elliptic structure and energy absorbing lining of shaft has been provided.The research progress of sinking equipment,platform and steel rope was also introduced,which can provide reference for the construction of ultra-deep shaft in China.

Research Progress of Backfill Binders Prepared with Industrial Solid Wastes

MA Xu-Ming, NI Wen, XU Dong

2018, 47(04):  8-17. 

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Backfill binder is the key to the extensive application of cemented backfill technology in the large-scale exploitation and deep mining of mineral resources.Cement，which is used as the most common binder，has the problems of high energy consumption in production and high backfill cost.Using the industrial solid wastes with potential cementitious activity to prepare binder can lower the cost，improve the performance of backfill material and enhance the comprehensive utilization of solid wastes.Based on the kinds of industrial solid wastes，the application of steel slag，blast furnace slag，fly ash and non-ferrous metallurgical slag in preparing the binder was introduced.The activation methods of industrial solid wastes cementitious activity are mechanical activation and chemical activation.The activation mechanism and application of two activation methods were discussed，respectively.Lastly，the effects of binder prepared with industrial solid wastes on the strength，stability and environmental safety of backfill materials were analyzed.

Research Progress on Filter Design of Tailing Dam Drainage System

YAN Zhi-Kun, ZHONG Qi-Ming, BIAN Shi-Hai, MEI Shi-Ang

2018, 47(04):  18-26. 

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Horizontal drainage pipe and radial well are the typical drainage systems for tailings reservoir.The geotextile is the main filter material for drainage pipe (radial tube)，but its filter layer lacks of strict filter design，and its filtration performance is quite different.Through describing the typical filter structure and the effect of each part on the filter performance，the existing filter criteria and the filter test techniques，and the progress on durability of filter layer，research progresses on the tailings statistical characteristics，the geotextile parameters，filtering process of geotextile filter layer are summarized，and several research directions in filter design of the tailings dam drainage system are pointed out，including researchs on impacting of physical and mechanical properties of tailing on geotextile filter layer, characterization methodology of geotextile, measurement of geotextile characteristic parameters, long-term filtration test methodology and equipment, and numerical method for filtration process of geotextile filter,which provides references for the filter design of the tailings dam drainage system.

Discussion on Application and Mechanism of Air Bubble,Oil Bubble and Reactive Oil Bubble in Flotation

ZHOU Fang, CHI Ru-An

2018, 47(04):  27-34. 

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Flotation is widely employed to recovery minerals.Air bubble as the flotation carrier plays an important role in the flotation process.Air bubble flotation，modified oil bubble(air bubbles covered with a thin layer of oil collectors) flotation and reactive oily bubble flotation (air bubbles covered with a thin layer of neutral oil containing collectors) were compared in terms of air bubble-oil bubble-reactive oily bubble.The flotation dynamics indicate that the conventional air bubble flotation and the modified oil bubble flotation is a two-step process，but the reactive oily bubble can achieve one-step flotation，which decrease the adhesion energy of bubble and mineral particles and improve the flotation efficiency.The surface property of reactive oily bubble was analyzed from the liberation degree of collector at oil-water interface，suggesting that the surface property of reactive oily bubble is determined by the solution pH and the collector added in the neutral oil.DLVO theory is applied to analyze the interaction energy between different bubbles and mineral particles to explain the superiority of reactive oily bubble over air bubble and oily bubble in the flotation process.The reactive oil bubble successful application in flotation reveals that the interaction between reactive oily bubble and mineral surface is stronger than traditional interaction between air bubbles and mineral surface.The reactive oily bubble shows a stronger collecting power to minerals compared with air bubble and oil bubble flotation.This novel technology can improve the flotation efficiency and decrease the collector dosage.Reactive oily bubble as flotation carrier opened up a new research field from a special visual of bubble for the flotation industry.

Research Progress of Flotation Separation and Separation Depressants of Copper-Molybdenum Mixed Concentrate

ZHANG Nai-Xu, LIU Wen-Gang, WEI De-Zhou

2018, 47(04):  35-41. 

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Copper and molybdenum sulfide ores are usually closely associated and have similar floatability.The flotation separation of copper-molybdenum sulfide ore has always been the focus of researchers.The floatation separation of copper-molybdenum mixed concentrate was introduced from two aspects of process and pharmacy.Mixed flotation process is often used in the copper-molybdenum flotation,and the floatability difference between chalcopyrite and molybdenite decreased after they interact with the collector,prior to the flotation separation of chalcopyrite and molybdenite,pretreatment is usually carried out to reduce the use of depressants.Common pretreatment processes include heating treatment,concentration removal treatment,oxidation removal,plasma treatment and so on.For the problems existing in copper-molybdenum separation process,mineral processing workers put forward lots of new copper-molybdenum separation processes such as nitrogen-filled flotation,flotation column separation,pulsing high-gradient magnetic separation,and heating separation.The types and application of depressants for copper-molybdenum flotation separation were introduced.Inorganic inhibitors include sodium sulfide,cyanide,and noke’s agent,organic depressants include sulfhydryls,thios,xanthogens,etc.It is pointed out that before copper-molybdenum flotation separation,the pretreatment method of copper-molybdenum mixed concentrate needs further optimization to increase the difference of floatability between chalcopyrite and molybdenite.The copper-molybdenum separation depressants currently used in industry still have defects such as easy oxidation,high consumption,high toxicity,and high price.Therefore,it is necessary to increase investment in the development of new flotation depressant reagents with high efficiency,low toxicity,low cost and easy degradation.

Caving Process Control and Monitoring Technology of Mined-out Area in Xiaowanggou Iron Mine

LIU Na, REN Feng-Yu, ZHANG Dong-Jie

2018, 47(04):  42-46. 

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There are large-scale consecutive underground mined-out areas in Xiaowanggou iron mine，which seriously threatens the safety of highway transportation and subsidiary buildings of the mine.In order to eliminate the threat of mined out area to the roads and buildings，it is decided to backfill the wasted rocks into the collapse pit to control the expansion of the collapse pit.The FLAC3D numerical simulation was used to predict the caving time of the mine-out area，and simulated tests on the surface displacement development of the collapse pit filled with waste rocks or not were carried out.Finally，the caving process of the mined-out area and the variation of the caving height after the waste rocks were filled were monitored by the drilling monitoring process.The field practice suggests that the caving process can be effectively controlled by backfilling the collapse pit with the waste rocks.

Research on Deep Metal Mines Pressure Relief Mining

LI Xue-Feng, HUANG Hai-Bin, XIE You-Sheng, LIU Meng-Xi

2018, 47(04):  47-52. 

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In order to ensure the safe,efficient and economic exploitation of deep resources，taking the deep 105 orebody from a certain mining company in Guangxi as research object，investigation on pressure relief mining for a potential stress induced disaster in the process of large scale mining of deep 105 orebody was carried out.According to the rock bursting of the deep 105 orebody and surrounding rock in the mining area,combining technical conditions and mining process,stress level and rock mass mechanics parameters in mining area,four kinds of pressure relief schemes are put forward,and the pressure relief effect of four schemes is simulated and analyzed by using FLAC3D and Plot Digitizer software.The results show that：arrangement of relief groove on both sides of the stope reduces stope surrounding stress by 14.8%；arrangement of relief groove on roof and floor of the stope is failure；deep-hole pressure release blasting in hanging wall of the stope reduces stope surrounding stress by 50.4%,so there is an effective stress buffer zone formed between ore-body and surrounding rock；An ore block sub-step mining reduces stope surrounding stress by 63.6%.Finally,the optimal scheme of the ore block sub-step mining is determined after comparing and analyzing the maximum principal stress.

Analysis on the Influence of Surface Restrictions on Optimization Results in Shuguang Gold-copper Mine in Hunchun

LI Jin-Duo, YANG Tian-Hong, DENG Wen-Xue, ZHENG Guang-Bin, LIN Yi-Bin, LIU Qing-Fu

2018, 47(04):  53-57. 

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In the optimization of the open-pit boundary，the variation of the optimization parameters has a great influence on the ultimate pit limits.The surface restriction is one of the most important parameters for optimization.The effect of surface restriction on boundary optimization was analyzed to determine the rationality of the ultimate pit limits and achieve the maximum benefits.Taking Shuguang Gold-copper Mine in Hunchun as a case，the mine is divided into different regions according to the final slope division and the slope optimization result.According to the geological exploration data and actual production data of the open pit，the common Kriging method is used to estimate the grade value and the grade model is built.Then，the open-pit mine boundary with surface restrictions and no surface restrictions is optimized based on L-G graph theory.The optimization results showed that more than 28.67 million tons of ores are additionally explored in the mine with no surface restrictions boundary，compared with that of the surface restrictions，and the effect of surface restrictions is not obvious when the price is low.The surface restriction has the greatest influence on the Ⅳ zone.If the Ⅳ area is to be mined，such costs as mineral rights，forest rights and other costs are less than 160 million yuan.

Research and Application of Open Pit Slope Shallow Surface Nondestructive Detection Technology

SUN Guang-Lin, HU Jiang-Chun, BIAN Ya-Dong, TAO Zhi-Gang, LIANG Ming-Xing

2018, 47(04):  58-62. 

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In order to ascertain the development of slope shallow landslide from the footwall 334 m platform to 370 m platform in Nanfen open-pit iron mine and determine the speciation of potential slope sliding surface，the ground penetrating radar and the numerical methods are used to detect and analyze platforms of 334 m，346 m and 370 m.Ground penetration radar survey results show that there is a continuous broken belt in this region.The profile for landslide mass，broken zone and slide bed are achieved.Numerical simulation results indicate that broken belt has a strong influence on slope stability in the region and causes a decrease in slope stability.The potential landslide sliding surface is constituted by the crushed zone.The landslide ground penetrating radar detection results provides the basis reference data for prevention and control landslide disaster in Nanfen mine.

Improving Drilling Precision of Simba 1354 Middle-deep Hole Rig in Jingtieshan Mine

WANG Xiao-Lin, CHEN Yong-Qi, CHENG Guo-Hua

2018, 47(04):  63-66. 

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In order to find out the reason for poor blasting effect in Huashugou mining area of Jingtieshan Mine，and satisfy the need of precision in formation of cutting groove by once middle-deep hole blasting,the tests for improving middle-deep hole drilling accuracy of Simba 1354 rig have been carried out in Jingtieshan Mine.The deviation ratio of medium-deep hole in construction reaches 6.8% at present,resulting in overlong distance between bottom holes and poor effect of middle-deep hole blasting.Therefore,the plan for improving the quality of rock drilling was put forward.Through strengthening the maintenance of the cutting tools,reducing the advancing pressure and improving the drilling rod construction measures,the deviation ratio of Simba 1354 middle-deep hole drilling rig was reduced from 6.8% to 1.8%,so the plan can obviously improve the drilling precision of middle deep hole drilling.On this basis，some technical measures to improve the precision of drilling were summarized，which provides the technical support for guaranteeing the formation of the cutting groove by once middle-deep hole blasting,and improving the blasting effect.

Research on Extension of Non-hole-through Jointed Rock Mass under Direct Shear Test

LI Ru-Jia, QI Xi-Li, LIU Yuan-Ming, YU Yang

2018, 47(04):  67-71. 

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By studying the mechanical characteristics and theoretical analysis of the non-hole-through jointed rock mass in the direct shear test,the softening linear curve of the working face is deduced.Abaqus numerical simulation software is used to simulate the extension and the direct shear test of through-type jointed rock mass under different normal pressure,connectivity and fluctuation angle,and study on the relationship between the fracture expansion of the quasi-brittle materials and the fracture process zone.The strength characteristics of the non-hole-through jointed rock mass in extension were studied.The new softening linear curve was optimized,and the numerical simulation test and the results of direct shear test were compared.Based on these,the numerical simulation on the extension of non-hole-through jointed rock mass obtained by the optimized softening curve agrees well with the results of direct shear test.

Study on Prevention Measures of Rock Burst Based on Geological Characteristics of Mine Engineering

YANG Min, LIN Man-Qing, ZHANG Dian-Ji, PENG Ya-Li, WAN Hong-Yuan, TIAN Chun-Man

2018, 47(04):  72-76. 

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Based on the lithological character and geological environment of a mine in Yichang,and combined with the field rock burst characteristics and laboratory tests,the prevention measures are put forward after analyzing the main reason of the rock burst in experiments.The results showed that,①the rock mass of the mine roof which contains siliceous dolomite,has strong rock burst tendency under the horizontal stress environment.②The rock burst rate and intensity in mining area are bigger than that in roadway,as the geometric size of the excavation roadway is much smaller than that of the mining area,and the surrounding rock in mining area is affected from many factors.②The rock burst can be protected by reducing the stress concentration of the surrounding rock and strengthening the safety management measures,according to the special initial stress and the geological environment.

Shear Strength Characteristics and Meso Mechanism of Mercury Slag in Danzhai County，Guizhou Province

LI Xin-Wei, LI Hui, CAO Yang-Bing, WANG Si-Yang

2018, 47(04):  77-81. 

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Mercury slag accumulation are widely distributed on natural slopes in Guizhou province of China，which are of great danger and harmfulness，so it is in urgent need to study its shear strength characteristics and mechanism.Mercury slag has the characteristics of loose structure，poor sorting，different particle size and weak cementation.A typical site of Danzhai county，Guizhou province was selected to carry out the mercury slag particle analysis test and the field large-scale direct shear test.Based on the particle discrete element PFC2D program，the numerical tests corresponding to the field direct shear test were carried out，and the meso mechanism of shear resistance was studied.The curves and shear strength parameters obtained by field test and numerical test are close to each other，which proves the reliability and high fidelity of the numerical test.Test results show that：When the shear stress is near the peak，the obvious tensile force appears near the shear zone，but the tensile force is not obvious in the far zone.As the shear proceeds，the particles of the active shear plate move to the right as a whole;while the particles of the fixed plate near the shear plate and the shear band also move towards the right.There are several stress concentration zones near the shear zone，and the stress is larger as it closes to the shear wall.Large particles have great influences on stress distribution.The stress concentration zone in the fixed plate is close to the shear band，and the stress concentration zone of the active shear plate is more widely distributed and more greatly affected by the shear action.

Research on the Disease Treatment of Secondary Lining Thickness Lack in Tunnel

LI Ke

2018, 47(04):  82-87. 

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The disease of secondary lining thickness lack directly reduces the reliability of tunnel structure.Taking a certain tunnel as the research object,the secondary lining thickness lack at its left line and right line were treated,and statistical analysis on the diseases was made from two aspects of variation of longitudinal mileage,and different positions of cross section.The numerical analysis software was used to numerically simulate the stress of lining structure and to verify the performance of treatments,aiming to provide some references for treatment of tunnel lining disease.The main achievements were listed as follows:①On the cross-sectional position,the most serious disease of lining thickness lack is in the position of vault,and the defect rate decreases sequentially from the vault to hance,and then to arch foot.②In the longitudinal mileage,there are a lot of sections with more serious disease of secondary lining thickness lack,including the section of ZK125+400~ZK125+800 at vault of left line,ZK126+200~ZK127+200 and ZK127+400~ZK128+200 at hance of left line,as well as the section of K125+900~K127+800 at vault of right line,K125+400~K126+400 at left hance,K126+600~K127+600 of right hance.So it is suggested to strengthen the monitoring of tunnel lining quality.③The variation of internal force and safety factor of lining structure before and after its treatment on secondary lining thickness lack were grasped,showing that there is a significantly increase in the bearing capacity of lining and in the safety factor of the hance and the arch foot,which is beneficial to the force of tunnel side wall.It proves that the treatment is effective.

Mineral Processing Research on a Lead-Zinc Sulphide Ore in Sichuan

YAN Qun, HUANG He-Ping, LI Xiao-Sheng, FENG Bo

2018, 47(04):  88-92. 

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It is difficult to separate lead and zinc from the on-site process of a lead-zinc sulfide mine in Sichuan Province.The zinc content in lead concentrate is high，and the lead and silver recovery rate is low.In order to improve on-site sorting indicators，beneficiation process test was conducted based on the study of the properties of the lead-zinc sulfide ore.Chemical multielement analysis results showed that there is 1.03% Pb，6.28% Zn and 37.16 g/t Ag，main minerals of the ore are sphalerite and galena.The gangue minerals are mainly dolomite，calcite，and quartz. Beneficiation experiment results indicated via flotation process of one-roughing，three-cleaning and one-scavenging lead flotation in neutral environment and one-roughing，one-cleaning and one- scavenging zinc flotation in high alkali environment.Finally obtained lead concentrate of 57.45% Pb，6.09% Zn and 501.58g/t Ag，Pb recovery of 71.17%，and Zinc concentrate of 53.11% Zn，0.95% Pb and 235.11g/t Ag，Zn recovery of 93.45%.Compared with on-site production indicators，the number of beneficiation processes was significantly reduced，while the lead concentrate grade was increased by 12.11 percentage points，the lead metal recovery rate was increased by 12.46 percentage points，and the recovery of silver metal in lead concentrates and zinc concentrates was improved by 61.97 percentage points.

Multipurpose Utilization Research of a Low Grade Phosphate Ore in Qinghai Province

CHENG Hong-Wei, LIU Chang-Miao, WEI Min, WU Dong-Yin, 吕Zi-Hu , ZHAO Deng-Kui

2018, 47(04):  92-98. 

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Main mineral composition of Shangzhuang phosphate ore in Qinghai is diopside，biotite,（fluorine) apatite and magnetite，and a small amount of feldspar，titanite and calcite.The grades of P₂O₅，TFe and K₂O are 3.52%，9.08% and 3.77% respectively.The biotite is irregular flake，coarse grain，apatite mostly distributed among diopside，biotite and magnetite，the particle size generally between 0.3~1.5 mm，and is easy to be separated.Biotite and diopside grain size relatively coarse，while parcel phenomenon is common in the ore.In order to provide reference for the development and utilization of the ore，mineral processing experiment of laboratory was carried out.The results indicated that，via rod rough grinding (78.22% -0.35 mm) grading (d= 0.35 mm)，gravity separation on coarse grained biotite，fine-grain rod regrinding (50.90% -74 μm) and thebn one roughing two cleaning one scavenging flotation recovery of apatite，three stage magnetic separation recovery magnetite from flotation tailings(first stage magnetic concentrate ground to 94.00% -74 μm)，flotation separation diopside and fine-grained biotite from magnetic tailings after classification (d=45 μm) desilting.P₂O₅ grade and recovery of phosphorus concentrate is 32.01% and 92.85%;K₂O grade and recovery of coarse-grained biotite concentrate is 9.58% and 20.80%，K₂O grade and recovery of fine-grained biotite concentrate is 8.38% and 37.38%;total recovery rate of biotite is 58.18%，besides，TFe grade and recovery of iron concentrate is 62.35% and 33.62%.Satisfactory results were obtained in laboratory experiments，in the case of ensuring the recovery indicators of apatite and magnetite，mica and diopside were comprehensive recovered，realized useful minerals effectively recovered.

Separation Experiment on a Lead-Zinc Polymetallic Ore in Dajianshan of Guangdong

SHI Gui-Ming, ZHOU Yi-Chao, LIU Qin, ZHANG Jing-Jing, LI Ming, TANG Shi-Yu

2018, 47(04):  99-104. 

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There is 2.10% Pb，3.805% Zn，and 35.85 g/t Ag in a lead-zinc polymetallic ore in Dajianshan of Guangdong.Lead and zinc mainly exists in form of sulfide minerals，lead sulfide and zinc sulfide accounts for 95.71% and 95.84% of total lead and total zinc，respectively.To provide technique basis for development and utilization of the ore，beneficiation experiment was conducted.Results indicated that，at grinding fineness of 80% passing 74 μm，using CaO as pulp pH regulator，zinc sulfide as depressor，ammonium dibutyl dithiophosphate + butyl xanthate as collector，via two roughing three cleaning four scavenging flotation，tailings of lead flotation using CaO as pulp pH regulator，CuSO₄ as activator，butyl xanthate as collector，via one roughing three cleaning four scavenging flotation，lead concentrate with 60.29% Pb，recovery of 92.02%，826.13 g/t silver，recovery of 72.75%，3.64% Zn，Zinc concentrate with 48.32% Zn，recovery of 92.30%，and 0.95% Pb was obtained.

Effect of Feed Particle Size and Product Particle Size on It's Bond Ball Mill Work Index

WANG Ze-Hong, ZHOU Peng-Fei, NING Guo-Dong, MAO Chao-Yong

2018, 47(04):  105-109. 

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The feed particle size requirement of Bond Standard Ball Mill Work Index determination is -3.2 mm，which is hard to obtain in some cases.Therefore，it is indispensable to study the relation between the Bond Standard Ball Mill Work Index and the material particle size.This is a significant theoretical guidance to broaden the application range of Bond Work Index，especially for the precision design and calculation of the second grinding mill and regrinding mill.Homogeneous material quartz and heterogeneous material iron ore as the experimental materials，and the Bond Work Index determination program was adopted to investigate the Bond Standard Ball Mill Work Index changing law with the feed particle size and the product particle size.Further，the mathematical model relationship was established between the Bond Work Index and the feed particle size as well as the product particle size.The test results indicated that with the controlled sieve size smaller，the Bond Ball Mill Work Index shows a trend of increase，and the increase of quartz is larger than that of iron ore.The relationship between the Bond Work Index and the control mesh size (μm) can be described by a quadratic function.The finer the feed size is，the coarser the product size（P₈₀） will be when the grinding cycle reaches equilibrium.However，when the mesh size is small to a certain extent，the granularity change of the product is not obvious.Whether it is homogenous material quartz or non-homogeneous material iron ore，the Bond Ball Mill Work Index changes exponentially with the feed particle size.The Bond Standard Ball Mill Work Index for homogenous material quartz ranges from 1.7 to 3.2 mm for feed size and 0.9 to 3.2 mm for heterogeneous material iron ore，the former is narrower and the latter is wider.If the range of the feed particle size is less than aforementioned，then the result of the measurement needs to be corrected.

Effect of Crushing Method on Micro Crack Characteristics of Magnetite Ore in Eastern Hebei Province

LIANG Guang-Quan, XIA Xi-Wen, WEI De-Zhou, XU Xin-Yang

2018, 47(04):  110-113. 

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To investigate grinding method on micro cracks characteristics in grain of ground products，using a magnetite ore from Eastern Hebei Province area as object，comparison of products from high pressure roller mill and jaw crusher was conducted.Micro cracks characteristics difference was analyzed on different crushing products.Influence of micro cracks on ground products was studied by detection of Bond Ball Mill Work Index.The results show that the number of cracks and cleavage cracks ground by high-pressure roller mill were significantly higher than that of jaw crusher products，with the decrease in particle size range，micro crack length，width and number were increased，while the product particles surface roughness also increased significantly；The Bond Ball Mill Work Index (target particle size -0.15 mm and -0.074 mm) decreased by 13.55% and 14.14% respectively.Using high pressure roller mill can effectively reduce the grinding energy consumption；Under the condition of same grinding fineness，material with more micro cracks，iron mineral content in fine grained is more higher，particle size distribution is more reasonable at the same time，but the growth trend with the increase of grinding fineness gradually lower.The experimental results can provide theoretical basis for reducing the grinding cost of Jidong magnetite to save energy and to reduce the cost and increase the efficiency.

Research Method Discussion on Interaction Mechanism of Flotation Reagent and Minerals

LIU Xue-Yong, HAN Yue-Xin

2018, 47(04):  114-120. 

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The mechanism of interaction mechanism of flotation reagent and minerals is very complex，and it clearly provides a theoretical basis for mechanism of flotation reagents and minerals for flotation reagent molecular design.There is a lot of achievements on the research of flotation reagent and mineral surface，through the analysis and experimental test in recent years.The various research methods of flotation reagent and mineral interaction mechanism are summarized，and several main research methods are introduced.Single Mineral Test，Zets Potential，Contact Angle，Adsorption Capacity，etc.can be used to determine the properties，strength and floatability of minerals and minerals;The reaction mode of flotation reagents and minerals can be analyzed by means of IR，UV，XPS，SIMS and AES;The Molecular Simulation Technology can be used to simulate the action process of flotation reagent with mineral from the micro level，and the law of action was obtained.With the help of related research methods，it provides a powerful tool for studying the structure of mineral surface，understanding the interaction process between minerals and flotation reagents，and exploring the mechanism of mineral action.Finally，it is pointed out that molecular simulation technology will be widely applied in the research of flotation reagents mechanism and play an important role in improving the research efficiency and the development of new flotation reagents.

Research on Occurrence Status of Gold from Gold Mine in Wulonggou of Qinghai

XIE Zhuo-Hong, LIANG Dong-Yun

2018, 47(04):  121-125. 

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The precious metal mineral of Wulonggou gold ore in Qinghai is mainly natural gold and the gold grade is 2.43 g/t.Associated silver grade is also relatively lower.It is microfine-superfine disseminated gold deposit，containing carbon and arsenic.It is difficult to mineral processing and smelting.X-ray fluorimetric analysis，chemical analysis，mineralogical microscope，X-ray diffraction analysis，MLA mineral automatic quantitative system was used to research mineral chemical contents，structure，mineral components and stockpile status of the ore.The result shows that:①Valuable elements is gold and silver，harmful substances carbon and arsenic contents is high.Gold containing minerals are include natural gold，aurostibite，maldonite and petziteetc.②Gold mainly in microscopy，super microscopy dispersed state included in arsenopyrite or loelling，some contained in gangue minerals of sericite，chlorite and quartz，small amount contained in pyrite and pyrrhotite，most particle size is less than 1 μm.③Mainly gold dissemination size is microfine，98.45% gold size was less than 0.04 mm，pyrite，toxic sand and pyrrhotite are of medium and fine，suitable for flotation.④Gold recovery has closed relationship with the sulfur arsenic recovery，arsenopyrite recycle should especially pay more attention to.The results provide technical basis for rational exploitation and utilization of the ore.

Study on Production of Pellet by Compound Binder Prepared with Purified Bentonite

YIN Zhi-Xiang, LI Xiu-Chen, BAI Yang, WANG Guo-Liang, LIANG Yi, NING Zhi-Yang

2018, 47(04):  126-130. 

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In order to reduce the addition of bentonite，which is used for preparation of pellets using magnetite powder as main material，explore the application of low-grade bentonite in pellet industry.Influence of adding compound binder on quality of green pellet was investigated，using compound binder mixed with bentonite purified by hydrocyclones and organic binder CMC.The results show that Φ150 mm and Φ75 mm hydroclones in order，with classification pressure of 0.1 MPa and 0.2 MPa respectively，content of montmorillonite is enriched from 60.25% to 81.04% with yield rate of 60.93% and the recovery rate is 81.95%.When compound binder prepared with CMC dosage is 3% of purified bentonite，screw extrusion is 3 times.The matching ratio of binder in pellets can be reduced to 0.8%，the drop strength of green pellets is 5.2 times，explosion temperature is 475 ℃ and the compressive strength of green pellets is 12.85 N/P，which meet the property requirements of pellet.The use of compound binder to prepare pellets is beneficial to the energy saving，and is one of the development trends in pelletizing industry in the future.

Sb Geochemical Characteristics and Prospecting Potential of Sb-Au Deposit in Nibashan Area,Qinghai Province

BAI Guo-Dian, PEI Zhong-Chao, WANG Yan-Hui, FANG Huai-Bin, 吕Ji-Gen , WANG Kun

2018, 47(04):  131-139. 

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Nibashan area of Qinghai Province is located in the suture belt of Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic named Jingyu Lake-A'nyemaqen of the South China plate that lied at the south of Dongkunnan fault.According to the analysis results of the enrichment characteristics of the element such as Sb etc.In Nibashan Area,Qinghai Province,the combination and correlation characteristics of the chemical element in the area are discussed.By the comparison analysis of the Sb element abnormity obtained by 1∶50 000 stream sediment survey and 1∶10 000 soil geochemcial survey,it is show that the reproducibility of Sb element abnormity is perfect,and accompanying the element combination of Au,Cu,Pb,Zn,etc.,the horizontal banding phenomenon of the element combination is appeared significantly,besides that,the element combination is also characterized by stratabound Sb element abnormity.Based on the above geochemical survey results of the area,the engineering verification of Sb element abnormity is done,and one antimony ore-body and one gold ore-body are found,the grade of antimony of the former from 0.48% to 5.97%,with the average grade of antimony is 3.23%,grade of gold of the later is 1.2 g/t.The study results indicated that:①turbidite of Changmahe Formation is the parent rock mass of Au-Sb deposit in the area,the favorable channels of magmatic and hydrothermal are provided by faults,therefore,the distribution of Au-Sb ore-body is controlled strictly by the rock mass and faults;②ideal prospecting results in the area can be obtained by using the integrated prospecting method of 1∶50 000 stream sediment survey,1∶10 000 soil geochemcial survey,geochemical investigation and trenching engineering verification,and antimony ore-bodies might be found in these areas where the Sb content is higher than 20×10-6 by using 1∶10 000 soil geochemical survey method.Based on the above study results,three prospecting target areas (named A,B and C) are delineated,among them,Sb-Au ore-body (ore mineralized body) are found in the A prospecting target area by trending engineering verification,which further indicated the prospecting potential of Au-Sb deposit of the area is good.

Geological Characteristics and Deep Prospecting Prediction of Xiandong Tungsten Deposit

HUANG De-Jing

2018, 47(04):  140-144. 

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Xiangdong tungsten deposit is located at the contact zone of Yangtze Plate and Huaxia Plate,it is distributed in the intersection part of Dengfushan-Zhuguangshan NW-trending tectonic magmatic zone and Lingxian-Linwu NE-trending tectonic magmatic zone,the genesis of the deposit is quartz vein type tungsten deposit.The mining activities of the mining area has been lasted for more than 60 years since the mine is put into operation in the 1950s.The tungsten resources already explored in the mining area is close to depletion,the mine is gradually becoming the resource crisis mine.It is of great significance to conduct the prospecting work of the depth of the mining area and its adjacent area,to expand the resource reserve and extend the service live of the mine.Based on the geological prospecting results newly obtained in the minging area,the regional metallogenic geological background,geological characteristics of the mining area and tungsten deposit are discussed,and the deep prospecting prediction of tungsten deposit of the mining area is done.The study results show that:①the metallogenic material and space are provided by the large fault (it is mainly composed by EW-trending Laoshanao fault (F1) and NE-trending Jinzhulong fault (F2)) formed by medium mica granites magma and tectonic activity in Early Yanshanian,the ore veins after mineralization are broken by the tectonic activity in Late Yanshanian;②the main tectonic activities such as extrusion activity in Caledonian and Indo-Chinese Epoch,extending activity in Early Yanshanian,extrusion activity in Late Yanshanian are developed in the mining area;③according to the metallogenic geological characteristics of the mining area,the deep prospecting results indicated that the prospecting potential of the deep fracture developed zone of the lower of Laoshanao fault (F1),east and deep of SS2 and SS3 ore veins,depth of F8 fault are huge,it is necessary to conduct further prospecting and exploration work in theses areas.

Measurement and Calculation for Stope Volume of a Gold Mine Based on Laser 3D Scanning Technique

LI Peng-Yu, JIANG Yue, ZONG Qi, MOU Zhan-Wu, YUAN Xin, JIANG Yan

2018, 47(04):  145-149. 

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In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of stope acceptance measurement in gold mine,taking the under stope of a gold mine in shandong Province as the study example,the underground volume of the mine is measured and calculated by adopting 3D laser scanning method instead of traditional measurement method.According to the measurement mode of 3D laser scanning,the data processing flow is discussed,the measurement error analysis method is established,the influence of the error of 3D laser scanning and sampling interval to stope volume calculation is studied,data format conversion and data sharing mechanism are analyzed,besides that,the application of 3D laser scanning data and the influence of different contour interval and thin interval to the calculation accuracy of stope volume are analyzed.The study results show that 3D spatial data can be obtained by using 3D laser scanning technique,and some related model with high precision can be established,besides that,in order to improve the calculation accuracy of stope volume,the reasonable sampling interval of 3D laser scanning data is 50~200 mm,the contour interval should be less than 0.5 m and the thin interval should not be greater than 1.5 m.

Deformation Monitoring Method of the Buildings in Mining Area Based on 3D Laser Scanning Technique

JIAO Xiao-Shuang, HU Hai-Feng, LIAN Xu-Gang

2018, 47(04):  150-153. 

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The traditional deformation monitoring methods have some defects such as heavy workload,hard to protect the monitoring points and longtime monitoring,etc..Compared with the traditional monitoring methods,3D laser scanning technique is characterized by non-contact,high density,high precision,large amount of information，fast acquisition of 3D coordinate and so on.Based on the similar material model test,the deformation monitoring flow of the buildings in mining area is proposed by adopting 3D laser scanning technique.Firstly,the 2D similar material model is scanned by using full-station 3D laser scanner in five different mining periods,the point clouds data is pre-processed by using the post-processing software,so as to extract the 3D coordinates of the targets with black and white colors (deformation monitoring points);then,through programming by MATLAB language,the automatic conversion of monitoring points from assumed coordinated to target coordinate is realized,so as to improve the processing efficiency of point clouds data;finally,according to the deformation monitoring flow summarized from the above similar material model test,the deformation monitoring work of the water tower of a mining area is done.The study results show that:the maximum error of the deformation monitoring data obtained by 3D laser scanning technique and total station instrument is 1.8 mm,which is lower than the allowable precision (10 mm) of deformation monitoring.Therefore,it is feasible to use 3D laser scanning technique to monitor the deformation information of the buildings in mining area.

A Distance Discrimination Analysis Model of Unloaded/loaded Running Status for the Mine Trucks

XIANG Shi-Yao

2018, 47(04):  154-158. 

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In order to discriminate the unloaded/loaded running status of the mine heavy-duty truck in open-pit mine，a distance discrimination analysis model of the unloaded/loaded running status was presented.Five factors including tire pressure，tire temperature，velocity，accelerated velocity and environmental temperature are selected as the discrimination factors，and 97 sets of sample data are considered as training samples.Based on the basic principle of the distance discrimination，the discriminant analysis model is established with Mahalanobis distance as the discriminant distance.The rationality of the model is proved by the back substitution results of the training samples and the hypothesis test results.By using this model，the accurate discrimination of the sample was realized，which shows that the model can be applied to judge the unloaded/loaded running state of the mine heavy-duty truck.

Research on Risk Visual Model of Mine Roof Caving

WANG Zi-Jian, Matheus M Kanime, CHENG Wu-Yi, ZHAO Zhen

2018, 47(04):  159-162. 

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Roof control with zoning plan for roof caving risk division，has gradually become a common means of roof management in non-coal mines.However，because of concealing and three-dimensional property of non coal mines，the roof management with zoning plan easily leads to confusion，resulting in difficulty to realize management.In view of this，combining with the related drilling data and the zoning results of roof caving risk，the visualization model of mine roof caving risk was established by using Surpac software to make the mine roof caving risk division more clearly and solid.This model provides an important guide for the roof management in non-coal mines.

Design and Modification of Internal Whirlwind Milling Used in Machining of Rock Drilling Coupling Sleeve in Non Coal Mine

TANG Le-Jun

2018, 47(04):  163-167. 

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The coupling sleeve is an important part of the rock drill tools for non coal mine.The thread processing quality of the coupling sleeve is directly related to the service life of the coupling sleeve.The whirlwind milling is a high speed milling screw device matching with the common lathe.Because of its high velocity，high precision，good surface roughness and so on，it has been paid more and more attention in the industry.The modification methods of the slide plate，the ball screw，the wheel box，the cutter bar and the milling axle box on the ordinary lathe are introduced.At the same time，a brief introduction to the control circuit design of SIEMENS S7-200 series PLC for controlling the main components，including SIEMENS MM440 inverter，stepper motor，main motor and other electrical components，is also presented.Finally，the modification of the ordinary lathe to the whirlwind milling machine with inner thread for rock drilling coupling sleeve corrugated is realized，which solves the problem of the inner thread machining of drilling coupling sleeve.

Prediction of Water Abundance of the Roof Confined Aquifer Strata Based on FAHP-GRA Evaluation Method

XUE Sen, LI Wen-Ping, GUO Qi-Chen, LIU Shi-Liang, SUN Meng-Ya, FAN Bao-Jiang

2018, 47(04):  168-172. 

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The confined water at coal seam roof，as direct source of water inrush，is very important for the safety of coal mining.It is particularly important to accurately evaluate the water abundance of water-bearing strata in mining area.In view of the existing problems in prediction of water bearing capacity of the coal seam roof by the current method，the factors that influence the water bearing capacity are studied.Meanwhile，the factors are quantified，normalized and zoned according to the index of each single factor.By using FAHP-GRA and taking the Longwan mining area as a case，a kind of prediction and evaluation method for comprehensive analysis of water abundance is put forward.

Effect of Sulfur Content on Minimum Ignition Energy of Sulfide Dust Clouds

RAO Yun-Zhang, LIU Zhi-Jun, HONG Xun-Ming, YANG Ming-Shan, CHEN Bin

2018, 47(04):  173-177. 

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In order to explore the influence of sulfur content on the minimum ignition energy of dust cloud in sulfide ores，three kinds of sulfide dust with different sulfur content in groups A，B and C were measured in 20 L explosion ball to determine the minimum ignition energy.The experimental data showed the minimum ignition energy by the ignition probability (whether or not the ignition)，and the distribution curve of the ignition probability of the sulfide dust cloud with the ignition energy was obtained.The experimental results showed that the minimum ignition energy of each group of sulfide dust was described as follows：3~4 kJ in group A500，6~8 kJ in group B500，C500 group＞12 kJ；2~3 kJ in group A300，4~6 kJ in group B300，group C300＞12 kJ；2~3 kJ in group A200;6~8 kJ in group B200;group C200＞12 kJ.The results show that the lower the sulfur content，the lower the minimum ignition energy，that is，the greater the risk of explosion is.

Study on Wear Mechanism of Gravity Transportation Pipeline for Backfilling Slurry

MAO Ming-Fa, WANG Bing-Wen, ZHU Jia-Rui, CHANG Wei-Hua

2018, 47(04):  178-184. 

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In order to solve the technical difficulties in keeping stability of the filling system influenced by serious wear of pipeline，deep studies on the wear mechanism of backfilling pipeline were made by means of site investigation，theoretical analysis and digital simulation.The main wear forms of drilling pipe were determined，and the influence degree of different factors on pipeline wear was quantitatively analyzed by using the control variable method.A new method to calculate the height of slurry free fall area in vertical drilling pipe was given，the physical and mechanical model of impact force and wear loss from slurry at borehole entrance and bottom right-angle bend was set up，and the wear space at relevant wear position was determined.After discussion on the wear mechanism of pipeline via momentum，energy and slurry phase transition theory，the energy consumption formula of the pipeline wall per unit area was optimized，an air circulation flow concept for slurry free fall area in vertical drillhole was put forward，and a physical model about gas flow was established.

Development Status on Comprehensive Utilization of Ti-bearing Blast Furnace Slag

JING Jian-Fa, GUO Yu-Feng, ZHENG Fu-Qiang, XIE Xiao-Lin, YANG Ling-Zhi, CHEN Feng

2018, 47(04):  185-191. 

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The titanium resources of vanadium titanomagnetite concentrate are enriched in the Ti-bearing blast furnace slag after the blast furnace smelting in China.The Ti-bearing blast furnace slag has complex compositions so that it can′t be comprehensive utilized.The Ti-bearing blast furnace slag not only brings a huge environment pollution but also lead to the waste of titanium resource.The development of study on comprehensive utilization of Ti-bearing blast furnace slag were summarized，emphases the problems existing on the direct-utilization methods and extraction of titanium from Ti-bearing blast furnace slag.Directly utilize the slag(such as make building material and function material) have a disappoint results of titanium utilization efficiency and has little beneficiation value，although it can solve the environmental problems caused by the accumulation.The methods of extracting titanium，via direct acid preparation or alkaline treatment，product quality and economical efficiency is low，can cause secondary pollution;blast furnace slag containing titanium produce titanium alloy cost is high，the product application range is narrow;titanium minerals shift not thoroughly by selective enrichment and separation method to extractive titanium，and high energy consumption，large consumption of additives，titanium recovery rate is not high;High temperature carbonization and low temperature chlorination process，the high temperature carbonization process can make use of physical heat of liquid slag，greatly reduce the carbonization process of energy consumption，low temperature chlorination process can be realized in 400 ~ 550 ℃ TiC selective chlorination，avoid the influence of impurities such as calcium，magnesium，and chloride products of low content of impurities，titanium recovery rate is high，the product value is high.On this basis，points out that the high temperature carbonization and low temperature chlorination method has industrialization prospect,deserves further research.

Research on Preparation of Lightweight Ceramsite by Using Waste High Plastic Red Clay in Mine

JIA Xiao-Zhao, LEI Guo-Yuan, YU Xiao-Dong, XIANG Rui, MAO Shao-Bo, JI Jia-Shan

2018, 47(04):  192-196. 

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Up to the present，farmland clay is widely used to prepare lightweight ceramsite，and the technology of preparing lightweight ceramsite by using red clay as the main raw material has not yet been reported.In view of the high pileup of stripped red clay which was produced during mining process in a metallurgical flux mine，the preparation experiments of lightweight ceramsite were carried out by using red clay as the main raw material and ordinary clay，compound L，limestone，pulverized coal as additives，and the effect on lightweight ceramsite′s performance of raw material ratio and baking system were studied.The results showed that the rate of ceramsite cracking during roasting process and density of ceramsite can be decreased by adding ordinary clay and compound L，and the apparent density and strength of ceramsite can be decreased by increasing calcining temperature and the addition of ordinary clay，compound L and pulverized coal，and the strength of ceramsite can be increased by adding a suitable limestone.The lightweight ceramsite could be prepared if the raw pellets，which prepared with red clay，ordinary clay compound L，limestone and pulverized coal at the mass ratio of 85.5∶7.0∶3.5∶3.0∶1.0，were drying at 105 ℃ for 4 h，preheated at 450 ℃ for 30 min and calcined at 1 170 ℃ for 12 min.The key performance indexes of the ceramsite prepared in the industrial test all met the quality requirements of 500 grade ceramsite in GB/T 17431.1-2010，which indicated that the technology has the practical value of production and application.The research results have broken through the strict restrictions on the raw materials of lightweight ceramsite，which provided a new way for the high value-added utilization of high plastic red clay in metallurgical flux mine.