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Table of Content

    15 April 2019, Volume 48 Issue 04
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    Fluid Flow， Heat Transfer and Chemical Reaction of Porous Media
    JIANG Yuan-Yong, XU Zeng-He, CAO Jian-Li-1
    2019, 48(04):  1-5. 
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    Many practical production problems in mining engineering can be generally summarized as the transmission problems in porous media. Due to wide distribution of porous media， it is of great practical and scientific value to study the flow， heat transfer and chemical reaction of porous media. The research status on flow， heat transfer and chemical reaction of porous media was reviewed， and the relationship among three processes was analyzed. It is pointed out that flow process， as a mode of transport， carries substances and heat to migrate along the direction of flow， causing changes of the concentration and temperature distribution of substances. These will affect the heat transfer and the chemical reaction process； Heat transfer changes the physical and chemical properties of fluids by changing the temperature distribution， and thereby affects flow process and chemical reaction； Chemical reaction changes the pore structure of porous media， changes the physical and chemical properties of porous fluid， and changes the heat transfer properties of solids and fluids， and then affects flow process and heat transfer through consuming reactants and producing new material. The analysis showed that chemical reactions， as the process occurring at micro-scale， have obvious effects on macro-flow and heat transfer processes. To quantitatively describe these effects needs to develop a new method of scale-span analysis， measurement or calculation.
    Surrounding Rock Failure and Numerical Analysis of Deep Roadway in Tengjia Mining Zone of Xincheng Gold Mine
    YOU Wei, ZHANG Shu-Jing, LI Huai-Bin, LIU Bin, Yang-Xiao-Ming, ZHAO Xing-Dong
    2019, 48(04):  6-10. 
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    Based on the field engineering geological survey and rock mechanics experiment of deep roadway surrounding rock in Tengjia mining area of Xincheng Gold Mine， the rock mass quality of roadway surrounding rock is classified as Grade III， poor or general level， by RMR， Q and GSI methods respectively. Based on rock mass quality classification， Hoek-brown criterion and empirical formula are used to estimate rock mass mechanical parameters. Elastic-plastic mechanics is adopted to analyze the failure range of plastic zone of roadway surrounding rock， and Phase 2 is used to analyze the stability of surrounding rock of roadway. The results show that the plastic failure range of roadway roof is 0.598 m， the plastic failure range of two sides is 0.84 m and 0.695 m respectively. The displacement of roadway roof is 7.2 mm， and the displacement of two sides is 7.6 mm and 6.8 mm， respectively. From the stress analysis of roadway surrounding rock， it can be seen that the stress concentration produced by deep roadway excavation exceeds the strength of rock mass. So， it can be judged that the damage of deep roadway surrounding rock is mainly caused by stress of excavation disturbance on jointed rock mass， resulting in the failure and destroy of roadway surrounding rock. This study provides a basis for supporting surrounding rock of deep roadway.
    Experimental Study on the Strength Variation Law of High-sulfur Tailings Backfill
    CHEN Xin-Zheng, GUO Li-Jie, SHI Cai-Xing, XU Wen-Yuan, LI Wen-Chen
    2019, 48(04):  11-14. 
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    In order to demonstrate whether tailings cemented filling with high sulfur content can be used in a copper mine in China， the strength variation of high-sulfur tailings filling body was investigated by adopting the tailings filling ratio experiment. The results showed that the high sulphur tailings filling body cracks gradually with the growth of curing age under unclosed environment， and its strength increases first and then decreases gradually. Under closed environment， the filling body does not crack， and its strength increases gradually to a relatively stable level with the growth of curing age. Under unclosed condition， the strength of filling body increases or decreases regularly with the change of slurry mass concentration and lime-sand ratio at the early stage， but it has no obvious variation law with the change of lime-sand ratio or mass concentration at the later stage. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows that the cracking of high sulfur tailings filling body is mainly caused by the large amount of expansive materials such as ettringite and gypsum in the filling body.
    In-situ Stress State Analysis in the Secondary West Mining Area of Jinchuan Longshou Mine
    SUN Lin, WU Man-Lu, ZHANG Chao, GU Jin-Zhong, MA Jian-Long
    2019, 48(04):  15-19. 
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    In order to guarantee the smooth construction of the mining and supporting engineering in the secondary west mining area of Jinchuan Longshou Mine， an hollow inclusion stress relief method was adopted to obtain three dimensional stress data of 6 measuring points at the three horizontal roadways of 1 430 m， 1 514 m， and 1 610 m， and the section stress-ellipses at different normal directions of each site was drawn. The results showed that the maximum principal stress value is about 10~14 MPa in the depth range of 100-280 m underground， and it belongs to the medium stress level； The difference between the maximum and the minimum principal stress values in the measuring points of 2， 5， and 6 are relatively large， within the range of about 8.2~11.2 MPa； The KHh， KHV， and Kav of stress characteristic parameters are distributed within ranges of 1.43~4.81， 1.06~3.1， 0.88~2.28， respectively， and these are basically within the previous scopes； The maximum horizontal principal stress at each measuring point is higher than the vertical stress， and the tectonic stress is dominant in this region. However， according to the angle between the principal stress and the horizontal plane， it can be seen that the characteristics of the non-horizontal stress field begin to appear， indicating the in-situ stress in this area are complex； The directions of the maximum principal stress include two groups: NNE， the dominant direction， and NWW， of which the possibility in becoming the dominant direction of the new maximum principal stress， needs further in-situ stress measurement.
    Stability Analysis of Hanging Wall Rock at Sublevel Stope and Its Engineering Application in a Mine
    YANG Chun-Cheng
    2019, 48(04):  20-25. 
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    In order to ensure sublevel mining safety of inclined orebody, theoretical calculation method and numerical simulation method were combined to analyze the stability of the hanging wall rock at sublevel-step stope with different structure parameters. The relationship between equivalent exposed area, stress variation, displacement and plastic zone distribution of surrounding rock on the hanging wall and the length, height of the stope was analyzed under different parameter conditions. Based on the theory of rock strength, the distribution area of tensile stress zone and the limit criterion of displacement, the parameters of stope structure which can guarantee the stability of the upper plate were put forward and demonstrated by the engineering application. The results show that the increase rate of equivalent exposed area with the stope length is greater than that with the height. When the stope length is greater than 40 m, the influencing weight of stope height on equivalent exposed area increases gradually. When stope length and height are both 40 m, the maximum displacement of surrounding rock on the upper wall along the left and right edges and the bottom of stope is 41.77 mm, and the plastic zone gradually generates in local. However, each plastic zone does not penetrate with each other, so it can maintain its own stability. The engineering application results show that there is no peeling and slag dropping of the surrounding rock on the hanging wall during the mining process, with good stability. Therefore, in order to effectively ensure the safety and production efficiency of the stope, it is suggested that the height of the stope should be 40 m and the length should be 40 m.
    Optimal Application of the Inclined Strip and Steep Stripping Process in Nanfen Iron Mine
    ZHAO Tie-Lin
    2019, 48(04):  26-30. 
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    Nanfen open-pit iron ore is a multi-stage mining mine， and the current implementation is the side slope extension from the third phase to the fourth phase. Because the minimum working surface of the fourth-phase expansion area is far away from the mining and stripping surface of the main mining field in the third-phase，lower stage in height， long transition time cannot guarantee the high-yield and stable transition of the ore. In the case that the original development transportation road leading to the main stope is blocked by the rolling stone caused by the expansion， most of the ore in the main stope must be transported in a long distance through the development transport system at lower plate. In view of the above situation， it is preferred to expand a narrow inclined strip on the upper plate to increase the amount of mining in the third stage. At the same time， a safe and reliable， economical and reasonable temporary transportation road is opened up on the upper plate to create conditions for keeping continuous stable production and lowering transportation cost.
    Comprehensive Performance Test of the Pressure-filtrated Tailings Paste Filling in a Gold Mine
    KOU Yun-Peng, YANG Ji-Guang, QI Zhao-Jun, DU Jia-Fa, JING Xiao-Dong, SHENG Yu-Hang
    2019, 48(04):  31-35. 
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    The high concentration cemented filling with coarse tailings of +37 micron has been maturely applied in a gold mine. In order to maximize the use of tailings， reduce the fine tailings at -37 micron stored in tailings reservoir， lower the mining cost of the whole mine and eliminate potential safety hazards， the comprehensive performance of the full tailings filling paste was tested in this gold mine. The test results showed that the comprehensive index of full tailings paste filling is higher than that of high-concentration classified tailings filling. The slurry slump， expansion， yield stress， viscosity and bleeding rate of the paste with 76% mass concentration are the best， which can meet the requirements of mining methods. According to the actual production of the mine， the pressure-filtrated full tailings paste filling technology scheme is put forward.
    Force Chain Regulation of the Side Drawing Based on Particle Flow Code
    HAN Lian-Sheng, YANG Yu-Jiang
    2019, 48(04):  36-40. 
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    In order to deepen the understanding on the mechanism of ore-rock particle flow at the side ore-drawing， a three-dimensional numerical model without pillar was designed by using discrete element method and describing the composition of ore-rock block by uniformly distributed spherical particles， and the micro-analysis on the flow characteristics of ore-rock bulk was carried out. The contact force and force network distribution between particles in the process of ore-rock flow were calculated by the contact mechanics method. The results showed that: ① the ratio of contact force between particles and average contact force in the process of ore drawing is not affected by the ore drawing， and its peak value is about 1， which obeys power function when f > 1 and negative exponential function when f < 1； and ② the probability of force chain in which the inner length L is longer than 3 particles obeys the exponential relationship e. The exponential relationship shows that the probability of longer force chain in primary drawing decreases slightly， but it decreases rapidly with the increase of the length of force chain at any time. ③ in the whole process of ore drawing， the contact force decreases linearly with the increase of the times of ore drawing when f∈［1,2］， but the contact force is not affected by ore drawing when f> 2.
    Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties and Radon Exhalation Rate of Uranium Tailings Cement Solidified Body with Different Additive and Dosage
    JIANG Fu-Liang, WANG Xiao-Li, Li-Ming, LIU Yong, LI Xiang-Yang-1, CHEN Guan, GUO Jin-Tao
    2019, 48(04):  41-47. 
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    In the process of cement solidification of uranium tailings， uneven mixing often leads to low strength and high radon exhalation rate. In order to improve the properties of the solidified body， some other solidified materials such as granulated blast furnace slag， fly ash and quicklime were added into the solidified body. The saturated water content， mechanical strength and radon exhalation rate of uranium tailings cement solidified body were tested by adjusting the type， dosage and curing age of the admixtures in the solidified body. The experimental results showed that the compressive strength， tensile strength and shear strength of uranium tailings solidified body at 7 d， 14 d and 28 d ages are improved with the separate addition of granulated blast furnace slag， fly ash and quicklime. According to the mechanical properties， it is the best to maintain the solidified body with 25% granulated blast furnace slag at 28 d， with lowest saturated water content； The higher the content of radon， the lower the radon exhalation rate， but the best performance is obtained by the addition of 25% granulated blast furnace slag， followed by 25% fly ash. The research results can provide theoretical reference and decision-making basis for the decommissioning treatment of uranium tailings reservoir in the future.
    Application of Pressure Relief Technology of Liquid CO2 Fracturing Roadway in Tingnan Coal Mine
    TI Zheng-Yi, CHEN Bo
    2019, 48(04):  48-52. 
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    In order to eliminate the potential safety problems of rockburst in Tingnan coal mine， liquid CO2 fracturing technology is adopted for pre-splitting blasting in hazardous areas. Through numerical simulation， effect of the control hole on the drilling blasting and the reasonable spacing of blasting hole in Tingnan coal mine are investigated， and the blasting performance is analyzed by the method of drilling bits. The results show that the control hole is favorable for the coal blasting， and the influence scope of crack area of the liquid CO2 blasting with control hole is significantly larger than that without blasting hole. The reasonable spacing of blasting hole in Tingnan coal mine is 7 m； After blasting， the measured amounts of drilling and cuttings are less than the critical values. The hidden danger of rock burst in coal blocks can be eliminated through blasting to realize normal mining.
    Effect of Dissolved Metal Ions from Aegirite on the Floatability of Specularite and Aegirite
    LI Ming-Yang, CHEN Ze, HU Yi-Ming, LIU Jun, ZHANG Ying-Yi, GAO Xiang-Peng
    2019, 48(04):  53-57. 
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    In order to research the effect of Fe3+ and Na+ dissolved from aegirite on the flotation of specularite and aegirite in dodecylamine system， single mineral flotation experiment was carried out with 0.044~0.074 mm size fraction minerals of specularite and aegirite. The mechanism was analyzed from views of Zeta potential measurement and solution chemical calculation. The results showed that dodecylamine had a good effect on the collection of specularite and aegirite， while Fe3+ showed a stronger inhibitory effect on specularite than that of aegirite， and Na+ had no significant depression effect on the floatability of these two minerals. The added Fe3+ and Na+ right shifted the surface potential of these two minerals， which wakened the electrostatic adsorption of dodecylamine. Fe3+ adsorbed on the surface of these two minerals mainly in the form of hydrophilic hydroxide precipitation， which increased the hydrophilicity of specularite and aegirite and inhibited their floatability.
    Study on Magnetization Flocculation Behavior and Mechanism of Micro-grained Oolitic Hematite
    ZHOU Wen-Bo, XIANG Jun, LI Ai-Qiang, LI Qing-Qing, QI Fang, CHEN Ting-Kuo
    2019, 48(04):  58-63. 
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    To increase the index of hematite flocculation flotation， magnetized water，magnetized pulp and magnetized starch were used to flocculate and settle hematite. Effects of magnetization treating on flocculate were investigated. The results show that all of the three magnetization modes can improve the flocculation settlement rate of oolitic hematite. The results of optical microscope analysis showed that it can be clearly seen that the floc size after the magnetization treatment is larger and more compact than that of the unmagnetized，at the same time， transparent quartz particles dispersed around the floc were observed， indicating that the magnetization treatment can significantly promote the selective flocculation of micro-grained hematite. Under the three magnetization modes of magnetized water，magnetized ore pulp，and magnetized starch，the surface potential of hematite particles decreased with the increase of magnetization time， and the variation trend of the Zeta potential was consistent with that of the sedimentation rate of oolitic hematite under different magnetization conditions. The flocculation mechanism of the fine-grained hematite after treated by three magnetization modes is in line with the extended DLVO theory.The flocculation mechanism is: the magnetization treatment can reduce the Zeta potential of the hematite in varying degrees，thereby reducing the double electrical layer repulsive force and potential energy barrier among the fine-grained hematite particles.
    Study on Beneficiation Process of a Copper-Nickel Sulfide Ore in Xinjiang
    WANG Chao, BU Xian-Zhong, WENG Cun-Jian, WANG Peng-Cheng, LIU Bo, LUO Xian-Ping
    2019, 48(04):  64-70. 
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    The raw ore of Xinjiang Ruilun copper-nickel ore contains 0.14% copper and 0.51% nickel, belonging to the high nickel and low copper sulfide copper-nickel ore. The copper grade in the ore is relatively low, and contains a large number of gangue minerals such as talc and serpentine which are easily muddy, which adversely affects the efficient recovery of the copper-nickel sulfide ore. In order to efficiently develop and utilize the copper-nickel sulfide ore, a systematic beneficiation process was carried out. The laboratory closed-circuit test results show that: the fineness of grinding is -74 μm, accounting for 75%, sodium carbonate is used as pH regulator, copper sulfate is used as activator, and sodium silicate and CMC are depressant. Z-200, ammonium butyl aerofloat, butyl xanthate and amyl xanthate are the collectors, after two roughing, four cleaning, three scavenging copper-nickel mixed flotation, copper-nickel mixed concentrate with lime as pH regulator, Z-200 as collector, BK-204 as foaming agent. Copper concentrate containing 26.12% copper, 0.55% nickel, 76.49% copper recovery and 0.44% nickel recovery, nickel concentrate containing 10.42% nickel, 0.39% copper, 73.14% nickel recovery, and 9.97% copper recovery was obtained. The MgO is reduced to 5.88% in nickel concentrate. It solves the problem of high content of magnesium oxide impurities in nickel concentrate, improves the quality of concentrate and provides theoretical basis for on-site production.
    Flotation Experiment on a Low-Grade Lead-Zinc Sulfide Ore Containing Gold and Silver in Yunnan
    WEN Kai, CHEN Jian-Hua
    2019, 48(04):  71-75. 
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    There is 0.77% Pb，2.13% Zn in gold-silver bearing lead-zinc sulfide ore in Yunnan. There is a large amount of precious metals such as gold and silver. The gold and silver have fine grain size. In order to provide a basis for the development and utilization of the ore， the preferential flotation lead sulfide process and lead tailings and selection zinc was carried out. The results show that the fineness of grinding is -0.074 mm accounting for 81.33%， sodium carbonate as pH adjuster， zinc sulfate + sodium metabisulfite as inhibitor， and ethyl sulfide nitrogen +3418A as collector， via two roughing three cleaning one scavenging lead flotation， lead tailings with copper sulfate + ammonium chloride as activator， butyl xanthate as collector， via one roughing two cleaning one scavenging zinc flotation process， obtained the lead concentrate with lead grade of 50.36%， gold grade is 28.79 g/t， the silver grade is 965.47 g/t， the lead recovery rate is 82.41%， the gold recovery rate is 77.18%， and the silver recovery rate is 78.69%. The zinc concentrate with zinc grade of 41.21% and zinc recovery rate is 87.45%， which realizes efficient recovery of useful metals in the ore.
    Effect of CaF2 on the Phase Transformation and Vacuum Carbothermal Reduction of Limonitic Laterite Ore
    WANG Qiang, QU Tao, SHI Lei, YANG Bin, DAI Yong-Nian
    2019, 48(04):  76-81. 
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    The effects of CaF2 on the phase of product from vacuum carbothermal reduction of limonitic laterite ore at vacuum conditions were studied. XRD， SEM/EDS and chemical analysis methods were used to analysis the phases of roasting product and the Fe-Ni rich residue. The roasting results indicated that there were significant influence on the roasting results under pressures ranging from 10 to 50 Pa whether the raw materials melted(roasting temperature)， the content of Ni and Fe in the unmelted phase only reached 1.84% and 53.10%， respectively； nonetheless， on the melted materials， the content of Ni in the NiFe2O4 reached 67.35% and the content of Fe in the Fe2O3 reached 75.16%. The thermodynamic analysis and reduction results indicated that CaF2 reacted with Fe and Ni in the raw materials to form FeF2， FeF3， NiF2 and other low melting point eutectic to promote material melting and accelerate the mass transfer and heat transfer of the reactants， and effectively promote the agglomeration of Ni and Fe， in addition， the presence of CaF2 had no significant effect on the phase of roasting product duringthe vacuum carbothermal reduction of limonite； the optimum reduction conditions of limonite type laterite nickel ore were 1 450 ℃ and 5% dosage of CaF2. The recovery rates of Ni and Fe after reduction were 99.05% and 88.23%， respectively.
    Experimental Study on the Flotation of a Refractory Ilmenite Gravity Concentrate in Sichuan Panxi Area
    DU Yu-Sheng, MA Long-Qiu, MENG Qing-You, YUAN Zhi-Tao, YU Li, ZHAO Xuan
    2019, 48(04):  82-87. 
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    There is a variety kinds of minerals in ilmenite gravity concentrate from Sichuan Panxi Area, metallic minerals mainly including ilmenite, titanomagnetite, gangue minerals mainly including titanaugite, chlorite. Dissemination size of ilmenite is fine, as well as gangue minerals, most of gangue minerals containing iron elements and easy to be slime. To high efficiently separation the ilmenite, beneficiation experiment was conducted. The results show that good separation indexes can be obtained through the technological process of stage grinding-low intensity magnetic removal iron-flotation concentrating titanium-high intensity magnetic separation and extraction. The ore sample was ground to -0.074 mm accounting for 55%， and ferromagnetic iron ore is removed under the condition of magnetic field intensity of low intensity magnetic separation 96 kA/m. Low intensity magnetic tailings are used to separate ilmenite in flotation with sulfuric acid as pH adjuster， sodium carboxymethyl cellulose （CMC） as inhibitor， sodium oleate as collector. The obtained flotation rough concentrate is classified by 0.038 mm， oversize product was ground to -0.074 mm passing 80%. It is combined with the undersize product to remove the -0.014 mm fine mud. Then four cleaning processes are applied on the sand setting. By the closed-circuit flotation test， the flotation indexes of 42.86% titanium grade and 59.79% recovery were obtained. Furthermore， the indexes of closed-circuit concentrate were obtained with 46.77% titanium dioxide grade and 54.38% recovery through high-intensity magnetic separation， which realized the effective recovery of ilmenite resources and can provide the technical assistance for plant development.
    Research on the Mechanism of the Oxidized Pyrrhotite Flotation Improvement by Ultrasonic
    LU Ying, CHENG Fang-Qin
    2019, 48(04):  88-92. 
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    In order to investigate the flotation mechanism of the oxidized pyrrhotite treated by ultrasonic， the surface property， surface dissolution and the flotation behavior of oxidized pyrrhotite were investigated through flotation experiments， ultrasonic dissolution experiments， X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy， Zeta potential measurements and collector adsorption testing. The results show that ultrasonic can promote the dissolution of the oxides. Treated by ultrasonic， iron oxides such as FeOOH， Fe2（SO4）3 are dissolved， making the surface rich in sulfur as well as small part of fresh pyrrhotite surface exposed. Further ultrasonic treatment won't change the surface property. After treated by ultrasonic， the point of Zero charge shift towards the negative direction. The pyrrhotite become more hydrophobic， making the collector more easily adsorb on its surface and promoting the flotation behavior of pyrrhotite. There is no bad effect even treated by excessive ultrasonic. The results may provide additional insights into the flotation improvement of the oxidized sulfide minerals by ultrasonic.
    Study on Acid Reduction Leaching of Cobalt Oxidized Ore from Democratic Republic of Congo
    LI Chao, QIN Zhong-Xiang, SONG Zhen-Lun, ZHANG Jie, WANG Hai
    2019, 48(04):  93-96. 
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    The acid leaching experiments for oxidized cobalt ore which from democratic republic of Congo （DRC） with 1.10% Co was carried out， and sodium sulfite was used as reducing agent. Effects of reducing agent， acid content， temperature， liquid-solid ratio and reaction time on the leaching behaviors were investigated. Results show that the most optimum conditions as follows: liquid-solid ratio 1.5， reaction temperature 70 ℃， reduction agent dosage is 1.8 times of theoretical amount， and the best reaction time was 2 h， under these conditions， the extraction efficiency of Co is as high as 94.86%， and Mn is 97.43%，Fe is 15.56%，Al is 42.53%，cobalt content in residue is 0.059%. The metallic minerals structure was dissociated during reducing leaching process， valuable metals get into solution as form of ions， and the selective leaching of minerals has been realized.
    Leaching Experiment on a Gold Ore with Sodium Dicyanamide
    ZHANG Lin, ZHU Yi-Min, ZHANG Shu-Min
    2019, 48(04):  97-100. 
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    In view of the serious environmental pollution caused by the traditional gold leaching process with sodium cyanide， sodium dicyandiamide was used as gold leaching agent to effectively treat a quartz vein gold ore with 3.39 g/t gold from Canada. The results indicated that， at the grinding fineness of 75% passing 45 μm， roasting 1 h at 700 ℃， the roasted products with sodium dicyandiamide dosage of 8 kg/t， hydrogen peroxide1.2 mL， pulp pH=11.5， liquid-solid ratio 4 mL/g， leaching temperature of 35 ℃ for 24 h， gold leaching rate is 89.08%， and the gold grade of leaching residual is 0.38 g/t. Using sodium dicyandiamide as leaching reagents can obtain good leaching results. The total cyanide content in the leaching system is far below the national environmental protection discharge standard. Therefore， sodium dicyandiamide as a high-efficiency and low-toxicity gold ore leaching agent has a certain application prospect.
    Experimental Study on Lime Bayer Process Dissolution of a Bauxite Ore in Guizhou
    LIU An-Rong, LI Yong, PENG Wei, WANG Zhen-Jie
    2019, 48(04):  101-104. 
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    A high-silicon low-grade bauxite ore in Guizhou contains 57.62% Al2O3，SiO2 content is 9.54%， mole ratio of aluminum to silicon is 6.04. To high efficiently dissolve alumina， alumina dissolution by Lime Bayer Process test was conducted on bauxite ore. Results indicated that， with leaching temperature 265 ℃， leaching time 65 min， grinding particle size -0.074 mm content 90%， lime addition 1.4 according to mole ratio of calcium to silicon， slurry liquid to solid ratio 4， and agitation speed 500 r/min， the leaching index of alumina over 83% and red mud average aluminum to silicon ratio 1.33 were obtained. The test results can provide reference for the rational development and utilization of this kind of bauxite resources with low bauxite-silicon content.
    Study on Mineral Liberation Characteristics of a Copper Ore from Chambishi and Its Floatability
    SU Min, DOU Pei-Qian, ZHANG Rui-Yang, SUN Chun-Bao, KOU Jue, LIU Zi-Yuan
    2019, 48(04):  105-110. 
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    The desired mineral liberation is the prerequisite for flotation. Finding out the inner relations among the ore fineness， the desired mineral liberation degree and its floatability， can provide guidance for the ore pretreatment before flotation. Thus taken copper ores of west ore body in Chambishi as a case， briefly discusses the relation between the mineral liberation degree and its floatability under different dissemination particle sizes， using mineral liberation analysis （MLA）. The results show that the main copper mineral is chalcopyrite （5.32%）， and the main gangue minerals are orthoclase， quartz and mica in Chambishi copper ore. In the ore， the copper mineral dissemination particle size is fine and uneven （10~500 μm）， and most of which are contiguous to quartz and feldspars， other fine particles are wrapped in coarse gangues， and there are a small number of sufficiently liberated chalcopyrite. When the ore is ground to 70% passing 74 μm， the free surface percentage of chalcopyrite raises from 60.88% to 78.14%， and the number of sufficiently liberated chalcopyrite significantly increases from 28.90% to 54.24%， while the distribution of chalcopyrite in coexistence does not change. In the flotation process， the optimum particle size is 18~100 μm， and the copper loss in the coarse particles is due to low liberation degree of copper minerals， but the loss in the fine particles is due to poor floatability.
    Study on the Process Mineralogy of Bolivia Mutum Iron Ore
    HUANG Qiu-Ju
    2019, 48(04):  111-115. 
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    Iron is the main valuable element of Bolivia Mutum iron ore， iron grade in the ore is 57.84%. More than 99% of the iron exists in the magnetite， hematite and limonite. The harmful impurity Si and Al in the ore is slightly higher， and it is distributed in minerals such as quartz， silicate minerals and gibbsite. Ore structure has massive structure， porphyritic structure and disseminated structure. Ore texture mainly includes porphyric structure， inclusion structure， granular structure， residual-skeletal structure， pseudomorphic structure. Hematite is usually irregularly in granular form and sparsely disseminated in gangue minerals. Martite is porphyritic and contains a lot of gangue inclusions in the phenocryst， and it is coexisted with locally untransformed magnetite. Magnetite is mostly idiomorphism and subhedral shaped grain， and it is often metasomatized by hematite to form residual-skeletal structure. Limonite is porphyritic closely intergrowth with ferric clay. The disseminated grain size of iron minerals is inhomogeneous. Part of iron minerals contain fine quartz and sericite， which are difficult to dissociate even through fine grinding. So the gangue minerals associated with iron minerals enter iron concentrate and affect concentrate grade. More than 77% of the magnetite， hematite and limonite in the ore can be liberated when the grinding fineness is -0.074 mm accounting for 85%. However， the liberation degree of iron mineral is not significantly increased when grinding fineness is increased. As a result， the grinding fineness with -0.074 mm accounting for 85% should be selected for separation.
    Process Mineralogy Study on Uranium Polymetallic Ore in Huayangchuan
    WANG Shou-Jing
    2019, 48(04):  116-120. 
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    Huayangchuan uranium polymetallic ore of Shaanxi Province belongs to large mineral deposit with properties of large volume mineral， variety types of minerals， and it is exploitable. In order to provide technique basis on mineral processing technology the MLA， microscopic analysis， sieve analysis， profiling and other analysis was used to study the process mineralogy of it. The result shows that the content of uranium is 162 g/t， niobium is 237 g/t. They exist in betafite， plumbobetafite， and uraninite. the content of lead is 0.61%， silver is 350 g/t. They exist in galena and cerussite. And there are no independent minerals were found. The useful mineral’s particle size is very crude. Most of them are larger than 0.15 mm. The profile of typical ore shows that the content of uranium is maldistribution. The content of uranium in most of ore are 100 g/t and only a little ores'are higher than 300 g/t. And they are mutation. The sieve analysis shows that the uranium and lead are enriched in fine fraction. So the ore are suitable to be processed by coarse grain preconcentration. And comprehensive analysis shows that the content of useful minerals are maldistribution in primary ore and crushed ore are the typomorphic characteristic of ore suitable to be processed by coarse grain preconcentration.
    Metallogenic Model of Fluorite Deposits in Siziwangqi，Inner Mongolia:Implications for the Prospecting of Volcanic Type Uranium Deposits
    BAI Yan, WANG Zhi-Gang, WANG Gen-Hou, ZHU Li, YAO Fu-Sheng, Yan-Guo-Qiang
    2019, 48(04):  121-128. 
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    Fluorite mineralization is closely related to volcanic type uranium deposits.In order to analyze the potential relevance between fluorite mineralization and volcanic type uranium metallogenic model，through field geological mapping and regional metallogenic data analysis，the metallogenic model of fluorite deposits in Siwangziqi is discussed.The study results show that:①fluorite deposits in Siziwangqi are mainly distributed in the interlayer fracture zone of rhyolite，rhyolite tuff and phyllitic slate and schist of Dashizhai Formation of Lower Permian Series，orebodies are mainly controlled by the regional Xilimiao Syncline，distribution direction of the south wing of the fold is NEE，and the distribution direction of the north wing of the fold is NNE，the fluorite metallogenic temperature and materials are provided by Yanshanian biotite granitic magmatic intrusion；②fluorite metallogenic stage can be divided into three stages，the formation period of initial ore source strata in Early Permian，large-scale metallogenic enrichment period of Early Yanshanian and superimposed metallogenic period of Late Yanshanian；③the fluorite orebodies are controlled by strata，structures and magmatic activities，the large-scale metallogenic activities are completely controlled by interlayer faults，the deposit belongs to sedimentary-modified fluorite deposit，besides that，the above three metallogenic stages of fluorite deposits in Siziwangqi are coupled with the migration，enrichment and precipitation processes of regional uranium metallogenic materials，therefore，the metallogenic model of fluorite deposits in Siziwangqi has good prospecting significance for volcanic type uranium deposits.
    Geological Characteristics and Prospecting Model of an Iron Deposit in Liberia
    GUO Yu-Xi, ZHANG Jun, PEI Zhong-Chao, ZHANG Miao-Miao, CAO Hong-Lei
    2019, 48(04):  129-137. 
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    An iron ore deposit in Liberia is located in the Archean metallogenic area of Man Earth Shield in the south of West Africa Craton.It is a typical sedimentary metamorphic iron deposit with a large scale and prospecting rights obtained by Chinese enterprises.The Birimian green rock belt of Archean Man Earth Shield is an important metallogenic belt in the region.There are many iron depoists and mineral occurrences are found in the metallogenic belt.The deposit in Liberia is one of the representative deposits in the metallogenic area，orebodies are generally distributed with layered and stratiform-like，and they are generally exposed with the shape of “U” and “W”.Based on the 1∶250 000 regional geological survey results and some related geological working achievements，in view of the characteristics of widely distributed and thick Quaternary overburden，high degree of regional metamorphism and more complicated orebody shape，high-precision magnetic survey and EH4 survey have been conducted in the area.The iron-bearing formation area can be identified effectively by the zoning of positive- negative-positive magnetic anomalies obtained by high-precision magnetic survey，spatial orientation of iron-bearing formation and orebodies can be conducted based on the low-resistance anomalies acquired by EH4 survey，through the systematic application of geological survey，exploratory trench and drilling，breakthrough in prospecting and exploration has been achieved in the area.According to the deposit geological characteristics，geophysical characteristics and prospecting indicator，the prospecting model of sedimentary metamorphic iron deposit is established.The two delineated prospecting target areas are verified，the prospecting effects is good.The above discussion results can provide reliable reference for the further prospecting work of the area and sedimentary metamorphic iron deposit in other areas.
    Research on 3D Visualization and Cloud Data Transmission of Open-pit Iron Ore Based on Unity 3D Platform
    HUANG Qing-Qing, YANG Tian-Hong, YU Qing-Lei, ZHANG Peng-Hai, LIU Hong-Lei
    2019, 48(04):  138-141. 
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    The relationship between ore-rock location and structural occurrence of engineering rock mass is often characterized by complexity and randomness. Two-dimensional expressions commonly used have certain abstraction and limitations in expressing spatial relations. The visual performance of three-dimensional digital model makes up for the shortcomings of two-dimensional drawings. However， due to its limitation on memory capacity and display platform， the widely-used three-dimensional model limits its application scope. Taking Dagushan Open-pit Iron Mine as a case， the three-dimensional visualization of Dagushan Open-pit Iron Mine has been realized and successfully published to the computer based on Unity 3D platform. At the same time， considering its convenience in application， the three-dimensional model is published in the form of APK as the application program of mobile phone （APP）. In addition， the interactive data transmission among computer， mobile client and cloud server can be realized， and dynamic data can be updated in real time.
    Design Simulation and Test of an Anchor Installation Equipment
    ZHOU Yuan-Hang, LIU Rui-Qing, LI Da-Wei, GE Yi-Yuan
    2019, 48(04):  142-146. 
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    In order to overcome the shortcomings of low installation efficiency， high cost of drilling， and high danger， low efficiency and poor installation effect of artificial installation of bolt in rock drill， resulting in being failure to reach the corresponding anchorage and protection function， the static simulation analysis and modal analysis of bolt installation equipment are carried out by using ANSYS simulation software. The maximum strain of bolt installation equipment is 0.046 9 mm， and the resonance frequency is 35.656 Hz. According to the simulation results， the structure of the anchor installation equipment is optimized and improved. A kind of anchor installation equipment which has two operation modes of propulsion and impact is designed. It can adapt to various anchor installation conditions with high installation efficiency and good protection performance. This equipment can improve the installation speed at 39.2 mm/s， and saves about 1.5 hours at one cycle， with outstanding economic advantage.
    Effects of Cone Angle on the Flow Field and Separation Performance of Hydrocyclones
    WEI Ke-Feng, ZHAO Qiang, CUI Xiao-Liang, HE Jing-Wei, AO Ran
    2019, 48(04):  147-153. 
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    In order to investigate the effects of cone angle on the flow field and separation performance of hydrocyclone， a systematical numerical study on a laboratory [?]50 mm hydrocyclone were conducted by using the RSM turbulence model， VOF and Mixture multiphase flow model by Fluent software. The flow field simulation results show that under the same operating conditions， with cone angle increasing， the air core diameter， turbulence intensity， pressure and pressure gradients are significantly increased， resulting in an increase in overall energy consumption. The tangential velocity also increases with the increase of cone angle， but the axial velocity does not change obviously. However， the LZVV gradually moves toward the wall， and the split ratio decreases subsequently. The simulation results of particle separation show that increasing the cone angle leads to an increase in the cut-size and a decrease in the separation efficiency for each size fraction. In addition， a small cone angle is likely to increase the misplacement of fine particles in underflow， while a large cone angle might enhance the entrainment of coarse particles in overflow. The results provide a reference for the selection and design of the conical structure of hydrocyclones.
    Experimental Study on the Shear Strength of the Straw Fibrous Vegetation Concrete Slope Protection Substrates at the Initial Curing Age
    XI Hong-Chao, XIA Dong, LI Fu-Ping, XU Yong-Li
    2019, 48(04):  154-162. 
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    In view of the problems of local tension， cracking and collapse of the base material in the process of slope protection， the shear strength characteristics of the base material for 7 h， 1 d， 3 d， 7 d， 14 d and 28 d were investigated by using straw fiber as the base material modifier and considering two factors of cement and straw fiber. The experimental results showed that the increase of cement content and the prolongation of curing age increased the shear stress of the base material without straw fiber， the addition of straw fiber improved the ductility of the base material and delayed the shear failure process of the base material， and the increase of straw content effectively improved the shear stress and cohesion of the base material with different proportions， but had less impact on internal friction angle. The shear stress and cohesion of base material with 11% of cement and 4% of straw content for 7 h was increased by 54.68% and 136% separately， comparing with that of 0% straw； that for 3 d were increased by 42.15% and 206% respectively. The straw fiber had not a linear increasing effect on the shear strength of vegetation concrete base material， but weakened with the prolongation of curing age and the increase of cement content. The shear stress of base material with 4% straw and 11% cement for 28 day was decreased by 18.83%， and its cohesion was decreased by 32.87%， comparing with that of 0% straw， and yet its shear stress is higher by 11.84% and the cohesion is lower by 15.73% than that for 14 d. Thus， its weakening degree is closely related to the cement content and the curing environment.
    Forecast of Short-term Deformation of Large-scale Slope Based on Regression Analysis and Robust Kalman Filter
    XIONG Di, WU Hao, YANG Jian, GUO Shi-Tai
    2019, 48(04):  163-167. 
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    Due to many factors affecting the landslide，it is difficult to create an accurate kinetic model， and also it is hard to predict the short-term deformation of large-scale slope by using the traditional dynamic model to meet the demand for high-precision early warning of large-scale slopes. The short-term deformation prediction model for large-scale slope was established under the cooperation of regression analysis and robust Kalman filter. Fitting value was adopted to replace the data containing gross errors for filtering and prediction operation， which solves the problem of Kalman filter lacking for anti-interference to gross errors. The engineering case based on monitoring data of large-scale slope in Jinduicheng Open-pit Molybdenum Mine showed that both of the prediction models are effective， but the precision and robustness of the short-term deformation prediction model of large-scale slope under the cooperation of regression analysis and robust Kalman filter are better than the traditional robust Kalman filter model.
    Ecological Environmental Cost Accounting of Mining Area Based on the Green Mine：A Case from a Mining Area in the North China Plain
    YE Shan-Shan, ZHANG Jin-De, PAN Li, YANG Xue, YU Yang
    2019, 48(04):  168-174. 
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    With the continuous improvement of the ecological civilization construction level in the mining area， the concept of sustainable development aiming at building green mines has become the industrial consensus， especially that the fields related to the mining ecological environmental cost（MEEC） would be the research frontiers in the industry. Through systematically combing the theories of MEEC， it is essential to complete the construction of ecological environment cost， account design and cost collection step by step， and define the recognition principle and method of determining the MEEC reasonably in the mining area. Taking a mining area in the North China Plain as an example， the natural resource （coal） loss cost， ecological environment destruction cost， green mine construction cost and mine environmental management cost" were calculated respectively by comprehensively using of resource loss cost measurement model， ecological service value method and engineering quantity method. The calculation result can reflect the reality of the ecological environment cost from the selected mining area. Therefore， it is recommended to set up accounting items related to environmental costs and to improve the environmental awareness of mining enterprises from the perspective of cost control， so as to effectively implement the concept of the development of ecological civilization， and promote the construction path of green mine.
    Stability Analysis of a High Steep Rock Slope Based on Shortest Path Theory
    FAN Shui-Long
    2019, 48(04):  175-179. 
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    According to the shortest path theory obtained from the graph theory， the calculation formula of slope safety factor is deduced by combining the finite element method， the limit equilibrium method and the dynamic programming method. Through programming， the most dangerous sliding surface of slope can be automatically searched. The stress field and horizontal displacement field of a high steep rock slope in a gold mine are analyzed by numerical simulation， and the numerical simulation analysis is proved be reliable by comparing with field monitoring data. The most dangerous sliding surface of the slope is searched by the improved method， and the safety factor of the slope is calculated. The calculated results are basically in agreement with the numerical simulation results， which proves that the improved method is correct. It has guiding significance for stability analysis of similar high steep rock slopes.
    Optimization Method of Point Location Layout for Slope Deformation Monitoring by Using Sensitivity and Correlation
    WU Hao, LI Zhen, LU Qing-Hua, XIONG Di, ZHANG Xiang
    2019, 48(04):  180-184. 
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    The prerequisite condition of analyzing the procedure and tendency of slope deformation is to select reasonable monitoring point location.Due to the strong subjectivity of the existing monitoring point layout methods，the monitoring points are often misplaced and missed，and the deficiencies of single standard of point selection and low monitoring accuracy are obvious，which caused the overall monitoring effect is unsatisfactory，besides that，the current requirement of high precision slope deformation monitoring cannot be satisfied.In order to overcome the above deficiencies，a new slope deformation monitoring point optimal layout method based on the combination of sensitivity analysis with correlation analysis is proposed.The traditional point selection scheme by numerical simulation method is optimized from the aspects of precision and quantity.The north stope slope of Jinduicheng molybdenum open-pit mine in Shaanxi Province is taken as an example，the engineering application results show that the method proposed in this paper is a practical method，it not only can effectively enhance the reliability of deformation monitoring network，but also reduce the monitoring cost.
    Research on Energy Saving and Drag Reduction in Mine Ventilation System
    LI Xiao-Gang, WANG Xiang-Gui, HU Yong-Quan
    2019, 48(04):  184-188. 
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    With the rapid development of mining equipment， the degree of mine mechanization is getting higher and higher， and the annual electricity consumption of mine is also increasing. According to the characteristics of the production system， the power consumption links mainly include lifting， drainage， ventilation， pressure self-help and other systems. Statistical data show that the electricity consumption of mine ventilation system accounts for about 1/3 of the total electricity consumption of the whole mine. The input power of the fan is mainly consumed in the total air intake line， network in mining area and total return air line. Therefore， energy saving and drag reduction of mine ventilation system should be considered from the three aspects above. Aiming at the resistance distribution characteristics of the ventilation system in a mine， and by means of economic section method， the optimal ventilation section parameters of total return air line in a mine are put forward through economic and technological comparison and calculation verification， and the purpose of energy saving and rent reduction is easily realized. After calculation， under the premise of keeping the air flow and adopting the optimal ventilation section， the excavation and construction cost of return air tunnel in a mine was increased by 11.779 million yuan at one time， while the ventilation cost could be reduced by 88.279 8 million yuan within seven years of service with considerable economic benefits of energy saving and drag reduction.
    A New Type of Cooling System Applied to the Underground Working Face
    ZHANG Yan-Song, HU Kai, MENG Xiang-Bao, JIE Qing-Xin
    2019, 48(04):  189-193. 
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    The application of a new type of local cooling machine in high temperature working face was introduced， that emphasizes on description of a new type of local cooling machine which is more suitable for underground local working face， and the thermal calculation of the local cooling machine was carried out to find out the cooling load of the refrigeration unit and its related performance parameters. Experiments show that this cooling machine can be better used in local working face. Being different from the previous cooling equipment used in local environment， liquid CO2 is used as cooling medium to form a circulating system in the cooling machine， which modifies the structure of heat exchanger， improves the cooling effect and saves the costs as much as possible. The new type of local cooling machine aims to solve the high temperature problem at local high temperature working face， so as to apply it in the mines with high temperature environment.
    Research Status of Hydration Mechanism of Alumino-Based Cementitious System
    WANG Ying, NI Wen, ZHANG Si-Qi, WANG Yi-Jie, LI Jia
    2019, 48(04):  194-198. 
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    The aluminum-containing mineral phase has large indispensable effect in the formation of excellent geopolymers in the hydration reaction of cement and industrial waste slag, and the geopolymerization of pozzolan active materials. Reviews the hydration mechanism of calcium aluminate hydrate（C-A-H）,calcium sulphoaluminate hydrate（C-A-[S]-H）, calcium aluminosilicate hydrate（C-A-S-H）and calcium chloroaluminate hydrate（C-A-Cl-H） cementitious system. Summarized the formation and reaction laws of the aluminum-containing mineral phase in these types of gelling systems. Adding appropriate additives to high alumina cement can improve the strength and stability of cement. Aluminum replaces silicon, which leads to charge imbalance and can strongly attract and fix heavy metals and other harmful ions. After the interaction of calcium aluminate and chloride ions, chloride ions can be directly fixed, which provides a new idea for the stabilization and harmless treatment of hazardous waste. It is pointed out that the study on the formation and transformation of aluminum-bearing mineral phases in the cementitious systems with different chemical compositions should be pay more attention to.
    Formula Optimization and Mechanism of Preparing Geopolymers Based on Iron Tailings and Metakaolin
    CHEN Yong-Liang, WU Shi-Yi, QI Chen-Hui, XIAO Hua-Ping, XIE Yi-Bing, WANG Meng-Chan
    2019, 48(04):  199-204. 
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    Geopolymers were prepared with the iron tailings as main raw materials， metakaolin as the adjusted materials， with NaOH solution and sodium silicate as alkali activator agent， the effects of raw materials ratio on the properties of geopolymers were investigated by orthogonal testThe results show that under the conditions of raw materials with n(SiO2):n(Al2O3) of 3.0， liquid-solid ratio of 0.35， and alkali activator modulus of 1.2， the compressive strength value of geopolymers is the highest at 28 d， which comes up to 59.0 MPa. The microstructure of the samples were characterized by XRD， FTIR and SEM. Microscopic analysis indicate that the samples have the microstructure characteristics of the normal geopolymers， and the main compositions are amorphous aluminosilicate， semi-crystalline CSH(I) and α-C2SH. As the curing ages are prolonged， more gelatinous substances are generated and bond the fine particles together to form compact internal structure in samples， which improves the compressive strength of geopolymers.