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Table of Content

    15 May 2019, Volume 48 Issue 05
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    Progress on High Voltage Pulse Technology Used for Ore Pre-treatment --Overview of the Research Outcomes Made by the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre of the University of Queensland in the Past 10 Years
    SHI Feng-Nian
    2019, 48(05):  1-8. 
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    This paper summarises the research progress made by the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre （JKMRC） in the past 10 years on High Voltage Pulse （HVP） technology for ore pre-treatment. The researchers at the JKMRC took a different approach to prior research in which HVP was utilised as a crusher to pulverise ore particles to micron sizes，which consumed an excessive amount of energy. The research team instead uses relatively low levels of HVP energy to enhance ore processability， aiming to improve the productivity and economic benefits in the downstream processing circuit. Three potential HVP applications for the mineral industry have been developed: HVP to enable pre-concentration of ore； HVP to pre-weaken and reduce downstream comminution requirements； and HVP to improve downstream mineral liberation. The technique using HVP to enable ore pre-concentration was discovered and developed first-time in the world. A paper on the opportunities and challenges of HVP to enable gold/copper ore pre-concentration was awarded the internationally recognised 2017 CEEC Medal in the research category.
    Research and Application Status on the Surfactants in Solution Mining
    AI Chun-Ming, Sun-Ping-Ping, WANG Yi-Ming, LIU Chao
    2019, 48(05):  9-13. 
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    Solution mining is a new mining method which uses chemical reaction between minerals and leaching solution to obtain useful metal and compounds. In order to show the application status of surfactants in solution mining roundly and promote the development of solution mining technology, such aspects are emphasized as the research and application of surfactants in improving ore leaching rate, the role of surfactants in bacterial leaching and the function of improving the permeability of ore heap. It is pointed out that surfactants have good effects on increasing ore leaching rate, improving surface wettability of ore and enhancing permeability of ore heap, but it is very important to determine a reasonable dosage of surfactants. Different types of surfactants have certain adaptability to different kinds of ores and leaching types. The influence of surfactants on the subsequent process of solution mining should be further explored, and the technical and economic characteristics of surfactants should be taken into account when determining the addition of surfactants. In general , surfactants have vast prospects in solution mining.
    Stability Analysis of Caving Stope under Filling Body in Chengchao Iron Mine
    XU Meng-Guo, TAN Tao, CHENG Ai-Ping, WANG Ping, LI Dan-Feng, YANG Yang
    2019, 48(05):  14-20. 
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    The mining method of pillar recovery stope of the west area of Chengchao Iron Mine is planned to be changed from filling method to caving method.The complex structure of the original filling stope results in uneven stress distribution of surrounding rock beneath it，which is not conducive to the stability of the quasi-excavated roadway.Therefore，it is necessary to analyze the stress distribution of surrounding rock before and after the excavation of the roadway.The method of indoor similarity simulation experiment and numerical simulation are used to study the stress distribution regularity of surrounding rock and the stability of roadway before and after excavation.The study results show that:①due to the interval arrangement of the ore pillars in the original filling stop，the stress distribution of the surrounding rock is disordered，and the tensile stress exists locally after the excavation of the mining roadway，and the stress concentration phenomenon is obvious;②the pressure stress of surrounding rock under the filling stope is twice as high as that under the caving body，and the excavation of the roadway is facing a high and uneven stress distribution environment，the bolt connecting chain technique can be adopted to support，at present，the support method has reached the expected performance in the field test.The above study results have guiding reference for the construction of the next development engineering of Chengchao Iron Mine.
    Experimental Study on Non-pillar Stage Caving Mining Method with Overhangs Structure
    ZHOU Bao-Kun, ZHAO De-Zhi, YAO Bao-Shun, GAO Cong, GU Xin, CHEN Xiao-Qing
    2019, 48(05):  21-26. 
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    It is difficult to control the ore loss and dilution by caving mining methods in the actual operation，and the formation and rupture of mullock funnel is the main cause of ore loss and dilution in the process of ore drawing.In order to delay the formation of mullock funnel and the time of overlying rock arriving at the ore drawing point in the process of ore drawing，a non-pillar stage caving mining method with overhangs structure is carried out.Using this method，each lower sublevel is pulled ahead of its upper sublevel by an overhangs distance，and an overhangs structure is formed on the working face of mining roadway.The mining work is conducted under the cover of the overhang structure that is right above it.In order to verify the ore drawing effects of overhangs structure，the multi-sublevel ore-drawing model is used to carry out two groups of similarity simulation experiments regarding the overhang structure and traditional ore-drawing. The experimental results show that the ore dilution rate of the overhangs structure can be reduced by 5.3 % when the ore recovery rate is maintained at 80%. In Gongchangling underground mine，the overhangs structure of 4-5 perforating veins in -280~+48 m section is tested.The overhangs structure and the original structure are measured by drawing shift with nine caving steps.The study results show that compared with the original structure，ore dilution rate of the overhangs structure can be reduced by 3.8%，the main reason can be described as that the overhangs structure can break the overburden rock falling down directly，and oblige them moving to the behind of the caved orebody in this sublevel，thus，the amount of pure ore drawing out is increased，and the dilution is reduced.The above study results further indicated that the overhangs structure scheme is simple to construct，and it is suitable for underground mining of orebodies above medium-stable level.
    Effects of Shoveling Depth on the Shape of Drawn-out Body in Non-pillar Sublevel Caving Method
    CHANG Guan-Feng, LU Zeng-Xiang
    2019, 48(05):  27-31. 
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    The loss and dilution in the ore drawing process of non-pillar sublevel caving method is influenced by the mutual restrictive relations among caved orebody，drawn-out body and caving pace.Based on the large structure parameter with a single drawing drift，physical simulation test with five different shovel depths under 3.6 m caving pace are carried out.The position of the sliding surface is obtained by the position information of the drawn-out marker particles，effects of the shoveling depth on the development form of the drawn-out body is studied，and the relationship between shovel depth and drawn-out body and the matching relationship between draw body and caving pace are analyzed.The results show that:①the maximum outline of drawn-out body along the drifting direction is larger than that of the caving body under the caving pace of 3.6 m and 5 different shoveling depths；②the shoveling depth has a certain influence on the development of the shape of drawn-out body，the height of drawn-out body increases first and then decreases with the increase of the shoveling depth，the width of drawn-out body along the drifting direction is increased，based on the analysis of pure ore recovery amount and ore recovery rate，the ideal shoveling depth is 5.32 m，and the corresponding recovery rate is 57.74%.
    Experimental Study on the Effect of Water Content in Ore-rock on the Shape of Drawn-out Orebody in an Iron Ore
    SHI Lei, WANG Long, HUANG Gun, WANG Man
    2019, 48(05):  32-36. 
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    Reasonable stope structure parameters and oredraw management can acquire better index of ore loss and dilution indicators，and the shape of drawn-out ore and rock is particularly important for optimizing stope structure parameters and oredraw management.In order to study the relationship between water content (water content ω is 0，4% and 6%) in the shape of draun-out orebody in an iron mine in Xinjiang，physical similarity simulation experiment of single ore drawing is carried out with ore-rock materials taken from underground stope of the mine.The experimental results show that:①the water content in ore-rock has little influence on the shape of drawn-out orebody along the drift，but with the increase of water content，the proportion of top ore on the amount of ore drawing is increasing；②in the vertical direction of drift，when there is no water in ore-rock，the shape of drawn-out orebody is close to an ellipse，which indicates that the effect of ore drawing is good；when ω is 4%，compared with other conditions，the underpart of the drawn-out orebody is narrow，which indicates that it is difficult to draw side ore at this time；when ω is 6%，arch blockage of ore occurs many times in the process of ore drawing，which leads to abnormal shape of drawn-out orebody；③reducing the water content in ore-rock bulk is beneficial to the continuous and smooth drawing of ore-rock granular of muckpile in non-pillar sublevel caving.
    Study on Synergistic Optimization of Final Slope Angle and Mining Depth in Open-pit Mine
    GUO Bin-Lin, LIU Yan-Zhang, HUANG Shi-Bing, HU Bin, LI Kai-Bing, LI Wei
    2019, 48(05):  37-42. 
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    The final slope angle and mining depth are two key parameters that affect each other in the design of open-pit boundary，and their values are closely related to the safety and economy of open-pit mine.In order to discuss the reasonable values of the above two parameters，taking the 12# typical exploration line section of an open-pit copper mine in Tibet as the study example，based on empirical analogy method，the final slope angles of the western and eastern slopes of the section are preliminarily determined as 38°~44°，and the combination of different slope angles are selected.According to principal of the boundary stripping ratio less than economic stripping ratio，the calculated bottom elevation is from + 4 135 m to + 4 108 m.The finite element numerical model of the final slope of the open-pit boundary of the section is established.The safety factors of the western and eastern slopes are calculated by strength reduction method.According to the safety factors of the slope and the economy of mining，the reasonable final slope angle and mining depth of the section are obtained.The study results show that the stability of open-pit slope decreases gradually with the increase of final slope angle and mining depth，and the influence of final slope angle on the stability of slope is much greater than that of the opposite side slope，the two parameters influence each other and determine the safety and economic effect of open-pit mine together；the calculated reasonable final slope angles of the western and eastern slopes of the section are 42° and 43° respectively， with the bottom elevation is + 4 117 m and the total mining depth is 920 m.The above study ideal of synergistic optimization of final Slope angle and mining depth in open-pit mine can provide some reliable reference for the scientific determination of relevant parameters in open-pit mines.
    Instability Mechanism and Control of the Dump Slope with Soft Inclined Composite Basement
    CAO Lan-Zhu, ZHANG Jian-Feng, WANG Dong
    2019, 48(05):  43-47. 
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    Aiming at the problem of deformation and instability of dump slope with soft inclined composite basement in open-pit mine，taking Mengdong west No.2 open-pit coal mine as the engineering background，and based on the rigid body limit equilibrium method and three-dimensional numerical simulation method，the stability variation regularity of dump slope with different basement dip angles is studied，the instability mechanism of the stability of the soft inclined composite basement dump is analyzed，besides that，the corresponding control measures are given.The study results show that:①the slope stability is negatively correlated with the dip angle of the acclinal basement and positively correlated with the dip angle of the reversed dip angle of the basement；②the instability process of the slope basement can be divided into 5 stages，they are dump settlement，local shear dislocation，local shear failure， shear crack expansion and penetration；③the potential landslide mode can be described as intersection-bedding sliding，which taking the arc shape of the tensile crack of internal disposal material as side interface and the basement shear slipping as the bottom interface；④the stability of dump slope with reversed basdment is obviously better than that of the dump slope with conclinal basement，the analysis results of limit equilibrium method is well consistent with the numerical simulation results，which fully reflects the instability characteristics of the dump slope with soft inclined composite basement.On the basis of the above discussion，the stability control measures of the dump slope stability are further discussed.In order to improve the stability of dump slope under the condition of conclinal basement，the layout and development mode of local section dump lines and the order of stripped materials can be adjusted.
    Improvement of Roadway Excavation Blasting Technology and Control Measures in Southeast Mining Area of Chambishi Copper Mine
    ZHANG Lin, YI Hai-Bao, YANG Hai-Tao, ZHENG Xue-Min, HU Wen-Da
    2019, 48(05):  48-55. 
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    Due to the problems of unreasonable blasting parameters，high explosive consumption，poor formation of the section and little blasting fragments existed in the roadway excavation operation of the northearn part of the southeast mining area of Chambishi Copper Mine，which results in high blasting cost，the chute easily blocked，the safety operation of roadway excavation is threatened seriously.In order to solve the above technical problems existed in the operation of roadway excavation of the mine，rock mass quality stability classification is carried out based on geological survey results，the on-site blasting crater test is conducted，the improvement ideals of blasting control for improving the blasting effects is proposed from the aspects of adjusting the groove method，controlling the detonation delay time and improving the peripheral hole control blasting method.The study results show that:①the rock mass grade of mineralized slate in the mining area is Ⅲ~Ⅳ rock mass，while the upper disc quartzite and the lower disc quartzite are both belong to gradeⅡ rock mass，the basement granite and the lower conglomerates are both belong to grade Ⅱ rock mass，the rock mass conditions vary greatly，so the blasting parameters should be dynamically adjusted according to the rock mass conditions on site；②based on the blasting crater test results，reasonable explosive unit consumption is determined as 1.86 kg/m3 more or less，the current consumption of explosives is obviously high，the optimization space is relatively large；③compared with the vertical hole blasting，the inclined hole slotting blasting has obvious superiority in the number of blasting holes，unit consumption，blasting effect，etc.，it is suitable for conducting inclined hole gutter comparison test；④at present，differential delay time of mine excavation blasting is too long，and the optimization tests with the short differential delay detonator should be conducted；⑤charge structure of the peripheral holes is unreasonable，it is suitable to adjust by the scheme proposed in this paper to improve the blasting control effect of the roadway.The feasibility and reliability of the technical solution will be verified by conducting a multi-program on-site blasting comparison tests，so as to provide guidance for the control of mine roadway blasting quality.
    Blasting Vibration Peak Particle Velocity Prediction Formula Based on Dimensional Analysis Method
    YE Hai-Wang, YUAN 尔Jun, LEI Tao, LONG Mei
    2019, 48(05):  56-61. 
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    The particle peak velocity prediction of blasting vibration is an important part of blasting design and blasting disaster control.Based on dimensional analysis theory，the terrain （elevation difference and horizontal distance） influence factors between the blasting vibration velocity monitoring point and the explosion source are considered，and the peak velocity prediction formula of the blasting vibration is reconstructed.Combined with the actual measured data of blasting vibration in a mine，the comparing work is taken with multivariate nonlinear regression fitting method between the prediction results of new formula and other formulas.The results show that the blasting vibration particle peak velocity formula based on dimensional analysis is more accurate，the average relative error between the predicted and measured peak velocity of the particle vibration in horizontal radial，horizontal tangential，vertical direction is the smallest，which is respectively 14.62％，12.46％and 12.17％，and the prediction accuracy is 5.01%~10.28%，1.92%~10.55% and 6.07%~16.16% higher than that of the existing formulas respectively.
    First-principles Study on Flotation of Magnesite， Dolomite and Calcite
    ZHANG Duo-Yang, YIN Wan-Zhong, MA Ying-Qiang, WANG Cong
    2019, 48(05):  62-68. 
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    order to better achieve the flotation decalcification of magnesite， the crystal structure， cleavage surface， minerals and the interaction model with common flotation reagents of magnesite， dolomite and calcite were simulated by Materials Studio （MS） software based on density functional theory. The energy band structure， density of states， surface energy of the three minerals， the frontier orbital ，as well as interaction energy between the minerals and common flotation reagents were calculated， which helps to study flotation mechanism of calcium-magnesium carbonate minerals from microscopic view. Theoretical studies indicated that magnesite， dolomite and calcite are all insulators. Sodium hexametaphosphate and water glass are interacted with these three minerals easily， compared with sodium oleate and dodecylamine. The complete cleavage surface of magnesite， dolomite and calcite are {104}plane， {110}plane and {104}plane respectively. The calcium ions and magnesium ions of these three minerals are chemically adsorbed with the carbonyl oxygen of sodium oleate， and the interaction with dodecylamine is the physical adsorption accompanied with the formation of N-H…O hydrogen bonds， indicating a selectivity interaction between dodecylamine and calcium magnesium carbonate minerals in flotation. The speculative results of the first principles are basically verified by the pure minerals flotation experiments， which indicates that the first-principles has guiding significance for the selection of flotation separation agents and its mechanism research.
    Comprehensive Utilization Test of a Low Grade Scandium-containing Ilmenite in Gansu Province
    DENG Shan-Zhi, CHENG Ren-Ju, LI Cheng-Xiu, LIU Xing
    2019, 48(05):  69-73. 
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    The contents of Fe， TiO2 and Sc2O3 in a low-grade scandium-containing titanium iron ore in Gansu Province are 10.20%， 4.55% and 55.6 g/t， respectively. The magnetic iron accounted for only 17.90% of the total iron， the iron in the form of ilmenite accounted for 22.02% of the total iron， and the iron in the form of silicate accounted for 52.05% of the total iron. TiO2 in the form of ilmenite accounts for 69.01% of the total titanium， and TiO2 in titanomagnetite accounts for 3.52% of the total titanium. The remaining titanium mainly occurs in silicate minerals that are difficult to be enriched and recovered. The size of magnetite is mainly 0.5~0.04 mm， and the size of ilmenite is mainly 1~0.07 mm. They are closely intermingled with silicate minerals. Scandium is mainly found in dark calcium magnesium minerals （mainly amphibole）. In order to determine the exploitation and utilization technology of the ore， the beneficiation test was carried out. The results show that under the condition of 6~0 mm， the tailings of 29.82% can be removed by ZCLA. Then， under the grinding fineness of -0.074 mm accounted for 81%， the iron concentrate with TFe grade of 60.78%， recovery rate of 13.11%；the titanium concentrate with TiO2 grade of 47.05%， recovery of 55.74% and the scandium concentrate with Sc2O3 grade of 99.0 g/t， recovery of 48.68% can be obtained by one roughing （135.4 kA/m） two cleaning （119.4 kA/m and 119.4 kA/m） low magnetic separation process， and the iron tailings are pre-enriched by one roughing （0.7 T） one cleaning（0.6 T） high gradient high intensity magnetic separation process， and the titanium concentrate with high intensity magnetic separation by sequential return process of one roughing， four cleaning， one scavenging.
    Experimental Research on Flotation Beneficiation of Cu and Bi from Gravity Roughing Concentrate of Tungsten
    YANG Kai-Zhi, HU Zhen, ZOU Jian-Jian, LI Han-Wen, LI Pei-Lun
    2019, 48(05):  74-78. 
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    The dressing plant of high-sulfur tungsten ores associated with copper and bismuth in northern Guangdong province adopted table-flotation to recover sulfide minerals from gravity tungsten roughing concentrate， then recycle Cu and Bi by repressing bismuth before floating the copper and concentrate bismuth by gravity separation from mixed sulfide ores. The recovery of copper and bismuth by this method is low and the copper concentrate contains large amount of bismuth. In order to solve the problem of efficient separation and recovery of copper and bismuth， experiments of separation and recovery of copper and bismuth taking gravity roughing concentrate of tungsten as the samples were carried out. The results showed that the grade of WO3， Cu， Bi and Ag are 13.66%， 3.32%， 1.93% and 308.50 g/t respectively. The main copper minerals are chalcopyrite and chalcocite， and the main bismuth mineral is bismuth. The particle size of useful minerals ranges from 0.04 mm to 0.64 mm. Wolframite， scheelite and pyrite are coarse-grain dissemination， and chalcopyrite and bismuth ores are fine-grain dissemination. In the case of the rod milling with particle size below 0.2 mm， lime as regulator， SY as bismuth depressant and Z-200 as collector， Bi was inhibited and Cu was floated by the process of one-roughing one-cleaning and two-scavenging. Bismuth was activated by the process of one-roughing two-cleaning and two-scavenging with GYC-1 as bismuth activator and butyl xanthate as bismuth collector. The copper concentrate with 19.01% copper grade， 93.51% copper recovery rate and 0.81% bismuth content， and the bismuth concentrate with 21.39% bismuth grade， 78.61% bismuth recovery rate and 0.63% copper content were obtained finally. Compared with the on-site production index， the copper grade and copper recovery rate of copper concentrate were increased by 10.48 percentage points and 9.19 percentage points respectively， and the bismuth content of copper concentrate was decreased by 1.85 percentage points. The bismuth grade of bismuth concentrate was decreased by 5.23 percentage points， the bismuth recovery was increased by 33.25 percentage points， and the copper content was decreased by 1.68 percentage points. The separation and recovery of copper and bismuth are well realized.
    Study on Sulfuric Acid Leaching of Copper Oxide Ores in Zambia
    YANG Si-Min, KOU Jue, ZHANG Xiao-Liang, SUN Chun-Bao
    2019, 48(05):  79-83. 
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    The copper grade of refractory copper oxide ores with low grade and high binding rate in Zambia is 1.56%. The major copper ores are cuprite， chalcopyrite， covellite and brochantite. The major gangue minerals are quartz， mica， ankerite and so on. The oxidation rate of copper reaches up to 82.85%， mainly combined copper oxide. Copper sulfide accounts for only 17.15%， mainly with primary copper sulfide ores. In order to determine the reasonable development and utilization technology of the ores， systematic sulfuric acid leaching experiments were carried out. The results showed that: ①Improving the fineness of leaching samples， increasing the leaching time， improving the leaching temperature， and increasing the liquid-solid mass ratio and stirring speed are beneficial to improve the leaching effect of copper oxide ores.② In the case of grinding fineness of -0.074 mm 60%， sulfuric acid concentration of 50 g/L， liquid-solid mass ratio of 3， leaching temperature at 65 ℃， stirring speed at 300 r/min， and the leaching time for 120 min， the leaching rate of copper is up to 78.64%.③ Sulfuric acid leaching kinetics of the ores is controlled by the chemical reaction model， and the apparent activation energy of the reaction is 37.83 kJ/mol.
    Activation Mechanism of Magnesium Ions to Sodium Oleate Capture Quartz
    ZHANG Zhen, ZHANG Ling-Yan, WU Jian-Xin, GUAN Jun-Fang, CHEN Zhi-Qiang, ZHANG Chong, DUAN Shu-Tong
    2019, 48(05):  84-87. 
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    Magnesium ions are often associated with quartz minerals. In order to research the effect of magnesium ion on the quartz flotation by sodium oleate， the flotation tests of pure quartz minerals were carried out. The mechanism of magnesium ion activating quartz was studied by Zeta potential test， solution chemistry calculation and infrared spectroscopy analysis. The results showed that: ①sodium oleate can not float quartzwithout magnesium ion； The flotation recovery rate of quartz can reach 92.40% under the condition that the pulp pH=10.5， the concentration of magnesium ion is 3.75×10-4 mol/L， and the concentration of sodium oleate is 6.25×10-4 mol/L. ②Zeta potential analysis shows that magnesium ion adsorbed on the surface of quartz is the active site of sodium oleate adsorption， so magnesium ion has an activation effect on sodium oleate flotation of quartz. ③Solution chemical analysis showed that the main active composion in the process of magnesium ion activation of quartz was MgOH+. ④Infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that sodium oleate can adsorb to the surface of quartz particles with the help of magnesium ion.
    Improvement of Flotation Separation of Fluorite and Fine Quartz by Sodium Oleate with Nonionic-like Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymers
    QIN Xu-Kun, QIAN Yu-Peng, QIU Xuan, CHEN Bin, HU Shan-Hai
    2019, 48(05):  88-92. 
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    The effect of nonionic-like amphiphilic triblock copolymers F-127 on the fine quartz and fluorite flotation rate in sodium oleate flotation system was systematically investigated by the single fluorite and quartz and mixture flotation test, Zeta potential analysis, infrared spectrum analysis and sodium oleate absorption test. The results indicated that the sodium oleate has good collecting effect on fluorite and no collecting effect on quartz; F-127 has certain foaming function，therefore, the floatation of pure fluorite minerals can be greatly accelerated； A hetero-coagulation is generated in fine quartz and coarse fluorite, F-127 can improve the dispersion of fluorite-quartz ore and it can promote desorption of fine quartz from the surface of coarse fluorite. Thus, the flotation separation of fluorite and fine quartz can be improved.
    Genesis and Prospecting Direction of Yanjiao-Niuluohe Pb-Zn Deposit in Jiangcheng County，Yunnan Province
    HU Jia-Kun, ZOU Jin-Chao, JIE Kang, NI 尔Jian, LI Gui-Xiang, LI Xing
    2019, 48(05):  93-106. 
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    Yanjiao-Niuluohe Pb-Zn Deposit in Yunnan Province is located in the southern part of the southwest Sanjiang metallogenic belt，the geotectonic location of the deposit is located in Pu'er-Jiangcheng depression basin of the southern part of Lanping-Simao Mesozoic depression basin of Tanggula-Sanjiang geosynclinal fold system，the orebodies are distributed in Jingxing Formation of Lower Cretaceous and Pingxiang Formation of Middle Jurassic Series.Combing with the geological working results of the region and mining area，the regional metallogenic geological background，geological characteristics of the mining area，orebody characteristics，ore characteristics，mineralization sequence and surrounding rock alteration characteristics are discussed，besides that，deposit genesis is analyzed.The study results show that:①the orebodies are filled in sandstone joints and fractures and structural fracture zones with the shapes of veins，reticulate veins and moniliform，the length of orebodies is 126~505 m，and the width of them is 0.4~29.01 m，the orebodies striking to south，the dip angle of them is 51°~80°；②the ore minerals are mainly for sphalerite，galena and pyrite，the gangue minerals are mainly for quartz，calcite and sericite，the ore structure is mainly for argillaceous fine sand structure，vein structure and disseminated structure are the main ore structural types；③the mineralization sequence can be divided into six stages，the first stage is tourmaline-kaolin stage，the second stage is quartz stage，the third stage is limonite-zircon stage，the fourth stage is cerusite-calcite stage，the fifth stage is lead-zine sulphide stage and the sixth stage is arsenopyrite-chalcopyrite stage；④from the center of surrounding rock alteration to outside is massive Pb-Zn mineralized zone，carbonization，tectonic breccia，ore-bearing net veins and veinlets，calcilization and quartzification，silicification，sericitization，pyritization and limonite alteration zone；⑤genesis of the deposit belongs to tectonical hydrothermal alteration Pb-Zn deposit.Based on the above study results and combing with the further geological prospecting results and geophysical working results of IP measurement and audio frequency magnetotelluric sounding，four prospecting target areas are delineated，they are named as JⅠ-1、JⅠ-2、JⅠ-3 and JⅠ-4.Metallogenic potential of JⅠ-1 and JⅠ-3 prospecting target areas are verified by drilling engineering，about 11.217 million tons of lead and zinc ores and 443 657 tons lead and zinc metals are obtained；prospecting potential of JⅠ-2、JⅠ-4 prospecting target areas are both good，where are the key regions for the further prospecting work.
    Geological Characteristics and Integrated Metallogenic Prediction of Adatangounao Mining Area in Qinghai Province
    ZHANG Qing-Hua, SONG Xiao-Jun, LUO Hong-Yuan
    2019, 48(05):  107-116. 
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    Qimantag area of Qinghai Province is located in the western part of East Kunlun Orogenic Belt，which possesses a complicated evolutional history and unique tectonic process.It is the most important polymetallic ore accumulated area in Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Adatangounao is located in the Qimantage iron-polymetallic metallogenic belt.In this area，the magmatic activity is strong，the faults is well developed and the prospecting potential is good.In order to find out the metallogenic conditions in this area，large-scale geological survey，high-precision magnetic survey and soil profile measurement are carried out on the basis of unconfirmed three 1∶50 000 stream sediment survey Hs[7乙3] 、Hs[8乙3] and Hs[6丙] comprehensive anomalies and high-precision magnetic measurement C16 anomaly. The anomalous high concentration is performed by exploratory trenches，combined with geological survey to identify the source and distribution characteristics of the mining area and to summarize the metallogenic regularity.The study results show that:①Cu，Ni and Co are the main metallogenic elements in the soil samples and have good correlation，among them，possibility of enrichment and mineralization of Ni is high，high-value anomalies of Cu， Ni， Co and Cr are widely distributed in the profile，the concentration centers are relatively prominent;②the anomaly intensity of high-precision magnetic measurement is especially strong near C16 anomaly center，the abnormal value is consistent with the intermediate to acidic intrusive rocks，gabbro plutons，diabase dikes and NW trending regional faults;③five lead-zinc-copper mineralization zones and seven orebodies （including five lead-zinc orebodies and two copper orebodies） have been delineated by the exploratory trenches in the surface mineralization point and the anomalous area，reliable prospecting target area is delineated，and its prospecting potential is discussed.The above analysis results further indicated that the discovery of the orebodies have deepened the understanding of metallogenic conditions in Adatangounao Mining Area，and prospecting breakthrough can be obtained by using integrated exploration methods of geology，geophysical exploration and geochemical exploration，in close association with metallogenic regularity.
    Metallogenic Regularity of Fracture Structure of Mianshan-Sikeshu Metallogenic Belt in Dongchuan Copper Orefield
    YIN Da-Sheng, FANG Wei-Xuan, GUO Yu-Qian
    2019, 48(05):  117-123. 
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    Dongchuan copper orefield in Yunnan Province is located in Sichuan-Yunnan copper polymetallic metallogenic belt at the western margin of the Yangtze plate.The fracture structure superimposition mineralization and metallogenic effects of Mianshan-Sikeshu metallogenic belt in Dongchuan copper orefield in Yunnan Province are obvious，but the study degree is relatively low.In view of the study shortage，based on the comprehensive cataloging of tectono-lithofacies in the tunnel of Mianshan-Sikeshu metallogenic belt，combined with regional geological background，the fracture elements of typical adit copper orebody are measured，and rose maps are made for analysis and lithofacies zoning.The study results show that:①the alkaline ferric basic magma intrudes into the Luoxue Formation along the large angle fault of Mianshan-Sikeshu metallogenic belt，due to the intrusive and compressive action of magma，the contact zone between intrusive rock mass and strata can be divided into schistose facies zone，hydrothermal breccia facies zone and fractured lithofacies zone from the inside to the outside according to the degree of rock deformation，according to the degree of rock fragmentation，the cataclastic lithofacies belt can be divided into strong cataclastic lithofacies belt，cataclastic lithofacies belt and weak cataclastic lithofacies belt from the inside to the outside，and the grade of copper deposit changes from high to low accordingly；②fractured petrography study reveals that there are mainly three groups of ore-bearing fractures near EW direction，near SN direction and NEE direction，among them，the near EW direction fracture （basically consistent with the occurrence of strata） is the main ore-bearing fracture；③the multi-stage tectonic activities have resulted in high degree of fracture development and complicated intersecting relationship，according to the magma intrusion and transformation metallogenic period，the fractures can be divided into pre-metallogenic fracture，metallogenic stage fracture and post-metallogenic fracture.Based on above study of the characteristics of magmatic intrusive structure-fissure structure system and metallogenic-ore-controlling regularity，it is considered that the copper orebody near the intrusive rock mass of Mianshan-Sikeshu metallogenic belt is obviously enriched by the transformation of the magmatic-fissure tectonic system，and the cataclastic lithofacies belt near the basic rock is a favorable target area for the formation of high-grade fractured deposits.
    An Improved Generalization Method for Special Geological Unit:A Case Study on Dyke
    LI Wen-Jing, LI Si-Yi
    2019, 48(05):  124-131. 
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    Dykes are always closely coexisting with ore veins in deposit，and it is of great significance in reveling regional geological evolution process and guiding prospecting work.During the process of geological mapping and geological map synthesis，dyke is often neglected or integrated with general geological unit because of its relatively small exposure scale.In veiw of the loss question of dyke information in geological map synthesis，a generalization method of dyke based on geographical fact during the geological generalization process is put forward.Firstly，based on the continuity principle，the potential homologous dyke groups are identified，through the deduction of geological evolution process，the homologous judgement of dykes is conducted and dykes are amalgamated preliminarily.Then，based on the square root law，loading capacity and area threshold of the maps with different mapping scale are calculated，so as to determine dyke retention or abandonment.Finally，the outer shape and internal construction of dykes are simplified，so as to avoid the adjacent conflict problem between dykes and other geological units in the process of mapping scale transformation，therefore，dykes generalization process of geological map is realized.The comparison results of test and existing geological maps with small scale show that the proposed automatic dyke generalization method is more reasonable，the dyke integrity can be effectively avoided under the condition of retaining the stratigraphic lithological characteristics and geological tectonic characteristics，and the generalization process is less affected by human factors.The above study results further indicated that a new ideal for the processing of special geographical elements during the generalization process of geological maps is proposed.
    Prediction Model of Mining Subsidence Based on Kalman Filter Integrated Algorithm
    CHEN Zhu-An, XIONG Xin, WEI Xiao-Jian
    2019, 48(05):  132-136. 
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    In order to improve the prediction accuracy of mining subsidence in mining area，a integrated prediction model with the combination of the Kalman filter model and Elman neural network is proposed based on the autoregressive integrated moving average model （ARIMA）.Firstly，in view of the non-stationarity and complexity characteristics of the subsidence mining monitoring sequence，ARIMA model is able to stabilize the original sequence，so as to construct the prediction model of surface subsidence and serve as the equation of state of Kalman filter；then，the results of Elman neural network subsidence prediction is introduced as the measured value into the Kalman filter measurement equation to establish the integrated prediction model；finally，for the selection of noise variance Q and R，the error characteristics of ARIMA model and Elman network model are calculated，so as to calculate the value of noise Q and R.Comparison of the prediction accuracy of the integrated prediction model proposed in this paper and BP neural network model，Elman neural network model，Kalman filter model.The results show that the root-mean-square-error （RMSE）of the prediction values and actual measured data of the four models are 2.06，5.857 8，2.926 9，3.688 9 mm respectively，the relative error of the four models are 1.170 4％、3.050 2％、1.432 6％ and 1.908 4％，mean absolute errors of them are 1.886 7，10.703 9，2.329 4，2.807 6 mm.The study results indicated that the integrated prediction model can effectively reduce the accumulation of errors of the same nature caused by a single prediction mechanism，the prediction accuracy of the integrated model is superior to the ones of other three models，it is help for improving the prediction accuracy of mining subsidence in mining area.
    Development and Application of SSS-III Series Vertical Ring Pulsating HGMS with Horizontal Magnetic Field
    XU Shao-Hua, TANG Yu-He, ZHANG Jun, LIN Tian-Sheng
    2019, 48(05):  137-141. 
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    Although SSS-II series vertical ring pulsating HGMS（High Gradient Magnetic Separator) with horizontal magnetic field has the advantages of high grade concentrate， jamless magnetic medium and no-corrosion magnetic system， the problems of insufficient magnetic energy utilization rate， low volume magnetic medium ， poor recovery rate and so on restrict its popularization and application. In order to solve these problems， and based on SSS-II series magnetic separators， the SSS-III series vertical ring pulsating HGMS with horizontal magnetic field were developed. The machine adopts a special double layer magnetic medium box sorting ring structure， which significantly improves the utilization rate of magnetic energy， the volume of magnetic medium and the height of separation action， realizes the steps sorting of ferromagnetic and low magnetic particles， plays a short process sorting effect of “one roughing and one scavenging”， and improves equipment processing ability and recovery rate. The double layer washing discharging device ensures the advantage of jamless magnetic medium. The production practice of the roughing workshop of a titanium selection plant in Panzhihua showed that the SSS-III-2750 vertical ring pulsating HGMS with horizontal magnetic field run smoothly and reliably. In the case of the grade of TiO2 in raw ores 9.89 %， titanium roughing concentrate with TiO2 grade of 17.54 % and TiO2 recovery rate of 86.23 % was obtained. Compared with the SSS-II-2750 vertical ring pulsating HGMS with horizontal magnetic field，the recovery rate of TiO2 increased by 11.91 percentage points in the case of the raw ores with grade lowered by 1.09 percentage points. Compared with a on-site vertical ring pulsating HGMS with vertical magnetic field，the grade and recovery rate of TiO2 increased significantly by 3.42 percentage points and 15.56 percentage points in the case of raw ores grade only higher by 0.43 percentage points.
    Effect of Arc Overflow Pipe on Separation Performance of Cyclone
    XU Cong-Cong, ZHANG Yue-Kan, LIU Pei-Kun, YANG Xing-Hua, JIANG Lan-Yue
    2019, 48(05):  142-146. 
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    Aiming at the problem of the heavy particles passing through the overflow outlet because of short-circuit flow, which is existed in the current running cyclone, a cyclone with a arc overflow pipe was proposed , and the numerical simulation and experimental research were carried out. The simulation results show that the arc structure of the overflow pipe can be used to move outward the transitional region at the bottom of the overflow hole, improve the tangential velocity of the fluid in this area, thus increasing the centrifugal strength , guiding the short-circuit flow to the external swirling flow to participate in the separation again, which helps to achieve the aim of reducing coarse particles mixed in the overflow. The experimental results show that under the same outlet ratio, the content of -25 μm particles in the overflow and the comprehensive classification efficiency for the arc overflow pipe cyclone are higher than those of the linear type overflow pipe cyclone. The best inhibitory effect of arc overflow pipe cyclone occurs when the outlet ratio is 0.33, and the corresponding overflow concentration is 4.72%, the content of -25 μm particles in the overflow is 98.37%, and the comprehensive classification efficiency of -25 μm particles is 78.92%. These indexes are higher than those of the linear type overflow cyclone, which are 4.25%, 96.86% and 73.51% respectively.
    Optimization Design of the “Three Intake Shafts and Three Return Shafts” Ventilation System of Sihe Mine in Shanxi Province
    SONG Bai-Chao, LI Yu-Cheng, LUO Hong-Bo, ZHENG Yi
    2019, 48(05):  147-153. 
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    Zoning ventilation system is used in Sihe Mine currently，which consists of three intake shafts and three return shafts，and the ventilation system is complex.As production continues，many problems have arisen，such as low utilization rate of air volume，greater power consumption，unstable low-voltage power supply of fun in ventilation system of No.1 return shaft，long ventilation distance，large resistance and ventilation capacity near saturation in ventilation system of No. 2 return shaft，the safety and reliability of the whole mine is poor.In order to solve the above existing problems，the ventilation simulation computation network is established by means of ventilation parameters testing，data processing and ventilation system network surveying，and so on.The specific problems of current ventilation system of the mine are analyzed in detail from the aspects of resistance rationality of ventilation system，comparison between supply and demand of air volume in different using places，resistance distribution in the three zones and disturbance of public air intake route to fan working conditions.The ventilation capacity of main air routes （three intake shafts and three return shafts） and the required air volume of each using places are checked.According to the principle that the total air intake should meet the production demand and the total air intake should match the total air return，the optimization and improvement scheme of transforming 3# air intake shaft into return shaft and transforming 1# and 2# return shafts into intake shafts is proposed，that is，the “three intake shafts and three return shafts” ventilation system is transformed into “four intake shafts and two return shafts” ventilation system.The “four intake shafts and two return shafts” ventilation system is re-divided into different sections，and the new ventilation system is adjusted according to the selected optimal partition scheme.The study results show that the final total return air volume reaches 17 743.2 m3/min，the return air volume is increased，the total resistance is decreased，the air volume at each using place meets the requirements，the system resistance distribution is reasonable and the energy consumption of the fan is reduced.
    Construction of Ecological Security Pattern in Mining Cities by Balancing Ecological Supply and Human Demand:A Case Study of Daye City，Hubei Province
    CHEN Yong, XIAO Xiao, LIU Yan-Zhong, RUAN Jing-Hua, ZENG Xiang-Yang, WANG Qiao-Zhi
    2019, 48(05):  154-160. 
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    Constructing an ecological security pattern is an important way to ensure the sustainable development of mining cities.Taking Daye City as an example，a security pattern is constructed through the“source-corridor”model by balancing ecological supply and human demand.According to the whole demand of all population in Daye City and the daily demand of some nearby people，the ecological source areas are divided into two types:global source and local source，which are identified by direct picking and comprehensive evaluation respectively.So the ecological source identification model is consisted of human demand （expressed as convenience and people's demand of the patch） and ecological supply （expressed as importance and connectivity of the patch）.According to visual interpretation method，minimum cumulative resistance （MCR） model and classification results of ecological sources （global source and local source），the ecological corridors are divided into three types （key corridors，connective corridors and group corridors）.The results show that:①the area of the global and local source areas of Daye City is 144.61 km2 and 197.42 km2 respectively，and the local source areas can be divided into 6 groups，the northwest water-land group with small patches and few patches is easily affected by external disturbances，while the eastern foothill group that located around the central city may be affected by urbanization;②the lengths of key corridors，connective corridors and group corridors in Daye City are 112.30 km， 179.45 km and 444.19 km respectively，some of the key corridors are affected by urban construction，mining activities or geological disasters，and the local resistance value is high，which need to be dredged and protected in the future urban planning and development.
    Information Extraction and Dynamic Monitoring of Rare Earth Mining Area Based on Image Feature CART Decision Tree
    ZHU Qing, LIN Jian-Ping, GUO Jia-Xin, GUO Xi
    2019, 48(05):  161-169. 
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    In order to accurately reflect the mining status of rare earth mining area in Southern Jiangxi Province，taking Xunwu County of Jiangxi Province as the study area and selecting Landsat-8 multi-spectral image as the data source，through the extraction of the feature information of mean texture，bare soil index （BSI） and normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI），the mining information ore rare earth of the study area is identified by using the classification method based on multi-source data CART decision tree.The results show that the overall accuracy of the classification is 89.43% and the classification precision of the mining area is 88%.The classification accuracy is better than the ones of CART decision tree classification method based on spectral information and maximum likelihood classification method.Based on the above discussion results，remote sensing dynamic monitoring for the rare mining area in the study area from 2013 to 2016 is carried out.It is found that the increasing mining area is mainly distributed within the scope of mining boundary，the reduced mining area is distributed within and outside the mining boundary and the degree of reduction is 41%，which further indicated that the government and related departments have played an important role in developing a healthy and orderly rare earth industry.The above study results show that the classification method based on multi-source data CART decision tree has certain feasibility in information extraction and dynamic monitoring of rare earth mining area.
    Study on the Geological Environmental Bearing Capacity of Baimahongge Mining Area Based on GIS
    JIANG Ren-Wei, TAN Shu-Cheng
    2019, 48(05):  170-176. 
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    In order to effectively deal with the unreasonable mining activities such as over-exploitation and disorderly mining in Baimahongge mining area in Sichuan Province，aiming at the insufficiency of the conventional methods that are difficult to carry on the quantification analysis of the mine geological environmental bearing capacity，combined with the special natural environment characteristics of the mining area，14 indexes including physical geography， social economy，mine development，mine environment and basic geology are selected.The evaluation index system of geological environmental bearing capacity of the mining area is established，and the comprehensive evaluation method-analytic hierarchy process （AHP） that combines qualitative and quantitative methods evaluation ideas is used to evaluate the geological environmental bearing capacity of the mining area.The study results show that high-low distribution and spatial development regularities of the mining area are obvious，according to the bearing capacity，the mining area can be divided into excellent，medium and poor areas.The distribution map of the bearing capacity of the geological environment of the mining area is drawn，and the spatial distribution characteristics of each area are analyzed.It is concluded that the bearing capacity of Baimahongge mining area is low as a whole，and the total area of medium and poor areas is 615.73 km2，accounting for 28% of the total area of the mining area， and the area of the poor area is 79.25 km2，accounting for 3.6% of the total area of the mining area.The study results have realized the comprehensive evaluation of the bearing capacity of the geological environment of the mining area qualitatively and quantitatively，which can reflect the bearing capacity of the geological environment of the mining area more truly and effectively.Based on the above discussion results，in view of the poor bearing capacity of the mining area，some countermeasures are put forward，such as optimizing the surrounding environment of the mining area，implementing the construction of ecological rehabilitation projects and building green mines，which are of certain reference value for enhancing the bearing capacity of the geological environment of the whole mining area，realizing the sustainable development of the mining area and curbing unseasonable mining activities of the mining area.
    Feasibility of the Cold Bond and Reduction of Ferrovanadium Residues Using Oily Sludge of Tank Bottom as Raw Materials
    YANG Hui-Fen, LI Zhao-Feng, FU Peng, ZHANG Ge
    2019, 48(05):  177-182. 
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    The oily sludge of tank bottom is enriched with saturated hydrocarbon， aromatic hydrocarbon， asphalt， colloid and many other organic component， among which the asphaltene and colloid have strong stickiness. In order to explore the feasibility of the cold bonded ferrovanadium residues to prepare the pellets and its reduction and recovery effect to the Pb， Zn， Fe from ferrovanadium residues，the systematic process conditions tests were conducted in details and the reduction mechanism was analyzed by XRD and SEM-EDS techniques. The results showed that the contents of Fe， Zn and Pb are 26.76%， 6.95% and 3.01% in ferrovanadium residues respectively. When the mass ratio of oily sludge from Beijing Yanshan Petrochemical Company/CaO/ferrovanadium residues from Hanzhong Zinc Industry Co.， Ltd. was 40∶30∶100，the pellets-formed pressure was 10 MPa，the compressive strength and drop strength of the raw pellets prepared by oily sludge-ferrovanadium residues were 253.33 N and 7 times respectively. The compressive strength and drop strength of the cold bonded pellets were 301.67 N and 8.67 times respectively when the raw pellets was dried at 100 ℃ for 30 min. The roasted products with the evaporation rate of lead 81.10% and zinc 99.56%， and iron metallization rate of 82.86% were obtained from the cold bonded pellets at 1 250 ℃ for 90 min. Metallic iron powder with iron grade of 90.34% and recovery of 14.82%，and iron concentrate with iron grade of 65.20% and recovery of 55.54% ， irontotal recovery of 70.35%were obtained through grinding（-74 μm 66.52%）- middle magnetic separation （at 477.71 kA/m）- regrinding （-38 μm 90.80%）- low magnetic separation （roughing at 207.01kA/m and cleaning at 16.56 kA/m）. Therefore， the oily sludge of tank bottom is proven to be used as a binder and reductant for ferrovanadium residues preparing cold bond pellets.
    Study on Recovery of Iron and Zinc from Copper Slag by Direct Reduction Process in Rotary Hearth Furnace
    LIU Zhan-Hua, CHEN Wen-Liang, DING Yin-Gui, CAO Zhi-Cheng, WU Dao-Hong, YU Wen
    2019, 48(05):  183-187. 
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    In order to solve the problem of development and utilization of a copper slag in China， the recovery of valuable element iron and zinc， and as well as the removal of impurity sulfur were studied by direct reduction-grinding magnetic separation process in simulated rotary hearth furnace with semi-coke as reducing agent and dolomite as additive. The results showed that the removal rate of zinc in direct reduction process was 99.14%， the ZnO content was 79.59% in zinc oxide powder under the conditions of 25% semi-coke， 10% dolomite， 1 300 ℃ reduction temperature and 35 minutes reduction time， and the metallic iron powder with 92.79% iron grade and 0.08% sulfur content was obtained with an iron recovery of 88.12% by grinding and magnetic separation from metallized pellets. The mechanism analysis showed that most of the iron-bearing minerals in copper slag had been transformed into metallic iron phases， which presented obvious aggregation and growth. The maximum metal iron particles could reach more than 100 microns， and there was a clear edge between the iron and gangue minerals， which would be propitious to obtain high-grade metallic iron powder by subsequent grinding and magnetic separation processes.
    Re-concentration Experiments and Production Practice of Comprehensive Tailings in Yanshan Iron Mine
    ZHOU Yong, TIAN Yan-Hong
    2019, 48(05):  188-191. 
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    The iron grade of the comprehensive iron tailings in Yanshan mine is 9.14%， in which the ratio of magnetic iron ore is 20.13% and the ratio of hematite and limonite is 55.91%. The iron ore is mainly enriched in micro-size fraction，followed by coarse fraction. The original iron reverse-flotation idle system was adopted to recover the iron from the comprehensive tailings. The results showed that under the conditions of induced magnetic field intensity of 0.72 T in high magnetic separation， grinding fineness with -74 μm 90%， magnetic field intensity of 238 kA/m in low intensity magnetic separation， NaOH as pH regulator of 1 300 g/t （pH=11.5）， caustic starch as inhibitor of 840 g/t， CaO as activator of 687.5 g/t and GK68 as collector of 1800 g/t in roughing separation （900 g/t in cleaning separation)， a high-quality iron concentrate with grade of 69.84% and recovery rate of 4.13% was obtained by the process of pre-concentration in the high intensity magnetic separation， grinding， low intensity magnetic separation and reverse flotation of one roughing-one cleaning-one scavenging. The improved production practices showed that by adopting the process of pre-concentration by the disk magnetic separator， stage-one closed-circuit grinding， concentrated magnetic separation， stage-two closed-circuit grinding， low intensity magnetic separation and closed circuit flotation of containing one roughing-one cleaning-three scavenging to treat the combined tailings， about 55， 000 tons of iron concentrate of over 69% grade can be output annually， with annual profit of 17.50 million Yuan gained.
    Effects of Desulfurization Gypsum on Steel Slag Preparation with Carbonized Building Materials
    WANG Xue, NI Wen, LI Jia-Jie, LIU Bing, ZHANG Si-Qi
    2019, 48(05):  192-196. 
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    In order to reveal the influence of desulfurization gypsum on the properties of steel slag-based carbonized building materials， the effects of different curing time and desulfurization gypsum dosage on the compressive strength and carbon sequestration effect of the test pieces， and the effect of carbon sequestration on the compressive strength of the test pieces were studied. The results showed that: ① When the mass ratio of desulfurization gypsum to steel slag is 6.25%， the strength and curing efficiency of the steel slag-based test piece are significantly improved. When the water-binder ratio is 0.2 and the moulded strength is 9 MPa， the compressive strength of the test piece reaches 32 MPa with the one day curing. ② With the increasing of the amount of desulfurization gypsum， the carbon sequestration per unit mass of the test pieces decreases， while the carbon sequestration per unit mass of the steel slag increases. ③ The carbon sequestration of 1 d or 3 d is basically positive correlation with the compressive strength，because the hydration reaction of steel slag is slow and does not contribute much to the early strength. The carbonization reaction is critical for the enhancement of compressive strength of the test pieces， especially the early strength. ④ When the moulded strength is 27 MPa， the carbon sequestration of the specimens cured for 6 hours and 10 hours reaches 76.21% and 87.54% of the specimens carbon sequestration curing for 1 d， and the compressive strength of the specimens curing for 6 h was more than 25 MPa. Therefore， the test pieces become the carbonized products according with strength requirements after the carbonized curing for 6 h.
    Preparation and Performance of High-strength Ceramisite with Core-Shell Structure Based on Iron Tailings and Alkaline Residue
    HU Chen-Guang, XING Chong-恩, LIU Lei, JIA Yuan, YAO Shao-Wei, FENG Xiao-Xin, SONG Yu-Zeng
    2019, 48(05):  197-200. 
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    The alkaline residue and fine iron tailings belong to the polluted bulk solid waste， in order to determine the possibility of prepared the high strength and environmental ceramisite using them as main material， the preparation conditions of sintering ceramisite with core-shell structure were investigated， and the mineral composition of sintering ceramisite at the important technological conditions was analyzed. The results indicate that: ① with the dosage increasing of iron tailings and alkaline residue， and calcined temperature increase and calcined time prolonging， the water absorption and expansion rate of sintering ceramisites with core-shell structure increased， as a whole， the cylinder compressive strength of them decreased， which were lower only at the lower calcined temperature and shorter calcined time. ② The sintering ceramisites of core-shell structure with the water absorption of 1.25%， expansion rate of 1.24%， bulk density of 870.3 kg/m3 and cylinder compressive strength of 10.67 MPa were prepared， when the dosage of iron tailings and alkaline residue is 70% and 6%， respectively at the condition of 1 140 ℃ calcined temperature and 90min calcined time， it can meet the requirement of high strength ceramisite in the national standard （for the water absorption＜10%， bulk density grade＜900 kg/m3 and cylinder compressive strength grade＞6.5 MPa）. ③ The chloride exudation rate of the ground product （0.075~0 mm） for this ceramisite was 0.000 1%， which is far lower than that of class I sand （≤0.01%） in the national standard. ④ In the core batch of sintering ceramisite with the core-shell structure， the alkaline residue is the important raw material for promoting the formation of kyanite， which is a key mineral for influencing the cylinder compressive strength of this ceramisite， and the formation of chlorine compound in the ceramisite was promoted through elevating calcined temperature and prolonging the calcined time， and it can prevent the chloride exudation of this ceramisite with the addition of alkaline residue.