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    15 August 2019, Volume 48 Issue 08
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    Innovation and Practice of the “Five-process Integration” Engineering Management Mode in the Development of Mines Like Zijinshan Gold and Copper Mine
    CHEN Jing-He
    2019, 48(08):  1-6. 
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    As basic metal minerals， there are less high-grade resources and more low-grade resources in China， so their overall endowment and development conditions are relatively poor. Based on the theory of economic geology， the management mode of "Five-process integration" project is to integrate the technology and process of five links of exploration， mining， mineral processing， metallurgy and environmental protection， which can maximize economic and social benefits； Through the innovation of technology and management system， the investment and cost have been greatly reduced. It plays an important rule in developing Zijinshan Gold and Copper Mine and many other mines， which makes recovery of low-grade resources more efficient. This mode owns a guiding significance for the economic and effective development of many low-grade refractory mineral resources in China.
    Control of Ore Loss and Dilution in Mining of Inclined and Fractured Orebody by Caving Method in the Northern Mining Area of Xishimen Iron Mine
    SONG De-Lin, REN Feng-Yu, LIU De-Xiang, HAN Jing-Wen, SUN Ding-Ding
    2019, 48(08):  7-12. 
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    The new prospected ore-body in the northern area of Xishimen Iron Mine is a gently inclined and fractured thick-medium orebody with serious ground pressure， which is extremely difficult to be mined. The pillarless sublevel caving method is adopted in the mine. With limitation of dip angle and thickness of ore body， the loss and dilution rates are relatively high in the mining. In order to formulate control measures for ore loss and dilution， on the basis of studying the law of ore bulk flow， the law of caving and the occurrence process of loss and dilution， the ore body is divided into different mining areas according to the difference of the number of mining segments in vertical direction. So the measures for controlling ore loss and dilution are formulated respectively. Aiming at the mining area of three sections， the dilution control measures are mainly formulated due to higher dilution. The low dilution ore drawing are controlled by two indicators of the mixing rate of waste rocks and the total discharge amount of single step. For the mining area of smaller than three sections， and once the ore is caved into the goaf， resulting in higher loss rate due to the unconditional recovery of the lower section. Therefore， this loss need to be controlled. The double-way synchronous-distance mining can promote the rapid caving of ore and rock and form the ore-drawing condition of overlying strata to reduce the amount of ore caved into the goaf. In addition， the measures to deal with the problem of retained ore in the ridge during the mining process are summarized. These measures have been applied in the mining process of the new prospected body in the northern area of Xishimen Iron Mine with good effect of the loss rate 16.34% and the dilution rate 22.51%.
    Damage Softening Constitutive Model of Cemented Backfill Considering Nonlinear Deformation of Void
    CHENG Ai-Ping, ZHANG Yu-Shan, DONG Fu-Song, DAI Shun-Yi
    2019, 48(08):  13-21. 
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    Filling mining method has been widely used in the two-step mining method. The cemented filling body is an artificial pillar， so its stability is very important. However， the mechanical properties and constitutive model of the cemented filling body are the important contents of the stability analysis and evaluation. Therefore， It is urgent to study the mechanics characteristics and constitutive model of cemented filling body. In this article， the uniaxial compression tests were carried out on cemented filling bodies with different ratios of ash and sand. The results show that: nonlinear characteristics of the cemented filling body are shown due to the existence of voids in the initial compacting stage； the stiffness and the strength in the plastic yielding and post-both appear softening properties； and there exists strong bearing property in the post-destructive stage. According to the test results， a combination of macro and microscopic method is adopted to abstract the cemented filling body into two parts of voids and macro units， and the effective damage factor of cemented filling body is introduced to build the voids constitutive equation and the units damage softening constitutive equation by combining with statistical damage theory， and then the damage softening constitutive model of cemented filling body is obtained. Finally， the theoretical model curve is compared with the experimental curve and the existing theory based on the experimental data and other scholars' experimental data. The analysis results show that the theoretical curve is highly consistent with the test curve， and the correlation coefficients of the curve fitting in all stages are above 95%， which better characterize the non-linear deformation and softening characteristics of the cemented filling body void. The results provide a theoretical basis for the stability analysis of cemented filling body.
    Mechanical and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Porphyritic Granite Samples under Brazilian Splitting Condition
    SU Xiao-Bo, JI Hong-Guang, QUAN Dao-Lu, GAO Yu, ZHANG Gai-Gai, ZHANG Tong-Zhao-1
    2019, 48(08):  22-26. 
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    The planned construction depth of the new main well in Xincheng Gold Mine is 1 527 m. In order to explore the mechanical characteristics of tensile fracture of porphyry-like coarse-grained granite about 1 300 m in the main well， the granite samples from the prospecting borehole are collected. The loading process of split-loaded porphyritic granite is monitored in real time by means of strain detection device and acoustic emission detection equipment. The experimental results are as follows: （1） the transverse strain deformation of granite samples is divided into three stages， and the strain change process approaching to fracture shows the characteristics of unstable motion. （2） with the advance of the loading process， the overall activity of the acoustic emission counting rate increases gradually， and the change of the counting rate shows the characteristics of fluctuation with the time process， and gradually changes from sparse to dense. （3） based on the theory of motion stability and the analysis of vibration energy， it is concluded that the abnormal high value of energy carried by each acoustic emission signal on average can be used as one of the precursors of granite splitting failure.
    Influence of Ore Chute Sizes on Ore Drawing Effect
    YU Zhi-Hong, ZHANG Zhi-Qiang, SONG Chao, MA Chi
    2019, 48(08):  27-31. 
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    Sublevel caving method without pillar is a high efficient mining method which is widely used in underground mining of metal mines. Such problems as high ore loss and dilution， poor recovery effect are usually appeared during ore drawing under the overburden. In order to solve these problems， a great deal of researches have focused on the theory of ore drawing， the structural parameters， the formation of overburden and the technology of ore drawing. In sublevel caving without pillar， the size of ore chute has a significant effect on ore-drawing effect and it is an important factor that causes high loss and dilution under sublevel caving without pillar. In order to further study the effect of the height and width of the ore chute on the ore yield and the reverberation of waste rock， physical ore-drawing experiments with 12 different ore chute sizes were carried out by single-pass single-stage physical ore-drawing model.The results show that adequately increasing the width of ore drawing hole or lowering the height will increase the amount of pure ore， improve the recovery rate of ore and reduce the dilution rate. When the width of ore chute is less than 5m， and its height-width ratio is ranging from 0.7 to 1， the waste in-ore rate is lower.
    Investigation on Characteristics of Granite Infrasound under Uniaxial Compression
    ZHAO Kui, DING Jian-Hua, ZENG Peng, WANG Wan-Yin, JIANG Shu-Wen
    2019, 48(08):  32-37. 
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    In order to obtain the characteristics of infrasound signal during the deformation process of the granite，the laboratory experiments of medium-fine monzonitic granite under uniaxial compression were carried out to study the characteristics of ringing counts and energy rate during the deformation process of the rock. The variation characteristics of cumulative ringing counts in different stress levels are analyzed. And the fractal dimension characteristics of infrasound energy rate are studied. The results show that the ringing counts and energy rate of granite infrasound increase suddenly before stress peak appears. The cumulative ringing counts of infrasound tend to be stable at the relative stress level less than 70% of peak stress， and the cumulative ringing counts increased significantly as stress level exceeds 70% of peak stress. The energy rate of infrasound signal has obvious fractal characteristics. The fractal dimension of energy rate decreases to the minimum when the relative stress level ranges from 87% to 96%， as a precursory characteristics of rock fracture.
    Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Fragmentation Distribution of Rock Mass under Impact Loads
    DONG Ying-Jian, GUO Lian-Jun, JIA Jian-Jun
    2019, 48(08):  38-43. 
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    Fragmentation effect of ore was influenced by dynamic mechanical properties. 16 dynamic compression experiments were conducted on ore A and B by using [?]50 mm Hopkinson bar system to change the impact compressive load. The influence of impact pressure on ore strain rate was analyzed， and the correlation between compressive strength and strain rate was preliminarily studied. The fragmentation degree data of crushed ore were counted and the fragmentation distribution was analyzed. The results show that the dynamic compressive strength of ore B increases by 8.3% when the impact velocity increases by 1 m/s within the range of 12-16 m/s； the dynamic compressive strength of ore A is always lower than that of ore B， and the compressive strength of ore A and ore B increases exponentially with the increase of strain rate； the fragmentation degree of ore increases with the increase of dissipated energy. The larger the size， the lower the overall pass rate of ore B screening fragmentation is than that of ore A， indicating that a large number of inherent micro-defects in ore B accelerate the crack closure in energy absorption deformation. Compared with ore A， ore B shows higher strength and more gentle crushing.
    Temporal and Spatial Evolution Characteristics of Internal Strain of Rock Mass under Long-term Pull-out Load of Anchor
    HU Jiang-Chun, CUI Li, HAO Yu-Xi, LI Yuan, SUN Fa-Yong
    2019, 48(08):  44-49. 
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    The long-term strength of anchored rock mass is the basis and hot research of surrounding rock stability control. Taking the rock-anchor composite structure as the research object， the time-space evolution law of strain in the anchor was studied through the pull-out creep test of the full long-term aging equation bonded anchor under long-term load by using the embedded strain technology. Then， the polynomial was proposed as the theoretical basis of the pull-out creep aging equation. The results showed that the internal creep curve of rock-anchor composite is not monotonically increasing， but has multiple peaks； As time goes on， the influence of load on the strain development trend of different parts of the anchorage section is also different， which shows that the front strain at the initial stage of loading has a positive response， and the strain at the end of anchorage tends to be consistent with that at the front as time goes by； The axial strain at the same part of the anchorage section is generally greater than the transverse strain； Compared with the Burgers model， the polynomial aging equation can better describe the creep process of the anchorage section of rock-anchor composite. The research results can provide theoretical basis for stability control of anchorage engineering.
    Design of Support Scheme for Collapse Treatment of Storage Bin at Chute in Shenshan Limestone Mine
    LIAN Lan-Ying, LI Zhong-Nan
    2019, 48(08):  50-53. 
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    The storage bin at the bottom of the chute in Shenshan Limestone Mine are collapsed after the completion of excavation. The collapse of the middle part of the roof arch of the crushed chamber shows an inverted funnel-shaped cavity. The bolt-mesh support system was damaged and failed at this site. The rock mass suspended along the edge of the funnel-shaped cavity was unstable and incompletely collapsed， so there was a hidden danger of secondary collapse. The main reason for that above is the poor self-stability of rock mass， and disturbance to rock mass during the blasting excavation of storage bin at chute. According to the actual situation of the site， the principle of from top to down is adopted to reinforce the upper rock mass of collapse area with long bolts. Shotcrete support for roof in collapsed area are used to make the roof reinforcement at the current collapsed goaf by long-bolt and net spraying. Practice shows that the safe operation under the goaf roof can be guaranteed by using coarse sand backfilling to deal with the collapsed area. Continuous development of collapsed area can be controlled in time by using shell-expanding prestressing bolt. This scheme effectively ensures the safety of roof and has good engineering experience for dealing with large-scale collapsed goaf.
    Determination of Strata Displacement Angle Based on Numerical Simulation of Complete Borehole Column
    HU Shao-Hao, GUO Guang-Li, GONG Ya-Qiang
    2019, 48(08):  54-57. 
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    In the calculation of mining subsidence， empirical methods are usually used to determine the displacement angle of strata. However， in some newly-built mining areas in western China， due to the lack of accumulation of surface observation data or the lack of adjacent coal fields as an analogy， the application of empirical methods has obvious defects. It is difficult to rationally determine the displacement angle of strata . As long as the numerical simulation method uses the drilling data of the previous geological exploration to obtain the displacement angle， and does not need the observation data of the surface movement deformation， it can be used as an effective method to solve the problem. However， existing research is generally based on modeling results of stratigraphic simplification， which is bound to cause certain errors. In order to study the reliability of the rock movement angle based on the numerical simulation of the complete borehole column results， the FLAC3D model was established according to the full column results and simplified results. After comparative analysis， it is concluded that the calculation results of the FLAC3D model based on the full column results are in good agreement with the measured angular values in the later part of the mining area. It is pointed out that it is more reasonable and accurate to obtain the rock movement angle based on the complete column modeling.
    Aluminum Reduction Test of a High Alumina Iron Concentrate from Suspension Roasting-Magnetic Separation Abroad
    ZHU Yi-Min, WANG Yan, ZHANG Jing, GU Xiao-Tian, LI Yan-Jun
    2019, 48(08):  58-62. 
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    The content of TFe and Al2O3 in an iron concentrate from suspension roasting-magnetic separation abroad was 64.50% and 5.95% respectively， main iron mineral is magnetite， little hematite. In order to solve the problem of high Al2O3 content in the concentrate， a new type of anionic collector DTL-1 was developed. Aluminium remove experiment was conducted on high-alumina iron concentrate after suspension roasting-magnetic separation via changes of flotation temperature， pH value and the dosage of collector DTL-1. Results indicated that， flotation temperature was 25 ℃， the pH was 8.0 and collector DTL-1 dosage was 50 g/t， through one roughing three cleaning one scavenging closed circuit flotation process， flotation concentrate with TFe grade of 66.40%， TFe recovery of 87.81%， Al2O3 grade of 4.90% was obtained. There is fine-grained alumina minerals wrapped in relatively coarse magnetite particles of flotation iron concentrate products. On the premise of ensuring the recovery of iron， some aluminum-containing iron oxides enter into the iron concentrate， resulting in the high content of aluminum in the iron concentrate.
    Fatty Acid Flotation Versus BHA Flotation of Tungsten Minerals and Their Performance in Flotation Practice
    HUANG Wei-Sheng, XU Tao, HAN Hai-Sheng, WANG Ruo-Lin
    2019, 48(08):  63-70. 
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    The similar flotability of scheelite， fluorite， and calcite resulted in the separation difficult by flotation. The effect of sodium silicate on the flotation of scheelite by FTIR and the wettability change of the usual cleavage surface was revealed. A new collector， lead complexes of benzohydroxamicacid， was found to be selective for the separation of scheelite and calcium minerals with little sodium silicate， the collector can realize selective separation of scheelite from other calcium minerals. Hence a novel flotation process was developed for the recovery of refractory tungsten minerals， industricial application was conducted in Shizhuyuan Polymetallic Mine. The new floatation process is based on Pb-BHA ion collector， and the ratio and dosage method is adjusted， which realize the bulk flotation separation of wolframite and scheelite at normal temperature and replace the classical “Petrov's process” for scheelite-calcite-fluorite type ores. The disappearance or decreasing of sodium silicate contributed to improving the recovery of tungsten and the circulation of water and reagents.
    Experiment Study on High Voltage Pulse Pretreatment of Duobaoshan Copper Ore
    ZUO Wei-Ran, HE Ze-Ming, YIN Wan-Zhong, LIU Wei-Chao, HUANG Lie-Feng, YU Feng
    2019, 48(08):  71-77. 
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    The effect of high voltage pulse breakage （HVPB） pre-treatment on Duobaoshan copper ore in terms of liberation improving， pre-weakening and pre-concentration were investigated by comparing the ore properties and flotation performance between products of high voltage pulse breakage and mechanical breakage. Duobaoshan copper ore particles of 26.5~31.5 mm were pre-treated by a self-made high voltage pulse processing system at 140 kV. Comparative sample were prepared by mechanical breakage with the same conditions. The product of HVPB and mechanical breakage were tested in terms of hardness index A×b value， Bond Ball Work Index （BBWI）， Cu grade distribution， liberation degree and flotation properties. Results indicated that the hardness index A×b value and BBWI of HVPB product were increased by 33.9%~39.8% and decreased by 3.6 kWh/t respectively， comparing to mechanical breakage product. The Cu grade of HVPB product increased rapidly with the decrease of particle size. Therefore 69.2% of Cu element could be pre-concentrated into the -13.2 mm product of which the yield is 36.1%. By improving the liberation of minerals， HVPB could increase the flotation recovery of Cu by 2.33 percent points and increase the concentrate grade by about 1 percent point. The testing results will provide reference for the high efficient and low costing recovery of low-grade copper ore.
    Application Experiment of ALC Mill in a Copper Mine in Heilongjiang Province
    WU Shuang-Qiao
    2019, 48(08):  78-82. 
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    The Cu grade of a certain copper mine in Heilongjiang Province is 0.38%， associated by valuable metals such as gold， silver and molybdenum. In the case of the original processing grinding fineness is -74 μm accounted for 66%， via the flotation process， copper concentrates containing 18.97% Cu， 25% SiO2 and 6.25% Al2O3， the content of Si and Al in the copper concentrate exceeded the standard and affecting the sale price coefficient. In order to improve the quality of copper concentrates and reduce the content of impurities， laboratory tests and industrial tests of ALC mill were carried out. The results show that under the conditions of the same process and flotation agent system， after the ALC mill is applied to regrind of copper rough concentrate， by small closed circuit experiment can obtain copper concentrates containing 30.68% Cu， 10.24% SiO2， and 1.96% Al2O3. In the industrial test， when the regrinding fineness P80 was 25 μm of rough concentrate， copper concentrate containing 27.63% Cu， 10.34% SiO2， and 1.87% Al2O3. The application of ALC mill has effectively improved the quality of copper concentrates， reduced the transportation cost of concentrates， increased the added value of products， and significantly increased economic benefits.
    Flash-Magnetic Roasting Experiments Study on High Intensity Magnetic Concentrate which Contained Chromite
    LI Jia-Lin, YU Yong-Fu, CHEN Wen, LIU Xiao-Yin, LU Xiao-Su, ZHANG Li-Gang, PENG Ze-You
    2019, 48(08):  83-87. 
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    In order to reduce the chromium-content of a certain ilmenite high intensity magnetic concentrate， ensure that it can be economically and reasonably used in titanium dioxide chloride process， the flash-magnetic roasting experiments were carried out. The cold-state simulation studies determined the optimal operation gas velocity was 0.61~0.69 m/s， the high-temperature state studies determined the optimal roasting temperature and roasting time was 800 ℃ and 100 s， respectively the gas velocity was 0.69 m/s. Magnetic concentrate index that TiO2 grade 47.18%， impurity of Cr2O3 content is 0.25% and TiO2 recovery 87.23% were obtained through the dry high intensity magnetic separation， the concentrate quality meets the grade three of ilmenite concentration quality standard. The research can provide a technical reference for the beneficiation of high chromium ilmenite ore．
    Study on Beneficiation Process of a Low Grade Slope-type Ilmenite Ore
    LUO Hong-Zhen, GAO Chun-Qing, WANG Hai-Liang, SHEN Jin-Jie
    2019, 48(08):  88-92. 
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    The TiO2 grade of a sloping ilmenite ore in Jiangsu Province is 2.63%. The ilmenite is fine in grain size， mineral composition is complex and high clay content. In order to develop and utilize the ore resources， based on the research of process mineralogical properties， the comparison test of gravity separation pre-separation process and the magnetic separation pre-separation process were first carried out， compared with the gravity pre-separation process， magnetic pre-separation process has large yield of tailings and low loss rate of TiO2. The magnetic pre-separation concentrate was subjected to two stage grinding-stage magnetic separation test， at first stage grinding fineness is 60% passing 0.076 mm， second stage grinding fineness is 90% passing 0.076 mm， the grade of TiO2 is increased from 6.78% to 14.53%. The second-stage high intensity magnetic concentrate is separated by spiral. Gravity concentrate with sulfuric acid as pH adjuster， oxalic acid as inhibitor， sodium silicate as dispersing agent， and MOH as collector， via one roughing four cleaning one scavenging closed circuit flotation process， titanium concentrate with TiO2 grade of 48.26%， the recovery rate of 13.69% was obtained. Above all， via high intensity magnetic pre-separation-pre-separation concentrate two stage grinding stage magnetic separation-spiral gravity separation on magnetic concentrate-gravity concentrate flotation combined beneficiation process， titanium concentrate with TiO2 grade of above 48% can be obtained. The test results can provide reference for the development and utilization of slope alluvial ilmenite ore.
    Recovery Increase of -38 μm Ultra Fine Ilmenite Using ZQS High Gradient Magnetic Separator
    WANG Feng-Yu, YANG Zhao-Jun-1Luo-Rong-Fei, TAN Shi-Guo, YUAN Xiang-Yi
    2019, 48(08):  93-97. 
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    Panzhihua Group Mining Company adopt the “high gradient magnetic separation + flotation” to solve the technology issue of titanium recovery, the recovery of ilmenite below 38μm was extremely low. In order to effectively utilize ilmenite resources and further increase the recovery rate of ilmenite, the effect of new ZQS high gradient magnetic separator on the recovery of ultrafine grade (-38 μm) ilmenite was explored, the flotation condition test and full process test of titanium were also carried out. The results showed that with feeding grade of TiO2 is 11.47%, -38 μm fraction for 88.89%, via one stage magnetic separation conducted by new-type ZQS high gradient magnetic separator, magnetic concentrate with TiO2 grade of 20.19%, 83.56% recovery was obtained, of which -38 μm fraction grain recovery is 84.05%. The magnetic separation concentrate was subjected to flotation test. Ilmenite concentrate with TiO2 grade of 46.80%, and 61.53% flotation recovery was obtained，recovery to run-of-mine ore is 51.41%. ZQS high gradient magnetic separator is very effective in recovering fine-grained ilmenite, especially for -38 μm ultrafine-grained, which has high grade as well as high recovery in the concentrate.
    Beneficiation Experiment on a Low Grade Rare Earth Ore in Mongolia
    YAN Bao-Bao, JING Hui, LIU Yong-Mao
    2019, 48(08):  98-101. 
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    There is 1.50% REO in a low-grade rare earth ore in Mongolia. The rare earth minerals in the ore are mainly present in the apatite in the form of isomorphism, and the particle size is generally 0.005~0.20 mm. The mineral structure is mostly granular, platy, columnar or flaky structure. It’s difficult to obtain well index by conventional rare earth flotation reagents. By the process of apatite flotation in turn to flotation rare earth, at grinding fineness of 70% passing 0.074 mm, sodium carbonate as regulator, sodium silicate as inhibitor, F-716 as collector, via one roughing two cleaning one scavenging closed circuit flotation process, rare earth concentrate with REO grade of 11.65%, recovery of 86.95% was obtained. The results provide technique basis for utilization of the rare earth ore resources, and can provides reference for the rational development and utilization of rare earth mineral resources in the same type of mining enterprises in China.
    Comparative Study on the Effect of Low-grade Dolomite-type Fluorite Ore Flotation Inhibitor
    HAN Ji-Cai, ZHU Li-Xin, SUN Ti-Chang, WU Shi-Chao, ZHANG Le, LIU Wei-Ran
    2019, 48(08):  102-107. 
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    The low-grade dolomite-type fluorite ore with fluorite grade of 37% and dolomite grade of 51% was selected as the research object. Sodium humate， tannin， acidified sodium silicate and sodium fluorosilicate was used as inhibit to study its inhibition effects on various gangue minerals in run-of-mine ore at different pulp pH values and different inhibitor dosages. Through research: under acidic conditions， the inhibition of sodium humate to calcite was enhanced， the inhibition to dolomite is weakened under alkaline conditions. The inhibition of tannin to calcite is weakened under acidic conditions， the inhibition to dolomite is enhanced under alkaline conditions， and the inhibition to calcite is weakened. The acidified sodium silicate has an enhanced inhibition to the calcite and dolomite under acidic conditions， and the inhibition is weakened under alkaline conditions. The pulp pH has no effect on the inhibition of sodium fluorosilicate to dolomite， and the inhibition to calcite is enhanced under alkaline conditions. Among the four inhibitors， the inhibition of sodium humate was stronger than that of sodium fluorosilicate， followed by acidified sodium silicate， and the inhibition of tannin was the weakest. Sodium fluorosilicate has better selectivity to gangue minerals than sodium humate. The optimum conditions are: grinding fineness -0.074 mm accounted for 73%， sodium carbonate dosage 500 g/t， collector BK410 dosage 400 g/t and sodium fluorosilicate dosage 1 000 g/t， fluorite concentrate with CaF2 grade 86.23% and recovery 61.20% was obtained by being treated with opened-circuit process consisting of once roughing one scavenging two cleaning.
    Flotation Separation Behavior of Muscovite and Quartz
    CHEN Fei, HE Dong-Sheng, DENG Bo-Na, HU Yang, WANG Qian-Yuan
    2019, 48(08):  108-112. 
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    Pre-separation-wet extraction is the most potential development direction of vanadium extraction from stone coal. Vanadium in stone coal mainly exists in muscovite. Pre-separation mainly uses flotation method to separate vein minerals such as vanadium-bearing muscovite and quartz in stone coal. Therefore， dodecylamine， octadecylamine， LU-1 and LU-3 were used as cationic collectors to investigate their flotation effects on muscovite and quartz. The results show that the concentration of collector has a great influence on the flotation of muscovite， but has no obvious influence on quartz. Under acidic conditions， dodecylamine， octadecylamine and LU-1 have good collecting effect on muscovite， among which dodecylamine has the best collecting effect. Under weak alkaline condition， LU-3 has a good effect on quartz collection. In the pre-separation of vanadium extraction from stone coal， dodecylamine can be used as collector to flotation muscovite or LU-3 can be used as collector to flotation quartz under acidic or alkaline conditions. The separation of muscovite and quartz can improve the leaching grade of vanadium and reduce the amount of material entering leaching process， thus reducing the consumption of leaching agent. The process is conducive to reducing costs and improving vanadium recovery.
    Study on Separation Technology of Titanium and Iron from Vanadium-titanium Magnetite Concentrate
    GUO Ke, ZHANG Zhi-Qiang, WANG Shao-Yan, SONG Ren-Feng, LIN Yan
    2019, 48(08):  113-119. 
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    Introduce the general situation of vanadium-titanium magnetite resources， the comprehensive utilization status of vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate and the significance of separation of iron and titanium in vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate. Mainly reviews the current research advances in titanium and iron separation of vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate from several aspects: blast furnace process， non-blast furnace process， mineral process and other titanium and iron separation technologies. Compared with the non-blast furnace process， the direct reduction-grinding method has high metal conversion rate and low energy consumption of iron and titanium， and the iron concentrate and titanium concentrate have relatively high grade. The process has broad development prospects. The chemical-physical combined mineral process is used to treat the vanadium-titanium magnet concentrate， which solves the problem that the physical mineral process cannot fundamentally solve the problem of close symbiotic symmetry of titanium and iron. The new process is short， the cost is low， and the recovery rate and grade of iron and titanium are high. It has obvious advantages in realizing the separation of titanium and iron in vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate. Therefore， in view of the research status of titanium-iron separation in vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrate， research on new， high-efficiency， environmentally friendly， inexpensive reducing agents and environmentally friendly， low-cost， wide-ranging additives are the research focus for non-blast furnace processing of vanadium-titanium magnetite concentrates in the future. In addition， the development of a new mineral processing technology with short process， low cost and simple operation is the main development direction for the separation of titanium and iron in vanadium titanium magnetite concentrate in the future.
    Geological Characteristics,Ore Genesis and Prospecting Direction of Baiyun Gold Belt in Fengcheng City, Liaoning Province
    WEI Jun, WANG 恩De, LIU Fu-Xing, WANG Wei
    2019, 48(08):  120-130. 
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    Baiyun gold belt is located in the middle part of Liaodong-Jinan Paleoproterozoic rift in the northern margin of North China Platform.The gold-bearing layers are clastic sedimentary formations which are made up of clayey and semi-clayey rocks at the late stage of rift development,and they are very important gold belts in the well-known Qingchengzi lead-zinc-gold-silver mining area in Eastern Liaoning Province.Eight large-scale gold vein belts have been found in the gold belt named as 1#,2#,10#,11#,60#,70#,80# and 90#.Each vein belt is made up of several or dozens of gold orebodies.The cumulative explored reserves in the gold belt are about 80 tons of gold and 400 tons of silver.The metallogenic characteristics,characteristics of ore vein belt and orebody,trace and rare earth elements characteristics of Baiyun gold belt are studied in depth.The results show that:①the gold belts are located in the schist of Gaixian Formation,Liaohe Group of Paleoproterozoic Erathem, and the schist is not only an important source layer but also the host rock of gold deposit;②the gold belt is controlled by the approximately east-west Baiyun nappe structural belt,the interlayer faults that are formed transversely and vertically by nappe tectonics control the spatial distribution of the gold vein belt;③the gold mineralization is closely related to the alteration of silicification and potassiumation, the type of mineralization is dominated by silicon-potassium altered rocks,followed by quartz veins,the genetic type of gold deposit is deposition-metamorphism-magmatic hydrothermal reformation.Based on the above analysis results,through the comprehensive study of the previous results of prospecting and exploration,five prospecting norms such as the schist of Gaixian Formation,ductile-brittle shear zone,interlayer fault groups,neutral and medium-acid veins, silicon-potash alteration zone are summarized,and the double norm of “Gaixian Formation schist + interlayer fault group” is the key to search for the deep concealed deposits,besides that,key ares for the further prospecting in the area can be concluded that the embedded depth of 400~800 m,the depth beneath 800 m,the extensions at the east and west ends of the ore belt and the depth of the main structural plane of Baiyun nappe structure.
    Characteristics and Mineralization of Nanshan Intrusive Mass in the Middle Triassic Period in Qinghai Province
    WANG Ji-Wei, FENG Qiang, ZHAO Xiao-Jian, LIU Pei
    2019, 48(08):  131-140. 
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    Nanshan area in Qinghai Province is located in the turning part of the junction of Qinling-Kunlun orogenic belt，a set of medium-acid batholiths is formed in the Middle Triassic.Previous studies focused on the geochemical and chronological characteristics of rocks，which gave very little attention on the retationship between magmatic hydrothermal activity and mineralization.Based on abundant field geological data，the occurrence，emplacement depth and denudation degree of the Middle Triassic intrusive rock mass，the interaction process，emplacement mechanism and mixing effect of fluid during the same magmatic period，magmatism background and deep process，geological characteristics，genesis and ore-controlling factors of the deposits associated with the hydrothermal activity of this period are analyzed systematically.The study results show that:①the Middle Triassic intrusive rock mass is the unstable “mountain roof” formed by the thickened lower crust in the early stage of collision.Under the tectonic background of lithospheric subsidence，emplacement and mixing effects of magmatic hydrothermal system with different sources are controlled by regional fault pulse activities，and associated with abundant synmagmatic (metallogenic) fluid activites，so，two kinds of metallogenic backgrounds associated with deposits with different genesis types and different metallogenic material sources are formed；②at present，the study area is in the upper part of middle Triassic hidden rock foundation and its adjacent favorable metallogenic part，the next step is to strengthen the prospecting work in the regional fault zone and the fluid discharge site on the top of the concealed apophysis；③by summarizing the characteristics of two typical deposits of Heimahe skarn type iron polymetallic deposit and Qieru pegmatite type niobium tantalum rubidium rare polymetallic deposit，the metallogenic potential of the study area is discussed and three prospecting target areas are delineated，which can provide reliable reference for the further prospecting work in the area.
    Geological Characteristics and Genesis of Qiancun Iron Deposit in Wuwei County，Anhui Province
    FENG Ting-Lu, LIU Jing, 吕Cheng , BAO Lei, YU Jiang-Hua
    2019, 48(08):  141-146. 
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    Qiancun Iron Deposit is a representative deposit in Yongzhen ore field，southwest of Ningwu ore district.The deposit is located at the southwestern side of Ningwu basin in the northern margin of Yangtze plate.The mining area belongs to Tanggou-Yuxikou anticline，two groups of faults are developed in NNE-NNE and NWW directions，the magmatic intrusion and mineralizaation in the mining area are controlled by NE trending fold structure.The magmnetic anomalies are developed obviously in the mining area，the deposit is a single magnetite deposit.8 magnetite orebodies are delineated in the mining area，the orebodies are distributed in the contact zone between diorite porphyrite and Huangmaqing Formation.Based on the latest geological prospecting results of the mining area，the geological characteristics and geophysical characteristics of the mining area，geological characteristics of the deposit are discussed，besides that，the deposit genesis is also analyzed.The study results show that:①the ore minerals are mainly for magnetite，followed by hematite and mumagnetite，and a small amount of chalcopyrite and bornite，ore types can be divided into massive，disseminated，veined and brecciated，genesis of Qiancun deposit is medium-high temperature magmatic hydrothermal contact metasomatism deposit；②according to the discrimination diagram of magnetite，the magnetite samples has fallen heavily into the porphyry deposit area，which further indicated that the prospecting potential of Cu-Au deposit in the mining area is good，the emplacement and metallogenic age of metallogenic rock mass are Early Cretaceous.
    Rock Mass Stability Evaluation Method Based on Microseismic Parameters and Its Implementation on Spark Platform
    WANG Wei-Dong, ZHU Wan-Cheng, ZHANG Peng-Hai, WANG Lei-Ming
    2019, 48(08):  147-156. 
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    The on-site microseismic monitoring results in large data， which shows the damage and evolution of rock mass because of excavation. On the basis of big data technology， the quantitative relation between the microseismic data and the rock mass damage is sought through the excavation of the effective data， and the dynamic evaluation of the stability of the rock mass and the early warning of the potential instability disaster are carried out at the same time. A local Spark platform which can interact with the cloud is built in this paper， and it is used as microseismic monitoring data analysis system. Based on the local anomaly detection model and fuzzy statistical programming classification model written on Spark platform， the microseismic data of Shirengou iron mine are analyzed from the views of time series and spatial location， respectively. The stability of the rock mass in Shirengou iron ore is evaluated by synthesizing the results of the two models. The results show that the evaluation algorithm of rock mass stability based on Spark and cloud server， can detect that the large faults between 19# and 21# in Shirengou Iron Mine to develop into deep rupture， and the degradation of rock mass properties caused by the complete penetration of the boundary top column near 16#. The above research work is a beneficial attempt of cloud computing and big data platform application in mines， which can provide a reference for mine safety production.
    Truck Transportation Optimization Research under the Constraints of Low Carbon with the Lowest Comprehensive Cost in Open-pit Mine
    GU Qing-Hua, ZHANG Yuan, LU Cai-Wu, YANG Ya-Peng
    2019, 48(08):  157-161. 
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    Truck transportation is an important link in open-pit mine production management， thus reasonable control of truck transport energy consumption and carbon emissions is an important measure to protect resources and environment in the context of low-carbon economy. Under the low carbon constraints， the problem of fuel consumption， carbon emission cost and truck activation cost are optimized for open-pit mine truck transportation. Considering multiple transportation routes and production tasks between each loading point and each unloading point， the minimum energy consumption model of open-pit mine trucks under energy consumption and low-carbon constraints were established. Then the model was solved by IAS algorithm， the energy consumption of truck transportation was optimized， and three different objective functions were compared. Finally， the optimization model is verified by an example， and the results show that the optimization research can effectively reduce transportation costs in open-pit mine. Meanwhile， it can also reduce the number of trucks and the operating cost of mining enterprises， and provide a guarantee for the construction of resource-saving and environment-friendly mines.
    Evaluation on Slope Stability of Ecological Remediation Tailings Dam
    HAO Zhe, YANG Qing-Chao, ZHOU Su-Hang
    2019, 48(08):  162-166. 
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    In the current stability analysis of tailings dam， the influence of plants has not considered， resulting in difficulty to meet the objective requirements of comprehensive management of tailings pond. Taking the tailings pond in Waitoushan iron mine as an example， the plants and rhizosphere soil were sampled in the ecological remediation area. The shrub lateral fibrous root-soil composite soil mass was prepared， and its seepage coefficient and physical mechanical indexes were measured. The parameters of plant growth were measured to carry out the experiment of taproot stretch. Based on the limited equilibrium method， the seepage line and safety factors of ecological remediation tailings dam under different conditions such as normal， flood and special were calculated. The results show that the safety factors of tailings dam can be increased by 0.025~0.030 under three ecological restoration conditions， namely， no plants， plant side fibrous root reinforcement， plant side fibrous root reinforcement + taproot anchorage + plant weight. The safety factor of the tailings dam under special conditions is slightly lower than that under flood conditions， and its fluctuation trend decreases first， then increases and then decreases with the time history of earthquake. The stability evaluation results show that the tailings dam is safe and stable under three operating conditions.
    Influence of Artificial Ventilation on Wind Flow Field in Deep Sunken Open-pit Mine under Different Natural Wind Speeds
    ZHANG Rui-Ming, WEI Ding-Yi, DU Cui-Feng, HU Yu-Qin, ZHANG Hong-Guang, LI Cai-Ying
    2019, 48(08):  167-172. 
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    In order to investigate the influence of artificial ventilation on the wind flow field in deep open pit mine under different natural wind speeds， FLUENT was used to simulate the wind field in deep sunken open-pit mine. The results show that the volume of recirculation flow before and after artificial ventilation is not obvious when natural wind speed is 2 m/s. The range of recirculation flow below the closed loop is small when natural wind speed is 5 m/s， so the reduction of recirculation flow is not obvious. The low-pressure zone and the low-speed zone near the leeward slope change significantly when natural wind speed is 3 m/s and 4 m/s， and recirculation flow decreases obviously. The air exchange rate increases slowly when natural wind speed is low or no wind. The air exchange rate is significantly increased when natural wind speed is not less than 2 m/s. This is basically consistent with the volume change trend of recirculation flow， which verifies the feasibility of artificial ventilation scheme. The wind flow field in the deep sunken open-pit mine was significantly improved after artificial ventilation measures were adopted.
    Study on the Dust Removal Effect of Air-water Spraying Nozzle
    ZHANG Bo, JIANG Zhong-An, DUAN Zhi-Bo, JI Yin-Feng
    2019, 48(08):  173-178. 
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    In mine production， a large amount of dust are produced， which seriously pollutes the environment of the working face and poses a great threat to the health of the workers in the working face. In most of metal mines， the drop point and the transfer point are the main sources of dust generation， and the air water spray has a very effective effect on controlling the dust of the ore falling point and the transfer point. Taking Zijinshan Copper Mine as background， the spray nozzle type and caliber of air water spray are optimized to obtain the best atomizing effect of the nozzle with a caliber of 1.5 mm adjustable wide angle. The average particle size of the aerosol is basically ranging from 15 μm to 30 μm， which can effectively complement the dust flying in the working face. The 1.5 mm wide-angle adjustable nozzle has the optimum dust removal distance of 270 cm when the atomization angle of the aerosol is 47.5 degrees， which is very suitable for the dust removal system under the mine. In order to verify the dust removal effect of adjustable wide angle sprinkler with diameter of 1.5 mm， field experiments were conducted in Zijinshan Copper Mine to verify the dust removal effect of the sprinkler. The dust removal efficiency of the sprinkler is over 90%， which can greatly improve the working environment of mine workers and ensure their health.
    Risk Grade Evaluation Model of Goaf Based on Logical Regression and Clustering Algorithm
    HUANG Xin-Dian, CHU Fu-Jiao
    2019, 48(08):  179-184. 
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    The study on risk classification of goaf has important significance in mine disaster prevention and risk management.In order to overcome the problems of numerous indexes and complex calculation in traditional methods，a rapid grade evaluation model of goaf is proposed.Based on 110 goaf samples，combines random forest （RF） with recursive feature elimination （RFE） algorithm to select indicators that contribute most information in classification，which overcomes the shortcomings in traditional methods whose indicators which are numerous and difficult to obtain，realizes the dimension reduction of the evaluation index system of goaf.Based on logistic regression theory，the probability model of goaf risk is obtained，and four clustering centers of goaf risk probability are obtained by fast clustering algorithm，coupled with two algorithms，a fast grade evaluation model of goaf is constructed to overcome the shortcomings of complex calculation and poor universality in traditional methods.In order to verify the validity of the evaluation model，its accuracy was verified and analyzed based on confusion matrix.The study results show that:①RQD value，pillar size and layout，rock mass structure，goaf height，geological structure，engineering layout，groundwater are these indicators that contribute most information in goaf risk classification； ②the classification accuracy rate of the fast classification model constructed in this paper reaches 77.4%， the error rate of the first category is as low as 6.25%，and the accuracy rate of predicting dangerous goaf reaches 93.75%， the model can provide effective information for goaf management in actual production.
    Preparation and Gas Sensing Properties of In2O3 Microcombs Grown on Kaolin-based Porous Substrates
    LU Rui, ZHONG Xiang-Xi, YIN Yao-Yu, LI Ang, WEI De-Zhou, SHEN Yan-Bai, ZHANG Yun-Hai
    2019, 48(08):  185-191. 
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    The kaolin-based porous substrates were prepared by press molding-sintering method， and the surface morphology and porestructure of kaolin-based porous substrates prepared at different sintering temperatures were investigated. In2O3 micromaterials were synthesized on the surface of kaolin-based porous substrates by thermal evaporation method. The morphology and structure of kaolin-based porous substrates and In2O33 micromaterials were investigated by XRD， SEM， FTIR and Archimedes drainage method. The results indicate that the optimal kaolin-based porous substrate at the sintering temperature of 1 200 ℃ shows the pore size of approximately 45 μm， the apparent porosity of 32.71%， the bulk density of 1.48 g/cm3， and the flexural strength of 15.08 MPa. In2O3 products prepared on the substrate has a comb structure with good crystallinity.The diameter and length of comb finger are in the range of 1~10 μm and 20~80 μm， respectively， and the length of comb handle is about 1 mm. Gas sensing results show that the In2O3 microcoms has good selectivity， reversibility and repeatability for NO2 gas. Its sensitivity to NO2 concentration of 0.001% gas increases first and then decreases with the increase of operating temperature， and response time and recovery time reduced with increasing operating temperature. The maximum of the sensitivity of 44.4 was obtained at an optimum operating temperature of 200 ℃. The response time and recovery time are 21 s and 106 s， respectively. There is a linear correlation that the sensitivity of the In2O3 microcombsincreases with increasing NO2 gas concentration. The response time is shortened as the NO2 concentration increases， and the recovery time increases as the NO2 concentration increases.
    Study on Preparation of Non-Clinker Cementitious Materials from Vanadium-titanium Slag
    DU Hui-Hui, NI Wen, GAO Guang-Jun, XU Dong, ZHANG Si-Qi
    2019, 48(08):  192-197. 
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    In order to use vanadium-titanium metallurgical slag， reduce waste storage and resources waste. Non-clinker cementitious materials were prepared by Chengde vanadium-titanium slag， steel slag and desulfurization gypsum. The influence of different vanadium-titanium slag content and different curing temperature on compressive strength of mortar sample was investigated. The hydration mechanism of the non-clinker cementitious materials was analyzed. The prepared cemented matrix has the highest compressive strength when the water to binder ratio is 0.38， and vanadium-titanium slag， steel slag， desulfurization gypsum account for 58%、30%、12% of the cementitious materials， respectively. Curing temperature had significant effect on the early strength of mortar test samples， the curing temperature increased from to 45 ℃， the 3 d comprehensive strength of mortar with curing temperature 30 ℃ is 1.85 times of 3 d comprehensive strength of mortar with curing temperature 45 ℃. The analysis of XRD， SEM and IR showed that hydrated products were mainly ettringite (AFt) and C-S-H gel. As the hydration reaction progresses， the number of hydration products increases， and the C-S-H gel grows alternately with AFt， which making the structure dense constantly， thus ensuring the strength of the mortar text sample.
    Study on Cemented Material with Superfine Full-tailing Slag Base Consolidated Powder in Sishanling Iron Mine
    LIANG Feng, GAO Qian, CONG Ge-Chen, YANG Shou-Jun
    2019, 48(08):  198-200. 
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    In order to reduce the costs of filling mining in Sishanling Iron Mine， the ultra-fine solid tailings of mines， with slag and desulfurized gypsum in Benxi area as raw materials， were used to study the low-cost consolidated powder filling cementing materials required by the filling mining method. Firstly， the orthogonal tests with 3 factors and 3 levels of salt-base and alkali-base activator gelling materials were designed. The optimized formula of the solidified powder activator for 3 d strength of the filling body was 9% cement clinker， 4% desulfurized gypsum and 1% industrial mirabilite. The range analysis is made to obtain the weights of the influencing factors of the filling bodies 7 d and 14 d， ranking from high to low: cement clinker， industrial mirabilite， and desulfurized gypsum. Then， BP neural network model was established to predict the strength of cement with different proportions of the initiator. The maximum relative error of the model was 4.83%， which satisfies the training accuracy. Then， the quadratic polynomial fitting， the optimized formula for the ultra-fine full tailings consolidated powder filling gelling material is obtained. The optimized formula of consolidated powder filling body for 7 d is 5.88% of cement clinker， 9.31% of desulfurized gypsum， 0% of mirabilite， realizing 2.40 MPa of fillingbody strength； The optimized formula of filling body for 14 d is 5.99% of cement clinker， 9.63% of desulfurized gypsum， 0.40% of mirabilite， realizing the strength 3.12 MPa. The verification test results show that the strength of the cemented cement filling body for 14d is 1.48 times higher than that of the cemented powder， and the cost of the consolidated powder cementing material is lowered by 23%.