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    15 November 2016, Volume 45 Issue 11
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    Overview about Disaster Factors and Critical Control Technique for Super High Slope of Open-pit Mine
    DAI Yong-Xin, ZHAO Wu-Kun
    2016, 45(11):  1-9. 
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    From views of the statistics information of 125 open-pit mines from The State Administration of Work Safety，the current situation of China's open-pit mine slope and the designed height distribution were analyzed.Above the height of 500 m slope is called the super high slope.The super high slope will be increased from 2% now to 14% in the future.According to the related suggestions at the national "Thirteen Five-year" planning，it is important and necessary to make analysis on the super high side slopes.With the super high slope disaster mechanism，safety control technology and online monitoring and early warning technology as the research subjects，and based on analysis of the related materials at home and abroad，the key influence factors of the slope disaster process，the slope disaster control process and the monitoring and early warning technology of current super high slopes from the aspects of the high stress and unloading effect，high damage，permeability and seepage characteristics，physical simulation and numerical simulation，the blasting safety control technology，large tonnage deep anchor reinforcement technology，online safety monitoring and intelligent warning technology are summarized.Combining with the characteristics of super high slopes，the problems and difficulties of current researches are pointed out，the development trend of super high slope is analyzed，and the challenge of the research is proposed.The challenge is including the joint water stress under the multi factor coupling catastrophe mechanism and failure mode; the high slope deformation mechanism of the large-scale simulation platform construction and numerical simulation technology; the micro blasting damage super high slope safety control technology; super high slope reinforcement technology of the Large Tonnage Pre-stressed Anchor deep; Super high slope landslide online safety monitoring and early warning technology.
    Approach of Ore Loss and Dilution Control in Sublevel Caving Method
    LIU Na, REN Feng-Yu, HE Rong-Xing, LIU Yang
    2016, 45(11):  10-15. 
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    The sublevel caving method is widely used in metal mines at home and abroad for its safety，efficiency and strong adaptability.However，this method has problems of high ore loss and dilution，which have not been well resolved for many years.To solve this problem，the ore loss and dilution in the process of mining recovery and the approach of ore loss and dilution control should be studied.The effects of non-rhombus layout of drifts，the destruction of the eyebrow line，the blasting partition，the ore-drawing holes blocked by large ores on the pattern of the extraction ellipsoid and its resulting in reduction of coincidence degree of the geometric forms of the caved ores granular were analyzed.And it is founded that it was these common phenomena that restricted the moving range and the overall drawing speed of caved ore，increased the remnant amount of the caved ores and the amount of mixed rock of extracted ores，and gave rise to high ore loss and dilution.Therefore，the detail control method，with the aim of adding one more recovery drifts，controlling blasting holes length without charging，timely dispose large ores and staggering production drifts，was proposed.This method was adopted in Beiminghe Iron Mine (in Handan) and Xiaowanggou Iron Mine (in Dengta)，with remarkable experimental effect.
    Orthogonal Experimental Study on Optimal Matching Scheme for Backfilling
    CHEN Xin-Zheng, YANG Xiao-Cong, GUO Li-Jie, LI Zong-Nan
    2016, 45(11):  16-20. 
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    In order to solve the problems of shortage of backfilling coarse tailings，serious segregation of filling slurry and low strength of the filling body in a copper mine at domestic，investigation on optimal matching scheme based on orthogonal experiment was carried out.In this experiment，such factors as filling slurry concentration，cement-aggregate ratio and fine tailings content are taken as the influencing factors and 28 d uniaxial compressive strength，filling slurry bleeding rate and filling slurry diffusion as the research indexes.The range and variance analysis is adopted to analyze the sensitivity and the significance of influencing factors to research indexes.Researches show that the factor of most sensitively affecting backfilling blocks' strength is cement-aggregate ratio，and that the factor of most sensitively affecting filling slurry bleeding rate and filling slurry diffusion is concentration；Cement-aggregate ratio significantly affects backfilling blocks' strength，and concentration and fine aggregate content both significantly affect the filling slurry bleeding rate while concentration affects it most significantly，and concentration significantly affects filling slurry diffusion.At last，the recommended matching scheme in this experiment was filling slurry concentration of 70% to 72%，cement-aggregate ratio of 1∶6 to 1∶8 and fine tailings content of 15% to 20%，and the optimal matching scheme of backfilling was filling slurry concentration of 72%，cement-aggregate ratio of 1∶6 and fine tailings content of 15%.
    Collapse Distance of Rock Fall of Slope under the Earthquake
    WANG Rong, DONG Jie, FANG Yi
    2016, 45(11):  21-27. 
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    Based on the shaking table test and the principle of conservation of energy，a series of shaking table tests of slope rock fall are carried out，then the influence laws of collapse distance after instability of the slope under different influence factors including spectrum characteristics，seismic peak ground acceleration，types of site，types of the slope，underground water level and rock fall shape and size are revealed.Finally，critical threshold values of rock fall protection，which uses the probability method and is evaluated by the slope height，under different influencing factors，are put forward.The results show that the distance of rock falls under far field-earthquake is greater than that under the near-field earthquake.The distances of rock falls increase with the increase of peak acceleration.With the increase of height of slope，distance of rock falls in different shapes show increasing trend，while the angle of the slope reaches 60°，the distance of rock falls decrease with the increase of slope angle.The distance of rock falls from largest to smallest are spherical rock falls，cylindrical rock falls，rectangle rock falls and square rock falls considering the influence of peak acceleration of earthquakes，while the distance of rock falls from largest to smallest are spherical rock falls，cylindrical rock falls，square rock falls and rectangle rock falls considering the slope shape.The probability value within the range 1.2H~1.4H (the slope height) reaches maximum based on the probability method，which can provide reference for protection design of structures at the foot of slope.
    Influence of Single Group Structural Plane on Rockburst in Deep Buried Tunnels
    WENG Wei-Peng, LIU Cheng-Yu, CHEN Shu-Yun, DONG Meng-Shi
    2016, 45(11):  28-33. 
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    On the basis of present research achievements on structure-type rockburst and with the project of Qamchiq tunnel in Uzbekistan as project background，the discrete element method is adopted to discuss the effect of occurrence，pacing and location of structural plane on rockburst under the condition of deep buried tunnel with single group structure plane.The most dangerous area of rock burst at tunnel，dig angle of the most easily induced rock burst and the most dangerous position of the structure plane are analyzed emphatically.Simulation results indicate that:under maximum horizontal principal stress conditions，the high risk position of rock burst mainly locates at stress concentration area around the top of arch tunnel vault with straight wall and the corner of side wall；Under single structure surface conditions，the occurrence of rock burst is basically concentrated on the steep position of structural plane，while the inclined plane generally does not occur rock burst；The occurrences of the plane will affect the failure mode of surrounding rock，where，inclined structure easily leads to the bending of surrounding rock，and steep structure is more likely to resulting in shearing or slipping along the direction of the structural plane.the spacing change of structural plane lead to the position change between structural plane and excavation boundary，thus affecting the rock burst；In generally speaking，the nearer the excavation boundary from the structural plane，the higher the stress is，and the more possibly rock-burst appears.This paper focuses on studying the affect of structural plane on rock-burst and analyzes the form of structural plane easily causing rock-burst.The research results play a guiding role in project positioning，rock-burst forecast and control.
    Matching Model of Backfill Strength Design on Support Vector Machines
    WANG Zhi-Jun, 吕Wen-Sheng , YANG Peng, WANG Zhi-Kai, WANG Jin-Hai
    2016, 45(11):  34-38. 
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    The forecast of backfill strength design can be influenced by many factors，such as high-dimensional parameters，nonlinear and random elements.In order to improve the current status of the poor prediction effect of backfill strength design，the support vector machines was adopted to establish a backfill strength design matching model with LibSVM toolbox in Matlab software.In this paper，eight major factors have been selected as condition attribute，backfill strength as decision attribute，as well as 72 sets of training samples and 6 sets of check samples are determined.With radial basis function (RBF) as its kernel function，parameters are optimized by grid search method，and the optimal parameter combination is tested through cross-validation method.The results show that：the average deviation of regression forecast and calibration made by SVM model are 1.94% and 2.23% respectively，which are of higher accuracy than the BP neural network.On the premise of ensuring the stope stability，the model based on SVM can effectively reduce cement consumption，lower backfill costs，and therefore improve economic benefits of enterprises.
    Stability Analysis on a Copper Tailing Dam under Different Damming Rate in Yunnan
    ZHANG Wei-Zhong, KANG Qin-Rong, CAO Guan-Sen, ZHANG Dian-Ji
    2016, 45(11):  39-42. 
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    According to the geological exploration and design materials of Yunnan copper tailings，large dam model are tested on the basis of the proportion of the tailings dam and the on-site damming form.Through analysis on the grain size distribution of samplings from tertiary sub-dam tailings，the regularity of grain size distribution in the tailing dam model are obtained.According to the regularity，two types of tailing sample are classified and tested by the conventional geotechnical tests to achieve the conventional soil mechanics parameters.With the use of the geotechnical numerical simulation software Geo-slope，two kinds of tailings soil physical and mechanical parameters are substituted into the model to calculate the stability under the normal working conditions.The safety coefficient under three damming heights and different damming speed kinds of stacking dam against different speed of dam are calculated out (Among them，the maximum safety factor for the level 4 sub-dam is 2.173 when the damming speed is 5 m/a;the minimum safety factor for level 10 sub-dam is 1.252 when the deposition rate is 15 m/a).The results show that under the same deposition rate，the higher the tailings，the lower the safety factor;As the damming rate increase，the stability of tailing dam with the same height declines.It is necessary to make stability analysis by considering the damming rate of the tailings dam.
    Construction and Application of Ore Grade Distribution Digital Model in Wulongquan Mine Based on 3D-Mine
    GUO Hong-Qiang, 欧Yang-Zhi-Hua , PAN Shi-Hua, ZHANG Jing, WANG Bo
    2016, 45(11):  43-48. 
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    he considerable fluctuation of mined ore-grade and the difficulty of recovering low-grade ore are existing in eastern stope of Wulongquan Mine.It is unfavorable to guarantee the efficient and stable production due to the low ore blending efficiency and low accuracy in the stope.3D-Mine is used to construct an ore grade distribution digital model in eastern stope of Wulongquan Mine and contrast the sample data in the model with borehole database to verify the reliability about ore grade output result.The basic processes of this model in actual engineering are proposed,showing as：Delineate a mining scope in the model-count the ore grade and yield in the plan-divide blasting area-formulate ore blending scheme- field mining-ore blending.And then the model is applied to actual mining and ore blending work in eastern stope of Wulongquan Mine.The result indicates：it is convenient to count the ore yield and ore grade by using this model.The ore grade distribution digital model can effectively guide the propulsion of work surface,divide blasting area,count each exploded ore yield and ore grade,improve the efficiency and accuracy in field ore blending,promote the recovery of low-grade ore,ensure the stability of mined ore grade,and facilitate the high efficient and stable production in mine.
    Orthogonal Test and Variance Analysis for Sensitivity of Factors Influencing the Width of Fractured Zone of Strip Pillar
    LUO Bin-Yu, YE Yi-Cheng, YAO Nan, LI Jiang-Hua, HU Hong-Wang
    2016, 45(11):  49-53. 
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    In order to study the sensitivity of factors influencing the width of fractured zone of strip pillar,and regarding the V3 ore body as an object of investigation in Shanghengshan Mine,there are some these that are selected as main controlling factors,such as the mining depth,seam thickness,strip mining width,mechanics parameters of ore body and dip angle of ore body.21 different simulation test plans were designed.Many a different numerical model was built with kinds of simulation test plans,and extracted the deposit models.The Mohr Coulomb yield approach index(YAIm-c) function was written by fish language in FLAC3D,which was applied to calculate the width of fractured zone of strip pillar.The rupture zone width of calculated results were dealt with orthogonal analysis of variance show that the mining depth has a significant influence and strip mining width,seam thickness have non-significant influence on the width of fractured zone.In rock mass mechanics parameters,tensile strength displays significantly,and cohesion,internal friction angle show not.The results show that the sensitivity sequence of influencing factors is as follows：tensile strength,internal friction angle and cohesion.The study shows that mining depth has the direct influence and tensile strength has the inverse influence on the width of fractured zone.The results of the study have important engineering significance to estimate the width of fractured zone and safely evaluate pillar stability.
    Structure Parameter Optimization of the Medium-hole Pillar Caving Method with Mining Preparation out of Veins and Subsequent Backfilling
    HE Zhong-Guo, JI Xiao-Fei, YIN Xu-Yan
    2016, 45(11):  54-57. 
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    Combined the engineering geology and production requirements of Shabatu Mine，the medium-hole pillar caving method with mining preparation out of veins and subsequent backfilling is proposed.To ensure the safe and efficient exploitation of the mine，ABAQUS simulation software is used to simulate the variation of roof displacement and stress when the stope span respectively at 15，20 and 25 m.The results show that the displacement at hanging wall is larger than that of footwall，and the internal displacement of the stope shows a uniform change as funnel-shaped curve and minimum at span of 20 m and 15 m.The maximum principal stress (compressive stress) of backfill body under three spans above are 0.67 MPa，0.69 MPa，and 1.04 MPa respectively，wherein the maximum principal stress at 25 m span have been close to or above its compressive strength.Considered for mining safety and efficiency，20 m span of stope mining determined as the best.The result provides reasonable scientific basis for the production of mine.By applying in Shabatu Mine，the mine has produced over one million tons of mines in safe and efficient way.It obtains production effect and achieves the desired purpose.
    Research on Influencing Mechanism of the Synchronous Mining of Open-pit and Underground on Slope Deformation
    SUN Shi-Guo, ZHANG Yu-Juan, ZHANG Ying-Hai, GUO Wei-Chen
    2016, 45(11):  58-62. 
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    The synchronous mining of open-pit and underground is a new mining method in recent years.Under the mining disturbance superimpose of two different excavation methods,the deformation and failure mechanism of slope rock mass is completely different from the slope stability problem under the action of single open pit mining.In this paper,based on the engineering example,it systematically reveals that the sliding deformation of the slope rock mass is the superposition of slip vector induced by two kinds of mining disturbance,and the deformation property depends on the action of each excavation disturbance.The movement characteristics of the composite deformation vector showed the property of large disturbance.But because the function of each kind of disturbance in different space position is different,it is shown that the evolution law of the slip mechanism after the superposition of the two kinds of action has the characteristics of division.According to characteristics of practical engineering exploitation,the numerical simulation method is used to systematically explore the rock slope slip characteristics and evolution rules of different mining combination to determine the scheme with minimum excavation disturbance,namely mining order from bottom to top.Under this scheme,the amount of displacement and the range of damage area are obviously smaller than the one from top to bottom.At the same time,the mechanism of slope sliding and the spatial properties of the slope rock mass deformation for the synchronous mining of open-pit and underground are studied,which provides a decision-making basis for the mining design and safety evaluation of similar mines.
    Drainage Quantity Forecasting and Efficiency Assessment on Filling Reclamation of Mining Subsidence Land with Yellow River Sediment in Jining
    ZHU Qi, HU Zhen-Qi, WANG Pei-Jun, ZHANG Jian-Yong, XU Tao
    2016, 45(11):  63-68. 
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    The technique of filling reclamation of mining subsidence land with Yellow River sediment has been widely applied in plain coal mine area with high groundwater level.During the filling process，a large number of external drainage will be produced，but at present the study of focusing on measurement of the drainage loss and the benefit analysis is less.Taking the mining subsidence area in the northern part of Jining as an example，the study estimated the use efficiency of drainage in three time scenarios.The water loss rate and total available water under 3 different time are estimated during sand settlement and water-adjusting process，and the utilization efficiency at drainage under different situation were calculated and analyzed.The results showed that the percentage of water loss at prompt drainage，24 h and 48 h was 3.75%，13.18% and 25.30% respectively.The potential economic benefit of drainage for supplying agricultural irrigation is about 0.64~0.82 billion yuan，for the supplement of the local water system revenue is about 1.15~1.48 billion yuan，and for industrial production is about 22.36~28.84 billion yuan.The research results indicate that the utilization of sediment and water can obtain significant economic and environmental benefits，and has a wide prospect for application.
    Flotation Experiment on a Refractory Oxide Copper Ore in Tibet
    LI Xiao-Bo, LI Guo-Dong, ZHANG Cun
    2016, 45(11):  69-72. 
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    With the feature of high oxidation，fine dissemination size and the easy-to-slime gangues，a refractory copper oxide ore in Tibet has copper grade of 1.76%，and copper oxidation rate 44.32%.According to the characteristic of the copper oxide ore，a technological process of flotation separation was adopted through the process of differential rough flotation and combined cleaning of sulphide copper ore and oxide copper ore.The results indicated that under grinding fineness of -0.074 mm for 85%，water glass as inhibitor and dispersant of slime，amyl xanthate as collector，sodium sulfide as vulcanizator of copper oxide minerals，ammonium sulfate as auxiliary activator，and pine oil as frothing agent，a copper concentrate with copper grade of 21.19% and copper recovery of 78.74% was obtained by the process of two-rouging，two-cleaning and two-scavenging.
    Flotation Experiment of a Fineness Complex Copper Ore from Congo
    YUAN Xi-Zhen, LUO Jun, LI Gen-Zhuang, LI Shao-Ying
    2016, 45(11):  73-75. 
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    A fineness complex copper ore with copper grade of 2.69%,mainly contains bornite,a little chalcopyrite and malachite from D.R.Congo.Bornite is disseminated in gangue with the fine and microfine of irregular shape.The proportion of the secondary copper sulfide,native copper sulfide and copper oxide in total copper are 76.21%,13.38% and 7.43%,respectively.In order to get the way of the effective development and utilization of the mineral resources,the mineral processing tests were carried out.The results show that copper concentrate with copper grade is 38.52% and recovery is 97.52% with grinding fineness of -0.074 mm is 85.86%,BKD-1 as collector,Na2S as activator for copper oxide,Na2CO3 as pH regulator,by flowsheet of three roughing,two cleaning,two scavenging and scavenging cleaning on scavenging concentrate process.
    Experimental Research on Mineral Processing of Pb-Zn Ore with Large Contents of Sulphide
    XIAO Wan-Qin
    2016, 45(11):  76-80. 
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    Based on the feature of high contents of pyrrhotite and pyrite，complex dissemination of lead and zinc and fine dissemination，with the use of two kinds of new iron sulphide minerals depressants，BK-509 and BK-512，a new processing technology of lead，zinc and sulfur separation is made by were developed by magnetic separation-lead zinc selective flotation.The results showed that under grinding fineness of -0.074 mm 90%，lead concentrate assaying 56.71% Pb with lead recovery of 76.85%，and zinc concentrate assaying 45.98% Pb with zinc recovery of 75.57% were obtained by the process of one roughing-one cleaning low intensity magnetic separation，and two roughing-two cleaning lead flotation，and under lead rough concentrate's grinding fineness of -0.043 mm 85% four scavenging，and one roughing-two cleaning zinc flotation，and under zinc rough concentrate's grinding fineness of -0.043 mm 90% four scavenging.The test index was ideal and the process could be used as the designing references of lead-zinc recovery process.
    Experimental Study on Extracting Zinc with Precipitating Silver from a Russian Silver-lead-zinc Ore
    ZHANG Xin-Hai, DING Chong
    2016, 45(11):  81-84. 
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    In a silver-lead-zinc ore of Russia，lead，zinc and silver content were 11.52%，28.76% and 187.00 g/t respectively.The lead accounted for 92.13% of the total，mainly in the form of lead sulfide；The zinc accounted for 92.35% of the total，mainly in the form of zinc.Zinc is difficult to recover by flotation process.The process of sulfuric acid leaching zinc was studied before lead flotation.Meanwhile the experiment in which a small amount of silver leached was recovered by thiourea has been carried out.The results showed that leaching rate of zinc，silver and lead were respectively 95.88%，35.51%，4.08% under the condition of the sulphuric acid concentration 180 g/L，liquid-solid ratio 5，at the temperature 85 ℃for the extraction time 60 min.If the dosage of thiourea is 1.2 times of the theoretical amount，reaction time is 30 min，the silver settling time is 6 h，in the acid solution ,the loss rate of zinc is 9.02% in theleaching process and the silver deposit rate is 87.23%.In the experiment，the separation of lead and zinc has been achieved，and the loss of zinc is small in the process of silver precipitation.
    Flotation Experiment on a Lead-zinc Oxidized Ore from Sichuan
    GUO Wen-Bin, GE Ying-Yong, YU Jun, GUO Xiao-Long
    2016, 45(11):  85-88. 
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    There is 3.60% lead and 9.19% zinc in a lead-zinc oxide ore from Sichuan．The oxide rate of lead and zinc is above 90%.It is fine-grained dissemination,being a refractory lead-zinc ore.Experimental study was conducted to provide technique basis for the exploitation and utilization of the ore．Results show that at the grinding fineness of 96.74% passing 325 mesh ,lead concentrate with lead grade of 48.61%,recovery of 86.15%,zinc concentrate with zinc grade of 40.14%,recovery of 65.04% was obtained by the process of one-roughing，three-cleaning，one-scavenging using Na2S as regulator,amyl-xanthate as lead collector to preferential floating lead,and lead flotation tailings via the process of one-roughing，three-cleaning,two-scavenging with Na2S as sulfurizing reagent,AgNO3 as activator，sodium silicate as dispersants and inhibitors for gangue minerals ,octadecylamine as collector to select zinc．
    Beneficiation of a Low-grade Fine-scale Graphite from Hubei
    LI Jian, HUANG Peng, BAI Ding, KANG Jian, LIU Shuang, LIN Fan
    2016, 45(11):  89-93. 
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    There is 4.30% fixed carbon in a low-grade fine-flake graphite ore from Hubei. Mainly exists in form of scaly graphite，and only very small amounts of aphanitic graphite. There are both single scaly and scaly aggregation，they present bending and microscopic scales under the microscope. It's size are generally 0.001～0.03 mm. In order to determine the appropriate enrichment technology，experiment was done using stage grinding，stage flotation principle process. The results show that finally the graphite concentrate of 90.17% fixed carbon with recovery of 90.38% was achieved through one primary grinding(-0.074 mm of 70%)-one roughing and one scavenging regrinding 1(-0.045 mm of 85%)-first and second cleaning-regrinding 2(-0.045 mm of 98%)-third and fourth cleaning-regrinding 3 (-0.045 mm of 99.73%)-fifth and sixth cleaning，and the middling 1~4 returns to the roughing after scavenging，the middling 5~6 returns to the cleaning 1，the middling 7 returns to the cleaning 5.
    Pilot Tests of Crude Magnesium Preparation with Saline Lake Magnesium Chloride as Raw Material
    LIU Hai-Gang
    2016, 45(11):  94-97. 
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    Based on the results of laboratory research，Taking magnesium chloride and carbide slag as raw materials，the test conditions for the preparation of crude magnesium by silicon thermal reduction method were investigated.The experiment showed that: under the conditions of the calcium magnesium ratio of 0.83，the calcination temperature of 900 ℃，and the calcination period of 1.5 h，crude magnesium reduction yield was 80.93% on average.Compared with the crude magnesium production processes by Pidgeon method with dolomite as raw materials，the silicon thermal reduction method with magnesium chloride and carbide slag as raw materials makes full use of secondary resources and reduces the destruction of the environment by the exploitation of resources.It eliminated the discharge of carbon dioxide，reduced the energy consumption in the process，and improved the flexibility of the production process.Therefore，after removing the impurities of carbide slag，this process has a good prospect for industrialization.
    Research on Process Mineralogy of a Oxide Copper Ore from Yunnan Province
    TAN Wei, LI Ming-Xiao, WANG Hong-Feng, JIANG Guo-Xiang
    2016, 45(11):  98-101. 
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    In order better to carry out beneficiation tests with a oxide copper ore from Yunnan Province，the research on process mineralogy was investigated with the representative ore.Research indicates：①The copper grade is 0.75%，the oxidation rate of 92.00%，the silver grade is 23.20 g/t，the main copper minerals are malachite(azurite)，Cu-bearing limonite，pseudomalachite，the main gangue minerals are quartz and muscovite.②The protolith is comprised of quartzite breccias，cuttings breccia，lithic quartz sandstone,etc.，sparse disseminated structure and vein structure are mainly structure，intersertal texture，metasomatic texture，poikilitic texture，brecciated texture，palimpsest texture，fine granular blastic texture are mainly texture.③The particle size of malachite(azurite) in the range of 1.2~212 μm，(mainly in 9.6~106 μm，accounted for 69.39%)，Cu-bearing limonite in the range of 1.75~150 μm,( mainly in 4.8~38 μm，accounted for 58.43%)，pseudomalachite in the range of 1.75~106 μm,( mainly in 53~106 μm，9.6~19 μm，accounted for 81.39%).④Quartz，muscovite，kaolinite ect.closely symbiosis with the copper，which often confounding with each other.According to the process mineralogy research result，it is estimated that good indicators would not get by flotation process，and leaching process may be more reasonable to recover the copper.
    Study on Main Factors of Underflow Concentration in the Dynamics Thickening Process of Tailings
    GAO Wei-Hong, WANG Hong-Jiang, CHEN Hui, YANG Liu-Hua, ZHANG Lei
    2016, 45(11):  102-105. 
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    Deepcone thickener is a key equipment for tailings' dewatering and thickening，and its mud height is a critical factor to the consolidation process in the production and then influences the underflow concentration.But there is lack of study on influence of mud height on underflow concentration on the basis of dynamic continuous thickening process at present.By applying innovative pilot-scale deep cone thickener simulation system to the study of tailings' dynamic continuous thickening experiment，the paper explored the impact of mud height and solid flux respectively on the process.The results showed that in the process of dynamic continuous thickening，the underflow concentration was nonlinearly and positively related to mud height.When it got to a certain height，the concentration inclined to steady state.At the height of 60 cm steadily，the discontinuous thickening was transformed into continuous thickening，the underflow concentration decreased from 60.3% to 56.4%.Besides，during the process，it was found that there was negative linear correlation between solid flux and underflow concentration at a certain height.The results all above indicated that mud height and solid flux had certain influence on deep cone thickener's underflow concentration.
    Geological Characteristics and Prospecting Prediction of Yanjiao Lead-zinc Deposit in Jiangcheng County,Yunnan Province
    CUI Zhong-Liang, HONG Tuo, LUO Da-Feng, LIU Yang, GUI Ying
    2016, 45(11):  106-112. 
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    Yanjiao lead-zinc deposit is located in Lanping-Simao Mesozoic depression basin in the southern section，which is located in Puer-Jiangcheng depression basin.In order to seek the prospecting breakthrough of the mining area,and speed up the progress of the prospecting work of Yanjiao mining area,based on the geological working results of Yanjiao mining area,the regional geological background,geological characteristics of the mining area,geological characteristics of the ore-bodies and ore characteristics are analyzed in detail,based on the above analysis results,the prospecting indicators are summarized from the aspects of strata,tectonic,alteration and geophysical anomalies,besides that,the prospecting prediction work is also conducted.The study results show that:①according to the filed geological investigation results,the ore-bodies of Yanjiao mining area is mainly hosted in the presence of Cretaceous Lower Cretaceous Jingxing formation,the ore-bearing rock is quartz sandstone and purple,light purple interaction with the argillaceous siltstone;②based on the ore-bearing strata,ore-hosting structure and the geophysical prospecting (induced polarization method and audio-frequency magnetotellurics sounding method) data of apparent chargeability,apparent resistivity and electromagnetic anomalies,the boundary between Cretaceous and Jurassic strata is revised and the four favourable metallogenic belts and four prospecting targe areas are obtained.The above analysis result further indicated that the combination application of induced polarization methd and audio-frequency magnetotellurics sounding method is help for delineating the the deep lead-zine polymetallic mineralization anomaly bodies,it can provide some reference for the prospecting work of the similar deposits.
    Geological Characteristics and Prospecting Indicator of Sb Deposit in Anhua-Taojiang Area,Hunan Province
    FU Sheng-Yun, DENG Lei, TANG Fen-Pei, SHEN Chang-Ming, TAN Sheng-Jie, ZHANG Hui, LI Da-Jiang
    2016, 45(11):  113-118. 
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    Anhua-Taojiang area is located in middle-east segment of Xuefeng arcuate structural belt,the scope of Sb geochemical anomaly area is large,and the anomaly peak value is high,the Sb metallogenic geological condition is favourable.Based on the geological prospecting results of the area,the geological characteristics,isotope geochemical characteristics and Sb geochemical anomaly characteristics and ore-controlling factors of the Sb deposits are analyzed,the deposits genesis types are classified,besides that,the prospecting indicators are summarized and the prospecting is discussed.The study results show that:①the Sb deposit types are Woxi type stratabound hydrothermal type W-Sb-Au deposit,Banxi type quartz vein type Sb deposit,the deposits are mainly hosted in the shallow metamorphic rock mass of the Lengjiaxi group and Banxi group of precambrian,the above deposits are mainly hosted in the clastic rock and carbonate rock of Nanhua period-Silurian and Carboniferous;②the Sb deposits are mostly distributed in the intersection area of the anticline and secondary fracture that is located in the side of the regional large fractures,the distribution of Au-Sb metallogenic belts are controlled by the deep fractures,the ore-bodies are originated from the NW,NE,nearly EW,NNW and NNE set of secondary fractures;③the deposits positioning is controlled by the plunging sides of anticline and anticline overally,the ore-bodies are controlled by the secondary folds,fractures,inter-layer fracture zones and plunging sides;④the little rock strain,felsic vein rock with the characteristics of hypabyssal and acidic in the working area can be regareded as the prospecting indicators of Au-Sb deposit,when Sb anomaly is closly related to Hg,As anomalies,it is good for prospecting,combination of prospecting work can be conducted based on Au,As (realgar and orpiment) and Hg deposits.The above analysis results can provide some reference for the study of metallogenic regularities and the foundation of new mineralization points.
    Gold and Copper Deposit Remote Sensing Detection Method Based on Principal Component Analysis Method and Spectral Angle Matching Method
    TONG Jia-Xing, DU Hai-Ying, ZHU Fu-Qin, LIU Yi-Bo, LIU Xiu-Feng, LIU Shan-Jun
    2016, 45(11):  119-123. 
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    In view of the existed complicated problems of the large amount of remote sensing data and complex data processing flow in the process of hyper-spectral remote sensing detection of gold and copper deposit,in order to improve the efficiency of the remote sensing detection of gold and copper deposit,a new remote sensing detection method based on principal component analysis method and spectral angle matching method of gold and copper deposit is proposed.Dimension reduction of the hyper-spectral remote sensing data of gold and copper deposit is conducted by adopting the principal component analysis method;then,the target spectrum is matched by using the spectral angle matching method to realize the goal of the remote sensing detection of gold and copper deposit with high efficiency.Taking the Zijinshan gold and copper deposit as the study example,the samples of gold,copper deposits and surrounding rocks are collected,the experiments of testing the samples with visible-near infrared spectral by using the detection method proposed in this paper is done to dispose the hyper-spectral remote sensing data and identify the gold,copper deposit and surrounding rocks.The experimental results show that the processing flow hyper-spectral remote sensing data of the gold and copper deposit is simplified effectively by using the detection method proposed in this paper,the measured spectral remote sensing data is simplified into 6 main components from 973 bands which can facilitate the flow of computing with little spectral information loss in spectral angle matching,the success rate of the detection method proposed in this paper of the gold and copper deposit is overall reached to 74%，it is further indicated that the detection method has a better applicability in gold and copper deposit in the prospecting work by using hyper-spectral remote sensing technology.
    3D Reconstruction of Complex Ore-body Model Based on 2D Contours
    JING Yong-Bin, WANG Gong-Zhong, SUN Guang-Zhong
    2016, 45(11):  124-127. 
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    According to the requirements of the 3D ore-body model of digital mine construction,the 3D reconstruction methcd of complex ore-body model based on the 2D contours of the plane or profile drawings of prospecting lines is analyzed,the method and coordinate transformation formula for convert 2D ore-body contours to 3D spatial polyline are proposed.Based on the oriented cycle of contour tiling algorithm,firstly,the wavelet filter bank is utilized to convert the contours into low resolution and similar shape with original contours,then,the optimal tiling is conducted of the low resolution contours,finally,the the low resolution contours are reconstructed successively by adopting the wavelet filter bank,besides that,the tiling result is locality reconstructed and optimized.The complexity of the oriented cycle of contour tiling algorithm is decreased in a large extent by using the multi-resolution contours tiling algorithm proposed in this paper,and the computation speed of the algorithm and model quality are improved effectively.The middle axis polyline between the neighbor parts of branch contours is calculated,the composite contour is splitted into closed branch contours,and they are reconstructed respectively,therefore,the branch composite problem is solved effectively.Taking the Dahongshan copper deposit as the study example,the ore-body contour of the plane and profile drawings of prospecting lines is grouped into different layers,they are converted into 3D modeling environment,the ore-body 3D model of the No.I iron copper deposit is established.The study results show that the 3D model of complex ore-body can be established effectively by adopting the 3D reconstruction method of 2D contour,which is good for the realization of the 3D visual mine decision and design.
    Mining Subsidence Monitoring Method Based on D-InSAR Technology and ArcGIS Software
    WEI Hai-Xia, GAO Zhao-Zhong, YE Chang-Bin
    2016, 45(11):  128-131. 
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    The satellite revisit cycle of the differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar technology (D-InSAR) is long,which results in the precise of the mining subsidence monitoring of D-InSAR technology is low.So,it cannot meet the requirement of mining subsidence monitoring.In order to overcome the above shortcomings of D-InSAR technology,taking a mining area of Shuangyashan city as an study example,the mining subsidence is analyzed based on D-InSAR technology and ArcGIS software.Firstly,three TerraSAR images in C bands of October~November in 2014 in the mining area are selected as the interference image data,three pairs of interferometry images are obtained;then,according to the defects of baseline error,atmosphere error,terrain error and time losing correlation of the interferometry images,taking the GAMMA software as the study platform,based on the fine two-pass D-InSAR mode,the interferometry images are processed by using registration method,baseline estimation method and phase unwrapping method;finally,the superposition of the interferometry images and mining plane,mining plan and leveling measurement data are conducted to analyze the dynamic distribution location of the subsidence mining areas,besides that,the mining subsidence is conducted quantitative analysis by taking the interferometry images into ArcGIS software.The study results show that the interval of the 1,2,3 pair of interferometry image are 11,22,33 d respectively,the maximum mining subsidence values of the three intervals are 40,41,45 mm respectively,the average mining subsidence value is 0.86 mm/d,the average mining subsidence value obtained by leveling measurement is 0.92 mm/d in the same period,which further show that the precise of the mining subsidence monitoring method proposed in this paper is ideal.
    Design on Pantograph Control System for Underground Dual-powered Articulated Dump Truck
    YANG Chao, ZHANG Yong, WEI Guang-Juan, QI Yu-Long, DONG Lu-Bo, LIANG Yuan-Yuan, CAI Chen-Chen
    2016, 45(11):  132-136. 
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    Dual-powered underground articulated dump truck has two types of power,the one is the engine system,the other is overhead trolley system.The overhead trolley system installed on top of the tunnel could supply 3-phase AC power to the vehicle by pantograph.Firstly,the different working modes of the pantograph are analyzed,and the control requirements on different modes are given according to the dimensions of the pantograph and the tunnel.Secondly,the hydraulic and control system is designed,and the control strategies for different modes are made.The state of the pantograph is monitored in real time using the sensors information collected by the PLC.Finally,the function of manual rising-lowering,automatic rising-lowering and dynamic servo control of the pantograph are realized by controlling the cylinders locations and action sequence.It guarantees the connecting between the trolley system and the pantograph reliably and safely,which solves the problem of the power supplying by the trolley system.
    Research and Implementation of Intelligent Production Control and Management System in Meishan Iron Mine
    XU Wei
    2016, 45(11):  137-142. 
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    The mining industry is belongs to the resource-based enterprise，and faces with the big pressure of competition.It is necessary to introduce the key technology of the IoT to improve the production efficiency and reduce the energy consumption.An intelligent production control and management model for metal mines is created based on construction projects of the integrated management and control in the production of Nanjing Meishan mining.Focusing on the production field，equipment，personnel and environment，the production management and control application system based on IoT is designed， and its key technologies（including data acquisition and information sensing technology, network communication and data transmission technology data integration and analysis, collaborative technology） and application system(including integrated management and control platform, intelligent auxiliary distribution system, multi lane unmanned delivery system )are dioscussed ，providing a sample for metal mines to realize digitization，automation and intelligent.
    Track Transport Monitoring and Control System in Fulaozhuang Iron Mine
    GUO Ben-Li
    2016, 45(11):  143-146. 
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    The underground rail transport monitoring system in Fulaozhuang Iron Mine is the domestic advanced rail transport monitoring system at current.The system can work well in bad environment for a long time,so it is important to further strengthen the safety production and information construction in the mining enterprises.The composition,function characteristics and application of the track transport monitoring and control system in Fulaozhuang Iron Mine are introduced.The system consists of a central station and hardware components.The former mainly consists of communication network,industrial computer and management computer,system software,etc.,and latter is mainly composed of a control substation,communication substation,signal machine,railway sensor,vehicle signal transceiver,and electric switch machine.Through the operation practice,the system achieves the design expectation and high efficiency and safety production in the mine,and provides a reference for the similar underground metal mines.
    Preparation of Mine Solid Waste Mixed Soil for Plants and Its Ecological Restoration Effect
    ZHAO Wen-Ting, SHI He-Fei, ZHOU Ya-Peng, YIN Hai-Kui, LI Da-Wei, XU Hao
    2016, 45(11):  147-151. 
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    The utilization and disposal of mine solid waste resource is the focus of scientific research in the field of mine and mining.In order to meet the needs of mine abandoned land reclamation and ecological restoration,a method for the cultivation of mixed soil and its preparation are put forward on the basis of the investigation of natural mixed soil and vegetation characteristics in mountainous areas.At the same time,pot experiment and pot experiment research showed that the solid waste mixed soil matrix can be easily prepared for growing plants with the solid waste and good soil (fine grained soil) by this method；Usage of the mixed soil for waste land reclamation and ecological restoration not only disposes a large number of mine solid waste,but also quickly achieves mine ecological recovery and effectively prevents the debris flow,soil erosion,environmental pollution and other environmental problems,with remarkable ecological benefits,social benefits and economic benefits.
    Land Reclamation Performance Standards and Bond Release Criteria in Wyoming，USA
    FU Yan-Hua, HU Zhen-Qi, Shang-Xin-Ying, RONG Ying, Anna Waitkus
    2016, 45(11):  152-155. 
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    The land reclamation started earlier in the United States.As state with biggest mineral resources，Wyoming has a long history of land reclamation，and its relative rules and regulations are comparatively advanced.Especially，the land reclamation performance standards and bond release system are reasonable and practical，that has effectively contributed to the successful land reclamation.Based on the review and analysis on the land reclamation rules and regulations in Wyoming，and the interview with the officer in the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality，Land Quality Division，the rules and regulations system are analyzed，and the legal basis and procedure，details the land reclamation performance standards and bond release criteria by stages are illustrated.Finally，the success factors for land reclamation and bond release in Wyoming have been concluded as the localized rules and regulations，detailed specific performance standards and strict monitoring and supervision institution.The successful experiences in Wyoming could be taken as a reference for the relative policy formulation in China.
    Study on Instability and Disruption Characters of Rich-water Packing Material with Different Water-solid Ratio
    ZHOU Qian, LIU Juan-Hong
    2016, 45(11):  156-161. 
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    In order to discuss the characters and critical conditions when instability and disruption of rich-water packing material with different water-solid ratios under the mining disturbance and the effect of water-solid ratio to deformation characters of packing body,creep property and stress-strain characters of rich-water packing material in different stress conditions is studied by creep and stress-strain tests to get critical loads when instability and disruption of rich-water packing material with different water-solid ratios.The results show that the creep curve has decelerating and stable stage when stress level of the water-rich packing materials is low and it has decelerating,stable and accelerating stage when stress level reach critical load.The critical loads of rich-water packing material with water-solid ratios 1.7,2.5 and 3.0 instability and disruption are 92%,90% and 85% of their compressive strength at 28 d age respectively.Critical load decreases with the increase of water-solid ratio.The stress-strain curve has four stages of initial deformation,elastic deformation,plastic deformation and disruption stage.Elastic modulus decreases with the increase of water-solid ratio.
    AHP-Entropy Weight Analysis on Safety Sensitivity of Water Inrush during Mining
    HU Tao, XIA Hong-Chun, ZHAO De-Shen
    2016, 45(11):  162-166. 
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    Taking instance data of height of water flowing fractured zone from different mining area as analysis samples,the influential factors about geological structure conditions,mechanical strength of rock and excavation disturbance have been analyzed briefly,and the evaluation model has been established by Mathmatica.The sensitivity factors for development of water flowing fractured zone were evaluated comprehensively based on AHP-entropy weight theory so as to evaluate the safety of water inrush during mining and put forward the corresponding security measures.This research indicated that groundwater and mining thickness are the uppermost factors which affect the height of the water flowing fractured zone,and next is the coefficient of hard rock.There is an exponential increase relationship between groundwater level and the height of fractured zone,the quadric relationship between mining thickness and the height of fracture zone is approximately apparent.Therefore,controlling mining thickness and leaving waterproof coal pillar can significantly reduce the height of water flowing fractured zone,optimization of working face will be beneficial to further reduce the water inrush disaster.The method of mine roof flood prevention is enriched by this research.It has practical guiding significance for the safety production of deep mine under water body.
    Treatment of Dyeing Wastewater by Chalcopyrite Catalyzed Fenton-like Reaction
    DENG Dong-Sheng, TANG Zhi-Tao, SHI Han-Song, TANG Zhe-Ren, CHEN Quan-Yuan
    2016, 45(11):  167-172. 
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    The dyeing wastewater was treate by Fenton-like oxidation to investigate the effects of wastewater initial pH，catalyst dosage，H2O2 dosage and reaction time by contrasting with that of Fenton reaction.And the variation of iron concentration and H2O2 dosage in Fenton and Fenton-like process were also explored.Experimental results showed that under condtions of the pH range of Fenton oxidation from 3 to 8，at ferrous sulfate dosage of 2 g/L，H2O2 dosage of 20 mmol/L and reaction time 2 h，COD removal is 59.39% and decolorization is 97.71% in Fenton reaction.At chalcopyrite dosage of 9 g/L，H2O2 dosage of 20 mmol/L，pH=3 and reaction time 4 h,COD removal is 56.03% and decolorization is 93.79% in Fenton-like reaction.It was also found that the ·OH ion which is generated by Fenton and Fenton-like reaction in treating the dyeing wastewater could degradate organic pollutants.
    Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizals on Maize Growth and Nutritions Absorption in Heavy Metals Contaminated Soil
    YANG Xiu-Min
    2016, 45(11):  173-176. 
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    ChinaIn order to reveal the effects of adding mycorrhizal in soil compound contaminated by Pb，Zn and Cd on the biomass and nutritions absorption of maize，a pot experiment was carried out.The results show that inoculation Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices the effect of maize shoots biomass was not significant，but the maize roots biomass was increased by 13.16% and 34.21% respectively.Mycorrhizal infection rates of maize root was increased by 24.14% and 25.41% through the treatment of  Glomus mosseae and  Glomus intraradices.The P concentration of maize shoots and roots was not significantly increased by  Glomus mosseae compared with the control groups，but P concentration of maize shoots and roots were increased by 16.66% and 10.70% respectively，and the phosphorus of maize roots was moved to the shoots by  Glomus intraradices.Compared with the control groups，the concentration of Mn in maize shoots were not significantly increased，but concentration of Mn in maize roots were significantly increased by 44.93% and 53.04% respectively.Concentration of Fe in maize shoots were slightly decreased，and concentration of Fe in maize roots were increased by 4.15% and 37.80% respectively，this shows that the  Glomus intraradices  could promote Fe absorptions by roots of maize.The concentration of Ca in maize shoots were increased by 36.97% and 18.50% respectively through the treatment of the two mycorrhizals，but there were not significant effect in maize roots，and this shows that the calcium in maize roots was significantly moved to the maize shoots.
    Silver Recovering Experiment by Flotation on a High Lead Silver Zinc Leaching Residue in Northwest
    LI Guo-Dong, PENG Jian-Cheng, GUO Yan-Hua, LIAO Xue-Zhen
    2016, 45(11):  177-180. 
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    There is 198.20 g/t silver in a high lead silver zinc leaching residue from smelting plant of Northwest.Silver mainly exists in form of silver sulfide and metallic silver,followed by silver oxide and silicate and other forms,silver are mainly distributed in 53~20 μm fraction,the distribution rate is as high as 71.48%.For high efficient development and utilization of the secondary sources,the technological conditions for the flotation of silver were studied.Results show that at grinding fineness of -0.037 mm 90%,using Na2S as Zn2+ remover and silver oxide activator,CuSO4 as activator of silver-bearing sphalerite,ammonium aerofloat as collector,MIBC as frother,via one roughing-two cleaing-one scavenging,silver concentrate with silver content and recovery of 1 316.80 g/t and 72.02% respectively can be obtained.
    Leaching Zinc with Sulfuric Acid from Blast Furnace Gas Ash
    ZHANG Jin-Xia, ZOU Xuan, WANG Long, LI Li, NIU Fu-Sheng
    2016, 45(11):  181-183. 
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    The blast furnace gas ash has features of fine particle size and complex composition，and its main ingredients are calcium oxide，hematite，calcite，zinc oxide，carbon with the content of iron，zinc and carbon 27.44%，8.76% and 13.51% respectively.The main zinc-containing is zinc oxide，iron-containing ore is hematite，and carbon mainly exists in the form of coke.In order to determine the appropriate sulfate concentration，solid-liquid ratio and leaching time of sulfuric acid leaching zinc，the 3 factors 3 levels orthogonal test was carried out.The results showed that the concentration of sulfuric acid played an important role in zinc leaching rate，followed by liquid-solid ratio；At the same time，it showed that when the sulfuric acid concentration was 0.6 moL/L，the liquid-solid ratio was 7 mL/g，leaching time was 25 min，the zinc leaching rate reached at 97.03%.
    Effect of Calcium Carbonate Whisker on the Properties of Thermal Insulation Material with Alkali Activated Blast Furnace Slag
    XING Jun, HU Shi-Qiang, ZHAO Ying-Liang, LI Hao, QIU Jing-Ping, SUN Xiao-Gang
    2016, 45(11):  184-188. 
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    Using blast furnace slag as main raw material，NaOH as an activator，hydrogen peroxide as a pore-forming agent，and CaCO3 whisker as a modified material，a new inorganic thermal product was prepared.The influence of CaCO3 whisker dosages on physical properties of the ma-terial was discussed.The test results showed that with the quality of blasé furnace slag as a base mark，the prepared materials with thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.081 W/m·K，compressive strength of 1.15 MPa and bulk density at 0.52 g/m3 were obtained under conditions of NaOH 6%，H2O2 2%，water-solid ratio 0.5 g/mL with the addition of CaCO3 whisker 3% (curing for 28 d).
    Preparation of Binding Materials for Backfilling with Alkali Activated Blast Furnace Slag and Fly Ash
    SUN Xiao-Gang, ZHAO Ying-Liang, XING Jun, QIU Jing-Ping, LI Hao
    2016, 45(11):  189-193. 
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    Using blast furnace slag and fly ash from a material company in Henan as raw materials，NaOH solution as alkali activator，the strength test of cement filling body for the metal mine tailings in Shandong is conducted.The results showed that when blast furnace slag/fly ash mass ratio was 4，NaOH concentration was 8 mol/L and liquid/solid mass ratio was 0.5，the 3 d and 28 d compressive strength of cement filling material was 2.12 and 6.84 MPa respectively，which meets the requirements of backfilling.SEM analysis shows that a large number of gel phase is generated after alkali activation，which is the main reason for improving strength of the filling materials.XRD and FTIR analysis showed that the crystal phase peaks of hydrated calcium silicate appeared in the Alkali activated material.［SiO4］ is reconstituted after the depolymerization of Si（Al）—O—Si under the activation of alkali solution and furthermore，carbonate minerals were formed in Alkali activated material through the adsorption of CO2 from atmosphere.All these were the sources of strength of the test specimens.
    Study on Factors Affecting Behavior of Coal Gangue Based Geopolymer Activated by Dry Powder Activator
    ZHANG Da-Ming, REN Feng-Yu
    2016, 45(11):  193-196. 
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    For activating coal gangue in a more efficient and safer way to produce the qualified geopolymer for construction，alkaline dry powder activator made of sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate powder is used to replace hydroxide solution to treat coal gangue，fly ash and sand.Factors affecting the characteristics of the geopolymer of coal gangue activated by alkaline dry powder were studied，which is contrasted with that of the traditional sodium hydroxide solution.The results showed that：①Elevating curing temperature and increasing the dosage of sodium hydroxide in dry powder accelerated the setting and hardening of the geopolymer.②Elevating curing temperature increased water absorption and compressive strength of the specimen.③The increase of calcium carbonate in dry powder raised water absorption rate and compressive strength of geopolymer specimen.④When sodium hydroxide amount in dry powder reached 3%，geopolymer specimen with lowest water absorption rate and highest compressive strength w as obtained.⑤Whether from the viewpoints of water absorption rate or compressive strength，the effect of dry powder activator outperforms that of sodium hydroxide solution activator.Thus，dry powder activator is more suitable for preparing coal gangue-based geopolymer than sodium hydroxide solution activator.