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    15 July 2016, Volume 45 Issue 07
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    Status and Prospects of the Paste Backfill Technology
    WU Ai-Xiang, WANG Yong, WANG Hong-Jiang
    2016, 45(07):  1-9. 
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    Paste backfill technology appears with the key backfill equipment breakthrough and the underground mining requirement，and then is rapidly promoted and applied in our country.With the application of this technology gradually mature，it is moving toward a fine research direction to improve the backfill quality and reduce the backfill cost.Definition of paste backfill，and its process characteristics and technical advantages are successively described.The development history of paste backfill technology at home and abroad，and its application status are introduced.The research status on new binder，dewatering of full tailings，paste rheology，multi-field property and micro-property of hard paste are analyzed，respectively.Meanwhile，two paste backfill systems at Xinjiang Jiashi Copper Mine and Zambia Chambishi Copper Mine are demonstrated.Finally，the development tendency of paste backfill technology in China is proposed.
    Latest Progress of Tailings Stockpiling Technology
    YIN Wan-Zhong
    2016, 45(07):  10-19. 
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    The latest progresses of tailings stockpiling technology of wet tailings，dry tailings paste tailings and bag type tailings，and tailings consolidation technology were comprehensively reviewed.Some progress on such tailings stockpiling technology as abandoned space stockpiling，tailings dam seepage-proofing and drainage technology，tailings damming and reinforcement technology，tailings dam closed design，model verification technology，dry tailings dam construction and storage technology，paste tailings discharge and storage technology，and the bag type tailings stockpiling technology，have been achieved.Some research works such as seepage-proofing and drainage technology of wet-type tailings dam，tailings damming and reinforcement technology，tailings dam break simulation model and safety prediction model will be further carried out for the presemt mines.While for the new mines，the research works have to be further carried out as following：concentratration echnology and equipment of dry tailings and paste tailings，flocculation technology in the process of tailings concentration，conveying technology of dry tailings and paste tailings.The bag-type tailings stockpiling technology and tailings concretion stockpiling technology are still not mature enough，and need to be further investigated.
    Technical Progress and Development Trend of Open Pit Mining in Metal Mines of China
    ZHANG Lin
    2016, 45(07):  20-25. 
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    The technical progress of open pit mining in metal mines since the founding of the people's Republic of China are introduced and compared with the advanced level at abroad.It is concluded that such techniques as open-pit steep mining,and high bench mining,wearing explosive technology have been developed rapidly and have a certain technical advantage.They basically follow the international trend,and some of them even approached the international leading level.The open pit transportation system,large-scale equipment and automation have been closed to the international advanced level.Meanwhile,there still exists a large gap in the digital mine,mining monitoring means and modern management,and so on.It is proposed that within a period of time in the future,the opencast mining technology trends to the continuous,concentrated mining process and the equipment are large-scale and intelligent.The extremely deep open-pit mining,wasteless mining technology,digital mine are intended to be explored.
    Technical Progress and Development Trends of Mining Systems Engineering
    GU Qing-Hua, LU Cai-Wu, JIANG Song, YUN Qing-Xia
    2016, 45(07):  26-33. 
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    The basic concept of mining system engineering is introduced,the development trend of mining system engineering for 60 years is combed,and the development characteristics of mining systems engineering is summarized.Then,the research methods for mining systems engineering are discussed.Through the analysis of the present research,the characteristics of the mining system engineering are put forward.Finally,the challenges faced by the mining system engineering,and its application in interdisciplinary and large system optimization in the future,even in the intelligent mining are pointed out.In the current condition,to speed up the innovation development of mining systems engineering has a significant role in promoting informatization of China's mining enterprises and updating the modern management level.
    Status and Development Tendency of the Full-tailings Paste Mixing Technology
    YANG Liu-Hua, WANG Hong-Jiang, WU Ai-Xiang, GAO Wei-Hong
    2016, 45(07):  34-41. 
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    As a critical technology of cemented backfill，mixing directly influences dispersion effect of Portland cement，slurry transportation property，unit consumption，and filling body's strength.However，the current study of paste backfill pays more attention to thickening of tailings，pipeline transportation and mechanical property of filling body，seldom to mixing process of slurry.With the development of paste backfill，the shortcomings of mixing procedure have been exposed gradually：Multi-scale materials' poor dispersion effect and its difficulty on homogenizing make binding material hydrated insufficiently；The inadequate capacity of one device restrains the improvement of the whole fill system；it is difficult to solve such key problems as the law of particle mixing dispersion migration and eliminate low-efficiency area.There is no excellent paste-exclusive mixer so far.Most of mixers are imitating concrete mixing equipment and technology，which couldn't fit paste backfill very well and performed poorly because of fine particle of tailings，high viscosity of slurry，high yield stress and difficult mixing dispersion.In conclusion，it is essential to develop high flow paste-exclusive mixing process and its corollary equipment.
    Mine Enterprise Technology Innovation Based on the Five-in-one System for Cost Reduction and Yield Increase
    LIAN Min-Jie, ZHOU Wen-Lue, LI Xue-Zhong
    2016, 45(07):  42-46. 
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    According to component of mine production cost，the five-in-one system of technology innovation was built，and the five aspects for realizing cost reduction and yield increase was put forward，including the innovation of mining method as the core，the optimization of mineral processing technology as focus，the innovation of filling process as the support，the construction of intelligent mine as base，and energy saving and emission reduction as the guarantee.Firstly，the cost gap between mine enterprises at home and abroad were introduced；Then，the five-in-one system for the cost reduction and yield increasing were discussed specifically from aspects of principles，technical characteristics，innovative approaches and applicability.The results of reducing cost and increasing yield based on technology innovation were summarized.Finally，the urgency of reducing cost and increasing yield were emphasized.The technology innovation method provided reference for mine enterprise to improve economic efficiency.
    Research Trends about the Mechanism of Ore Rock Blasting Fragmentation the Distribution of Block Size and Measurement Technique
    WU Liang, LU Shuai, XU Feng, CAI Lu-Jun, ZENG Guo-Wei
    2016, 45(07):  47-53. 
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    According to conference papers of the 11th International rock blasting fragmentation，combined with the domestic research results in recent 3 years，research results are summarized from four aspects of theory of rock blasting fragmentation，block model and distribution function，rock blasting numerical calculation and rock block measurement technology.The research dynamics and foreign research trends in the field of blasting fragmentation are analyzed and discussed，and the results show that China has obvious advantages in the field of ore rock blasting theory research，and has innovation consciousness in the blasting fragmentation model and statistical function，but we have a long way to go in the aspect of numerical software and image automation and intelligent processing.The discussions in this paper aim to providing reference for our scientific research workers and technicians in the ore rock blasting fragmentation，utilization of explosive energy and high efficiency mining of ore rock.
    Analysis on Regional Mine Building Mode Based on Systems View
    GAO Feng, ZHOU Ke-Ping
    2016, 45(07):  54-57. 
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    Mining system engineering is a necessary tool for the modernization of mining industry and it plays an important role in the construction，decision and management of mine.Basic characteristics of mining system engineering，a kind of complexity，are described from the view of complex engineering and complex system，and its manifestation is given.Based on system view and with the background of construction of regional mine in the Yunnan Tin Corporation（YTC)，the regional mine building mode is analyzed from three aspects of resources integration，reconstruction and optimization of production system and intensive mining.The regional mine building model embodies the practical application of thought，theory and method of system engineering in modern mining engineering.
    SCSE：a New Index for Characterizing Ore Grindability in SAG Mill
    LIU Jian-Yuan
    2016, 45(07):  58-63. 
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    JK drop test and SMC test as a test method for determination of ore crushing characteristics has more and more applications in model selection and process optimization.Material characteristic parameters of A and b obtained from JK drop test or SMC test is a kind of model parameters based on a specific grinding mathematical model.These two parameters itself has no definite physical meaning，although its product A×b can be used as a measure for ability to resist impact crushing of ore，the A×b value of the size of the process meaning can be reflected only by model calculation.To make up for the deficiency，JKTech Company and SMCT Company recently launched a new index of the ore on grindability by SAG：SCSE values.Based on the review on JK drop test，SMC test and using JKSimMet software to simulate SAG process method and principle，a brief introduction of definition，significance and the limitations on the new index was presented.
    Current Research State and Prospect of Purification and Enrichment of Vanadium from Aqueous Solutions
    ZHANG Yi-Min, BAO Shen-Xu
    2016, 45(07):  64-70. 
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    Vanadium is an important rare element.The purification and enrichment of vanadium from the vanadium-bearing leaching solution is one of necessary processes in the vanadium extraction technology.The principal and application of two widely-used methods，ion exchange and solvent extraction，in purifying the enriching vanadium from leaching solutions was emphasis introduced，and the research state of some innovative techniques for the purification and enrichment of vanadium as well was introduced.Finally，the development of separation and purification techniques for vanadium was predicted.
    Research Status and Prospects of Mineral Processing Wastewater Treatment and Cyclic Utilization Technology
    FENG Zhang-Biao, HE Fa-Yu, QIU Ting-Sheng
    2016, 45(07):  71-77. 
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    Mineral processing wastewater contains large amounts of suspended solids，heavy metals ions，and variety kinds of flotation reagents residue etc.and which are important potential factors for formation of the mine environmental pollution.In order to promote better development of mineral processing wastewater treatment and cyclic utilization technology，based on the introduction of the sources，water quality characteristics and harm of mineral processing waste water，the principle，present situation，the advantages and disadvantages of the natural purification，acid and alkali neutralization，coagulation sedimentation and chemical oxidation etc typical wastewater treatment technology and artificial wetland，microbial treatment and photo-catalytic oxidation etc new-type technology were analyzed.The present situation and application range of mineral processing wastewater cyclic utilization technology were expounded from centralized and scattered reuse two aspects.Research and development directions on mineral processing wastewater treatment are put forward at last.
    Latest Developments of Tailings Stockpiling Technology and Equipment
    YIN Wan-Zhong
    2016, 45(07):  78-83. 
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    The latest progress of nearly ten years in China about concentration technology of wet tailings，dry tailings and paste tailings was comprehensively reviewed，the development and application status of tailing thickening equipment such as hydrocyclone，clarification device (pool)，(high efficiency) thickener，inclined plate thickener，high density (high pressure) thickener，paste thickener，dewatering screen，filter，filter press，settlement tank and sedimentation tank were introduced in detail.In wet tailings concentration technology，high-efficient modification of thickener and transformation of classification concentration process have been mainly researched；thickener，cyclone separator，dewatering sieve，filter (filter) integrated process is currently selected for mature technology of dry heaping tailings thickening by mineral processing plant；paste tailings concentration technology is simple，and paste tailings can be transfered by pipeline，so the technology has development future；how to develop new and efficient concentration equipments such as paste tailings thickener，high efficiency thickener，automatic filter press，filter and other according to the characteristics of the tailings，which will be future development tendency of tailings concentration equipment.
    Study on the Mechanism of Surrounding Rock Fracture at Large-size Goafs Under High Stress
    DENG Peng-Hong, CUI Rui-Rui, LIU Jian-Po, LI Yuan-Hui
    2016, 45(07):  84-89. 
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    Acoustic emission (AE) events and multiple-point borehole extensometer were employed in the long term monitoring on rock mass deformation and fractures of sidewall and roof at the 4 sub-level 27 stope of Hongtoushan Copper Mine，where highly frequent ground pressure disasters occur，such as rock burst.Two observations could be derived from the deformation data comparison and different time cumulative curve of AE events:①Initial deformation is very small after a strong unloading in hard brittle rock mass，and AE events lags behind the deformation occurrence.Release of strain energy in the surrounding rock affects dissipated energy of rock mass in terms of the energy release mechanism of deformation and fracture.The dissipated energy is primary factor to result in rock mass destruction，so the deformation of surrounding rock is precondition to produce the micro fracture.②The internal structure of the rock mass has been changed due to the propagation of micro crack.In the secondary adjustment process of the stress field，fractures keep growing until generating a stable rock mass structure.Therefore，to avoid from spalling and rock burst in the hard brittle rock under high stress，an approach of increasing deformation in transient deformation of surrounding rock is suggested，which leads to improve the release strain energy of surrounding rock and hence reduce dissipated energy；Meanwhile，degradation on the internal structure of the rock mass can be prevented through setting up support system timely after excavation.Furthermore，in the field where rock burst frequently occurs，more displacement monitor equipments is suggested to lay out.Geological disasters under high stress could be forecasted by means of monitoring the sudden deformation of the surrounding rock after unloading.
    Design Optimization of Ore Pass Transportation System in Maogong Iron Mine
    LU Zeng-Xiang, MENG Fan-Ming, XU Jun-Jie, ZHANG Zhi-Qiang
    2016, 45(07):  90-93. 
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    To extend the service life and decrease the drifting engineering amount of orepass system in Maogong Iron Mine，the optimized design ideas of orepass transportation system are put forward according to the reserve distribution features in levels in underground mining system of this mine and the flexible application of chute in mining area.The specific implementation plan of orepass transportation system is proposed combined with the main orepass system and the chutes system in mining section.Both the main orepass and the chute in mining section reduce 60 m in height，therefore，the amount of caving engineering in orepass system is decreased.A layout scheme of orepass with 75° of inclination angle could change the direction of ore or rock flowing in the orepass，reduce the damage impact of ore or rock flowing on the orepass wall.It is propitious to prolong the service life of orepass system.
    Numerical Simulation of Gob-side Entry Retaining Formed by Roof Cutting and Pressure Releasing Based on Discrete Element Analysis
    YANG Xiao-Jie, HOU Ding-Gui, KANG Huan-Huan, ZHANG Min, WANG Jia-Min, MA Xing
    2016, 45(07):  94-98. 
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    The non-pillar mining technology with automatically forming roadway by roof cutting and pressure relief and is a new economic and effective non-coal pillar mining technology.Current research on key parameters of this technology normally adopts the numerical simulation based on continuous mechanics theory，and it is difficult to achieve the physical simulation of roof abscission and collapse.The three-dimensional discrete element software is applied to investigate the roadway formed by roof cutting and pressure releasing in the shallow-buried coal seams.More detailed researches on the stress field and deformation law of overlying roof strata in mined-out area with different cutting height are made.The results show that:the discrete element method can effectively simulate the stress field evolution process of overburden layer，the displacement of blocks and the rock falling；Different roof pre-splitting cutting height has different influence on smoothly cutting roof into roadway.Cutting should effectively cut off the stress transfer between roof and the entry retaining roof in the mined-out area.This study has certain reference for analyzing the roadway parameters formed by roof cutting and pressure releasing.
    Deformation Law of the Surface and Shaft in North Region of Xiaoguanzhuang Iron Mine during Underground Mining
    QIU Jing-Ping, XIN Guo-Shuai, ZHANG Guo-Lian, SUN Xiao-Gang, YANG Lei
    2016, 45(07):  99-103. 
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    The underground mining in Xiaoguanzhuang iron mine has induced large movement and deformation of the ground surface and shafts.Numerical simulation of underground mining in north region of Xiaoguanzhuang iron mine was carried out using FLAC3D to provide guidance for the determination of mining scheme.According to numerical simulation of mining in -387 m stage and -450 m stage，it was known that mining in -450 m stage would lead to the increase of surface and shaft deformation inevitably，while backfilling mining can limit the development of movement and deformation.According to the comparison and analysis of simulation results of different mining schemes，the backfilling mining should be applied to explore the orebody within 150 m range outside of the safety pillar in -450 m stage.And non-pillar sublevel caving can be applied to recover the other orebodies considering the need of reducing mining cost and surface deformation.
    Deformation and Consolidation Analysis of Dam Established on Soft Soil Foundation
    ZHANG Cheng, GUO Jin-Feng, YANG Yong-Sheng
    2016, 45(07):  104-108. 
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    For researching the deformation and consolidation of dam established on deep and thick silt soft soil foundation treated by plastic draining plate,and with the use of the modified Cambridge model based on Biot consolidation theory,the finite element analysis model soft soil foundation was established to calculate out the distribution of the dam and foundation settlement,horizontal displacement and pore water pressure.Comparing the calculated results with measured data,the conclusion is that the maximum horizontal displacement of the upper reaches of the dam is close to 0.28 m,the maximum horizontal displacement of the upper section is 0.25 m.The maximum value of the vertical settlement at the monitoring position is calculated at about 1.8 m,and the measured settlement value is 1.76 m.Therefore,the calculated results are in good agreement with the actual data.The error lies in the acceptable range.Then,based on this,the distribution characteristics of the consolidation deformation and the dissipation of pore water pressure are analyzed.It provides the theoretical basis and practical analysis method for the safe construction and stable operation of the project and other similar projects.
    Comparison Test of Backfilling Strength between Cement and Glue-Powder
    WANG An-Fu, YANG Zhi-Qiang, GAO Qian, SUN Guang-Hua
    2016, 45(07):  109-112. 
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    For the selection of binders and the design of mix proportion of an iron mine，the comparison test of backfilling strength between cement and full-tailing glue-powder is conducted.The basic physical and mechanical properties of full tailings are firstly examined.Based on this，with the use of comprehensive tests，the uniaxial compressive strength experiment of the full-tailing filling samples in different gray-sand ratio and pulp density are analyzed.The results shows that weighted average grain size of full tailings dav is 0.21 mm，where the amount of grain size of larger than 0.074 mm accounts for 53.82%，so the full tailings are coarser.The uniaxial compressive strength of cement backfilling for 28d is 1.13 MPa，when the gray-sand ratio is 1∶10，pulp density is 70%；while that cemented by glue-powder is 2.63 MPa，2.33 times as much as that of the cement.The average strength ratio of glue-powder is 2.79 MPa，2.93 times as much as that of the cement.The cement backfilling has a relatively low strength，and also increase the gray-sand ratio.Its strength growth rate is less than that of glue-powder，meanwhile its strength is not stable in a lower gray-sand ratio.The glue-powder has a higher strength and a lower cost，so it is the optimal binder.
    Effect of Temperature on Reduction Characteristics of a Hematite Ore in Australia
    YUAN Shuai, LI Yan-Jun, HAN Yue-Xin, LIU Jie
    2016, 45(07):  113-116. 
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    Deep reduction is an efficient technology in dealing with the fine-grained disseminated hematite ore，reduction temperature plays an important role in the effect of deep reduction.The deep reduction-low intensity magnetic separation technology was used to dealing with the hematite ore from Australia，the reduction product can obtain 92.30% metallization rate under the reduction temperature of 1 523 K，and concentrate with TFe grade of 78.11%，iron recovery 97.75% will be obtained after the low intensity magnetic process.The X-ray diffraction，scanning electron microscope，EDS energy spectrum analysis results showed that the vast majority of the combined state of iron was reduced into metallic iron along with the reduction temperature rose from 1 473 K to 1 523 K，spinel(FeAl2O4) was disappeared and Al-andalusite (Al6Si2O13) was appeared，metallic iron particles increased and grew up with temperature rose，and the purity improved.
    Using Iron Ore in Hebei for the Preparation of Super Pure Iron Concentrate
    ZOU Xuan, ZHANG Jin-Xia, NIU Fu-Sheng, YU Hao, LIU Ya
    2016, 45(07):  117-120. 
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    The iron grade of magnetite ore in Hebei was 35.94%，magnetic iron account for 90.40% of the total iron，and the content of sulfur and phosphorus was low.In order to improve the economic benefits of mining enterprises，to improve the competitiveness of products，the production technology of super pure iron concentrate made from the ore were studied.The results showed that① when the grinding fineness was 64.16% -0.074 mm，the first low intensity magnetic field intensity was 39.81 kA/m and the second stage of the grinding fineness was -0.037 mm accounted for 80.59%，the second stage of low intensity magnetic field intensity was 19.90 kA/m，the iron concentrate with iron grade 69.57% and iron recovery rate was 96.03% can be obtained.②When the feeding density was 20%，the separation surface rotation speed was 1.23 r/min，the disk vibration frequency was 390 times/min，the feeding speed was 0.40 t/h，and flushing water velocity was 1.08 m3/h，after 2 times concentration selection of the suspension and vibrate of cone concentrator，super pure iron concentrate with total iron grade of 71.67%，the content of SiO2 was 0.19% and iron recovery rate of 84.89% can be obtained，as well as normal iron concentrate with iron grade of 62.90% and iron recovery rate of 23.10%，and total iron recovery reach 96.03%.
    Reducing the Content of Fluorine and Magnesium in a Copper Sulfide Concentrate in Anhui Province Using the Inhibitor DG11  
    LI Han-Wen, WANG Chen-Liang, HU Zhen, LI Pei-Lun
    2016, 45(07):  121-124. 
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    The copper concentrate products of a sulfide copper ore dressing plant in Anhui province containing 18.20% Cu，0.25% F，9.26% MgO.Not only the copper grade is low，but also the content of fluorine and magnesium exceeds the standard of the smelting plant requires (content of F＜0.1%，content of MgO＜5%).Studies have shown that easy mudding and easy floating talc，serpentine and chlorite exist in the form of fine particles，these minerals containing F，MgO and in large mixed into the copper concentrate，which is the main cause of fluoride，magnesium content in on-site copper concentrate exceeds the standard.Using DG11 developed by Guangdong Institute of Resources Comprehensive Utilization as inhibitor of the gangue minerals which contain fluorine and magnesium.Through the process of one roughing-one cleaning-one scavenging，and middling returning in proper order into the flow，the results show that the copper concentrate have 25.11% grade and 97.45% recovery rate，including 0.082% F，2.02% MgO.It not only improves the grade of copper concentrate，but also greatly reduces the content of fluorine and magnesium in the concentrate，and reached the requirements of copper smelting plant.
    Beneficiation Experiment on a Copper-lead Sulfide Ore from Yunnan
    ZHANG Yi-Chao, LIU Quan-Jun, YUAN Hua-Wei, ZHANG Hui
    2016, 45(07):  125-128. 
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    The grade of copper and lead is 0.54% and 2.12% in a low grade copper-lead sulfide ore from Yunnan.In order to determine the beneficiation process of copper and lead，mineral processing experiment was conducted via the principle process of copper and lead bulk flotation and then separation.The results showed that：when the grinding fineness reaches 75.40% -0.074 mm，copper concentrate with 25.32% copper，7.96% lead and copper recovery of 82.06%，and lead concentrate with 58.36% lead，0.73% copper，and lead recovery of 85.61% was obtained by one roughing，two cleaning，one scavenging copper and lead bulk flotation，and one roughing，three cleaning，two scavenging copper and lead separation process.
    Separation Flotation of Molybdenum-bismuth-sulphur Mixed Concentrate
    BIE Xue-Xiang, PENG Hui-Qing, SHAO Hui
    2016, 45(07):  129-131. 
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    A poor molybdenum-bismuth-sulphur mixed concentrate with low grade and coarse particles，of which -0.074 mm account for 64%.Molybdenum and bismuth is mainly intergrowth in the ore.In order to obtain qualified molybdenum concentrate and bismuth concentrate，flotation separation test were carried out.Results indicated that，samples reground to 85% passing 0.074 mm，via one roughing-one cleaning-two scavenging molybdenum and bismuth bulk flotation，one roughing-two cleaning-two scavenging bismuth depression and molybdenum flotation process，finally，obtained molybdenum concentrate with molybdenum grade of 53.13% and recovery of 88.95%，respectively，and 1.46% bismuth，bismuth concentrate with bismuth grade of 23.68% and recovery of 80.06%，and 3.87% molybdenum，sulphur concentrate with sulphur grade of 31.16% and recovery of 71.98%，0.32% molybdenum and 1.11% bismuth.
    Effect of Treating Method on Cation Exchange Capacity of Muscovite
    YANG Lang, JIA Fei-Fei, SONG Shao-Xian
    2016, 45(07):  132-135. 
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    Muscovite has strong negative charge due to the ion substitution，which lead to their interlayer ions have strong electrostatic attraction，and small cation exchange capacity (CEC).As a result，it is difficult for the exfoliation of muscovite and the preparation into two dimensional nanomaterial.Effect of various treating methods on the CEC of muscovite was studied.The experiment results showed that CEC increase of 0.11 mmol/g was obtained on muscovite after calcination at 750 ℃ due to the dehydroxylation.However the value of CEC only had a little increase when muscovite was treated with NaB(C6H5)4 after calcination at 750 ℃.A dramatical increase of CEC to 0.65 mmol/g was found when treated with LiNO3 after calcination at 750 ℃.The XRD and IR analysis of muscovite showed that the increase of the basic spacing and weakening of the attraction force from layers to interlayer ions could be achieved when calcination and LiNO3 treatment applied.Calcination and LiNO3 treatment are an important methods for the preparation of high value-added muscovite.
    Experiment on Recovery Iron，Aluminum and Magnesium from Collophanite in Hubei by Flotation
    WANG Bo, LIU Tao, ZHANG Yi-Min, LIU Xin, SUN Kun
    2016, 45(07):  136-140. 
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    A mid-low grade silicon phosphate rock from Hubei contains large amounts of iron，magnesium，aluminum impurities.In order to make use of phosphorus resources and reduce the handling difficulty of subsequent processing，the process mineralogy and flotation process on the ore was studied.The results showed that sesquioxides R2O3 (Fe2O3 and Al2O3) mainly existed in mica-clay minerals and iron-carbon minerals，calcium magnesium paragenetic minerals exist in the form of dolomite;The phosphate concentrate containing P2O5 of 32.98% with the recovery rate of 92.30%，the content of R2O3 2.94% with the removal rate of 69.17%，the content of MgO 1.02% with the removal rate of 67.54% was obtained by the process of two direct flotation and one reverse flotation.The quality of concentrate reaches the high-class standard of phosphate ore for the acidic processing.
    Improving Sulfur Flotation Indexes of Dabaozhuang Pyrite Ore with New Reagent AT908 and BK201
    SU Jian-Fang, WANG Zhong-Ming, LIU Fang, LIU Shu-Jie, ZHAO Jie, PU Yong-Chao
    2016, 45(07):  141-143. 
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    The pyrite minerals of Anhui Dabaozhuang Plant were recovered by flotation with CuSO4 as activator，7022 and 9010 as collectors and terpenic oil as frother，of which the process had the disadvantages of environmental pollution and poor production indexes.In order to solve the problems，sulfur flotation tests were conducted with new environmental protection reagent AT908 as collector and BK201 as frother.The sulfur grade and recovery of the sulfur concentrate could be improved by 1.60 and 2.64 percentage points，respectively，on the conditions of without changing flotation flow sheet and reducing reagents types and dosages.The new reagents had the advantages in environmental protection，economic benefit，and production management.
    Geological Characteristics and Prospecting Potential of Jiangma-Saideng Copper Polymetalli Ore Spots
    LEI Chuan-Yang, LI Wei, YIN Xian-Ke, WU Jian-Liang, ZHANG Wei, YUAN Hua-Yun
    2016, 45(07):  144-150. 
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    The copper polymetallic ore spot that has been newly discovered in Jiangma-Saideng district is located in the west of the Bangong Co-Nujiang metallogenic belt.The Saideng copper ore spot,Jiangma copper-gold ore spot and Jiangma south copper-silver ore spot are found in Jiama-Saideng area by conducting the mineral resources survey work.In order to discuss the prospecting potential,firstly,the regional metallogenic background of Jiangma-Saideng area is analyzed systematically;then,the geological characteristics of the deposits of Jiangma-Saideng copper polymetallic ore spots are summarized from the aspects of morphology characteristics and occurrence characteristics of the ore-bodies,mineral assemblage characteristics,ore texture and ore structure,ore-controlling factors,wall rock alteration;finally,the metallogenic mechanism of Jiangma-Saideng copper polymetallic ore spots is discussed,the deposit model is established preliminary,the prospecting indicators are summarized from the aspects of stratum,rock mass,structure and alteration,based on the above analysis results,the prospecting potential of Jiangma-Saideng area is studied in depth.The analysis results show that:①the copper polymetallic mineralization of Jiangma-Saideng area is controlled obviously by the Qushengla formation stratum,the altered andesite is closely related to mineralization;②Saideng copper mineralization bodies are occurred along the stratum altered fracture zones which orientation is NW-SE,Jiangma south copper-silver minalization bodies are controlled by volcanic mechanism;③Jiangma copper-gold mineralization bodies are occurred in the altered andesite and quartz diorite porphyrite;④the denudation degree Jiangma-Saideng copper polymetallic ore spots is low,and the deposits are carefully preserved,the prospecting potential of porphyry-epithermal deposits,the focus of the next prospecting work is the deep ore-bearing cryptoexplosive breccia and ore-bearing porphyrite that are covered by the surface andesite.
    Improved Adaptive Wiener Filtering Algorithm of the Remote Sensing Image of Mining Subsidence Area
    FENG Li-Hui
    2016, 45(07):  151-154. 
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    A large number reliable data are provided for the research of mining subsidence by remote sensing image，it plays an important role to improve the precise of mining subsidence monitoring and prediction.Due to the existing influence factors such as the imaging environment of mining area,the inherent defects of imaging devices and so on,the imaging quality of remote sensing image is reduced,which increased the difficulties to extract the relevant data of the mining subsidence area with high precise,so,it is necessary to conduct pre-processing of the remote sensing obtained in specific mining subsidence area.A new filtering algorithm of the remote sensing image of mining subsidence area is proposed,firstly,the noise image block detection method is proposed to improve the adaptive Wiener filtering algorithm,the improved adaptive Wiener filtering algorithm is proposed to deal with the noise remote sensing image of mining subsidence area;secondly,according to the low contrast of the filtering remote sensing image of mining subsidence area,the dynamic mean algorithm is adopted to conduct enhancement processing of it,to be specific,the pixel gray values of the remote sensing image of mining subsidence area are divided into two parts (abnormal brightness and normal brightness),the abnormal brightness pixel gray values are corrected by the normal brightness pixel gray values by setting a threshold so as to conduct dynamic adjustment of the remote sensing image contrast.The remote sensing of the mining subsidence area of a mine are obtained as the experimental data,the adaptive Wiener filtering algorithm,median filtering algorithm,non-local means filtering algorithm and the algorithm proposed in this paper are conducted experimental comparison and analysis,the results show that the performance of the algorithm proposed in this paper is superior to the adaptive Wiener filtering algorithm,median filtering algorithm and non-local means filtering algorithm,it has some reference to improve the precise of mining subsidence monitoring and prediction in mining area.
    Digital Closure Technology of Tailings Pond based on 3D Points Cloud
    ZHOU Shuai, SHI Fu-Qiang, XU Jie, HUANG Xiao-Hua, TANG Yu-Feng
    2016, 45(07):  155-159. 
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    According to the current research situation of closure problem for tailings pond，digital closure design based on 3D points cloud was put forward.Combined with the actual closure needs of one tailings pond，first of all，the three-dimensional points cloud data of tailings pond and surrounding environment was obtained by the long range 3D laser scanner.Then，three-dimensional entity model was generated after the denoising，splicing and modeling process of three-dimensional points cloud data were finished.On the basis of the proposed closure scheme，3D digital design of the drainage system，roof structure of pond，and flood intercepting trench were carried out one by one.The terrace bench as a new roof structure of pond was proposed for the closure design.The flood water on the roof of pond was so easily drained out that the tailings dam can maintain the natural stability,and can greatly reduce the dam break risk from the flood overtopping.Finally，in order to verify the closure scheme，the analysis of flood regulating calculation and stability were implemented.The verification results showed that both met the safety requirements of tailings pond.The accurate data for digital closure design was provided by the entity model established based on 3D points cloud data.Combined with the new roof structure of pond proposed，it can be a new way for closure design of similar tailings pond.
    Computer-based Open-pit Mine Equipment Dispatching Diagram and Time Utilization Ratio Analysis
    SUN Xiao-Yu, TU Hong-Jian, ZHU Zi-Xuan, WANG Shuo
    2016, 45(07):  160-164. 
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    Many problems exit in manual dispatching diagram,such as waste of time and manpower,low efficiency and lack of error correction methods.The system functions and a new failure-handling business process were determined by taking standardization,modularization,smartness,visualization as the targets.And then,technology solutions of database,graph drawing,fault index statistics and visualization were designed.Based on visual C# 2013 integrated development platform and SQL Server 2008 database,a computer-based equipment dispatching diagram and management system in open-pit mine was developed.The system showed strong expansibility and practicability,and it achieved visualization of the dispatching diagram.It also improved the capability and the accuracy of the real-time statistical information harvesting.Tests were conducted in Fushun west open-pit mine,with the satisfied result achieved.
    Study on Slope Landslide Evolution Mechanisms of the Deerni Copper Mine under the Freeze-thaw Action
    ZHAO Dong-Yin
    2016, 45(07):  165-170. 
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    With the landslide in the northern slope of Deerni copper mine as the research object，selecting lithology，compressive strength，water content，weathering degree，freezing temperature and the times of freeze-thaw action as effect factor，taking different periods of massive point load test information as true value，the physical and mechanical properties of the rock are investigated with the application of chaotic neural network under the freeze-thaw action，and validated by inverse analysis and stability calculation.As the breakthrough point by deterioration of rock mass strength under the freeze-thaw action and the crack extension process in rock masses by transformation from water to ice，and combined with spatial information of the landslide，blasting and unloading effect，inhomogeneous deformation caused by overburden pressure，the landslide evolution mechanisms under the freeze-thaw action is analyzed.Results showed that: landslide evolution mechanisms under the freeze-thaw action are mainly on the deterioration of rock mass strength，the influence of fracture extension of rock mass in the process of transformation from water to ice and the worsening effect in the process of blasting and unloading.
    Effect of Slope Stability during Transition from Open-pit and Underground Mining
    SUN Shi-Guo, ZHANG Yu-Juan, MIAO Zi-Zhen, WANG Jia, JIE Yu
    2016, 45(07):  171-174. 
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    In the process of transition from open pit to underground mining，slope instability will affect the safety in production seriously.The main reasons are that underground mining will cause stress redistribution，the displacement of rock mass，reduce the strength of rock mass and influence the slope stability.In order to study the impact of the transition from open pit to underground mining on the slope stability，and taking the actual mining project as a case，the numerical simulation systems MIDAS,FLAC3D are adopted to simulate the influence mechanism of slope stability under three different mining locations of slope toe，slope back and out of slope.As the result，underground mining in slope toe will lead to maximum sliding area of cover rocks and large slope instability probability；At outside of slope，the settlement of the upper slope reduce the slope angle，which is good for the stability.At slope back，its slope stability falls in between above.The evaluation on the practical engineering showed that the safety factors of mining at slope toe and slope back are insufficient，but mining at outside of slope is in stable.
    Study on the Slope Stability of the Tailing Pond Built at Open-pit Stope in Dongshan Iron Mine
    XU Jia-Chen, SHOU Zhen-Yu, ZENG Xiao-Xiang, CAO Qi-Guang-Liu-Tao
    2016, 45(07):  175-178. 
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    With the geological environment management in Dongshan Open Pit as the background，and in view of the slope stability problems at the present open pit and the tailings pond that are changed from the pit，the measured topographic maps of the mine status and the field reconnaissance were adopted to select a typical slope section.Geo-studio software slope / W module were adopted to analyze the slope stability of the opencast stope.Through the numerical simulation analysis，the most dangerous sliding surface position of the selected typical section and the slope safety factor under various working conditions are obtained.Comparing with the results from the limit equilibrium analysis，the minimum safety factor of slope in Dongshan open pit is 1.201，which meets the specification.The research results indicated that most of slope sections are in stable state under a certain working condition.Some parts are basically in stable.That is，the slopes of the tailing pond are overall in security but the collapse and rock-fall possibly exist in some small parts.In general，the slope security can be guaranteed during the process of the tailing pond changed from open pit.
    Copper and Sulphur Recovery by Reprocessing from a Copper Tailing in Hubei
    JIAO Wen-Ya, ZHAO Yi, SHAO Hui, WU Di
    2016, 45(07):  179-181. 
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    There is a copper tailing from Hubei with copper grade of 0.13%，sulphur grade of 2.89%，-200 mesh account for 66.13%.Copper mainly exists in form of chalcopyrite.Flotation experiment was conducted to comprehensive recovery the secondary resource.Results indicated that，by one stage flotation desliming-grinding-one roughing，three cleaning copper flotation-one roughing，three cleaning and one scavenging sulphur flotation process，copper concentrate with copper grade of 18.31% and recovery rate reached 60.71%,the sulphur grade of the sulphur concentrate is 53.70%,the recovery rate reached 66.34%.
    Comprehensive Recovery Zn and Pb-Ag from a Smelting slag in Chenzhou
    LIU San-Jun, YAO Wen-Ming, QIN Wen-Qing, YUE Qi, XUE Kai, HE Guo-Shuai, LI Wen-Hua, CAO Yang
    2016, 45(07):  182-185. 
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    There is 7.23% lead,5.02% zinc，143.28 g/t silver，45.70% iron,and 21.11% sulphur in a smelting slag from Chenzhou.Beneficiation experiments were conducted on the typical sample to develop and utilize the secondary resource.The results indicated that，at the grinding fineness of 72% passing 0.074 mm,with copper sulfate as the activator，quicklime as inhibitors and isobutyl xanthate as collector via one roughing-one scavenging-two cleaning closed circuit process for enrichment of zinc,and at the regrinding fineness of 84% passing 0.038 mm via shaking table for enrichment of lead and silver from zinc tailings,zinc concentrate with 40.02% Zn and recovery of 80.36% are obtained,and lead-silver mixed concentrate with 45.56% Pb and recovery of 62.83%,and with 1 000.12 g/t Ag and recovery of 69.59% are obtained.
    Recovery Research on Scheelite Ore of Sulfur Tailings in Jiangxi
    LUO Wen, SHAO Hui
    2016, 45(07):  186-188. 
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    The sulfur tailings from Jiangxi contain 0.22% WO3.For determining the recovery process of scheelite from tailings，the mineral processing experiments were investigated in lab.The results show the scheelite concentrate with WO3 grade of 67.03% and recovery of 76.17% can be got by adopting the normal temperature flotation of single-stage roughing，three-stage cleaning，three-stage scavenging，sodium silicate as reagent removal agent，stirring at 90 ℃，then the heating flotation of cleaning flowsheet of single-stage roughing，four-stage cleaning and three-stage scavenging process.
    Germanium and Indium Leaching by Sulfuric Acid from a Zinc Smelting Slag in Yunnan
    YUAN Hua-Wei, LIU Quan-Jun, ZHANG Zhi-Guo
    2016, 45(07):  189-192. 
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    Rare metals germanium and indium are important strategic resources，they are commonly associated with lead-zinc ore or coal，and mainly extracted from zinc smelter slag and ash of burning coal.The content of germanium，indium and SiO2 is 126.00 g/t，358.00 g/t and 24.62% in zinc smelting slag with high silicon from a lead-zinc smelter in Yunnan.In order to high efficiently leaching the germanium and indium，acid-leaching technology was research.Results showed that the leaching rate of germanium and indium can reach 87.90% and 89.88% under the optimal conditions of grinding fineness of 81% -0.074 mm，sulfuric acid concentration 110 g/L，liquid-solid ratio of 3，stirring speed of 350 r/min，leaching temperature of 70 ℃，leaching time of 4 h.
    Hydraulic Cementitious Properties of Bayer Process Red Mud from Guangxi Pingguo Aluminium Corporation
    LIU Ying, NI Wen, HUANG Xiao-Yan, LI De-Zhong, MA Xu-Ming
    2016, 45(07):  193-196. 
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    In order to understand the cementitious characteristics of Bayer process red mud from Guangxi Pingguo aluminum corporation，XRD,FTIR,TG-DSC and SEM techniques were used to investigate the hydration products and microstructure of the hardened pastes，which formed after a hydration process of the red mud compound-activated by carbide slag and flue gas desulfurization gypsum.The results indicated that the red mud could show hydraulic cementitious properties after compound-activated by carbide slag and flue gas desulfurization gypsum，and its compressive strength was all higher than 4 MPa at the curing age of 3，7 and 28 d.Ettringite，C-S-H gel，Na-rich meionite，thenardite and aluminum hydroxide were generated in the process of this hydration reaction system.Ettringite crystal overlapped each other to form the skeleton structure，which ensured the strength of cementing materials.C-S-H gel and etc，cemented or filled in the middle of the skeleton structure of ettringite，which reinforced and compacted the structure of the hardened paste.The research results can praide theory reference for application of Bayer Process red mold in underground mining cementitias filling material.